Effects Of Young Children Research Articles

Predictors of vitamin D status in New Zealand preschool children.

Vitamin D deficiency has adverse health effects in young children. Our aims were to determine predictors of vitamin D status and then to use these factors to develop a practical tool to predict low 25(OH)D concentrations in preschool New Zealand children. A cross-sectional sample of 1329 children aged 2 to <5 years were enrolled from throughout New Zealand in late-winter to spring 2012. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured on dried blood spot (DBS) samples collected using finger-prick sampling. Caregivers completed a questionnaire. Mean (SD) DBS 25(OH)D concentration was 52(19)nmol/L. 25(OH)D < 25 nmol/L was present in 86(7%), 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L in 642(48%), 25(OH)D 50- < 75 nmol/L in 541(41%) and 25(OH)D > 75 nmol/L in 146(11%) of children. Factors independently associated with the risk of 25(OH)D < 25 nmol/L were female gender (OR 1.92,95%CI 1.17-3.14), other non-European ethnicities (not including Māori or Pacific) (3.51,1.89-6.50), had olive-dark skin colour (4.52,2.22-9.16), did not take vitamin D supplements (2.56,1.06-6.18), had mothers with less than secondary-school qualifications (5.00,2.44-10.21) and lived in more deprived households (1.27,1.06-1.53). Children who drank toddler milk (vitamin D fortified cow's milk formula marketed to young children) had a zero risk of 25(OH)D < 25 nmol/L. The predictive tool identified children at risk of 25(OH)D < 25 nmol/L with sensitivity 42%, specificity 97% and ROC area-under-curve 0.76(95%CI 0.67-0.86, p < 0.001). Predictors of low vitamin D status were consistent with those identified in previous studies of New Zealand children. The tool had insufficient predictive ability for use in clinical situations, and suggests a need to promote safe, inexpensive testing to determine vitamin D status in preschool children.

유아의 다중지능과 기질유형이 놀이행동에 미치는 영향

유아의 다중지능과 기질유형이 놀이행동에 미치는 영향

유아의 공감능력과 리더십의 관계에서 유아의 만족지연능력과 어머니 성취동기의 조절효과

유아의 공감능력과 리더십의 관계에서 유아의 만족지연능력과 어머니 성취동기의 조절효과

The Effects of Young Children's Forest Paly Program

The purpose of this research is to verify the effects of forest play activity on young children's playfulness and leadership. The subjects were 40 young children from a child-care center in K city. 20 children were randomly assigned to the experimental group, and the other were assigned to the control group. The forest experience activity consisted of forest experience, forest play, nature inquiring activity, and ecosystem understanding. The activities in forest are inseparable from playing, and playing is life itself for young children. Forest experience in this activity consists of 4 steps which are first step for awaken enthusiasm: zeal in the presence of peace and tension of mind, second for concentration: can achieve dramatic enlightenment, third for direct experience: the process of deeply knowing nature and fourth for share emotion: existence of nature give impression. In results, the activity had effects on the children's playfulness and leadership. Young children explore and investigate their surrounding world in accordance Received (February 15, 2016), Review Result (February 29, 2016) Accepted (March 8, 2016), Published (April 30, 2016) (Corresponding Author) 517-802 Visiting Professor, Child Welfare, Jeonnam Provincial College, 152 in Korea Jeolla Province Damyang damyangeup juknokwon email: lmn4780@naver.com. 2 500-742 Dept. Early Childhood Education, Seoyeong University, Unam 1-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Korea email:edu18@hanmail.net. * 본 자료는 2016년 1월 동계학술대회 발표 논문을 확장한 연구임. The Effects of Young Children's Forest Paly Program Copyright c 2016 HSST 272 with their interests and paces, and reorganize their experience to express it. Early childhood is an important time when holistic aspects such as cognition, emotion, sociality develop rapidly, and the leadership experience suggests a necessity of educating leaders who can lead changes as potent members of society and will lead the future.

유아의 놀이성, 정서통제, 정서불안정이 또래놀이행동에 미치는 상대적 영향 비교

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of young children`s playfulness, emotional control, and emotional instability on their peer play behavior, focusing on age differences. A total of 209 4- and 5-year-old children attending a child care center in South Korea participated in this study. The instruments used in this study were the Playfulness Scale, Emotion Regulation Checklist, and Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale. The collected data were analyzed using a Student`s t-test, Pearson`s partial correlation, and stepwise regressions with the SPSS software ver. 16.0. The main results of this study are as follows: First, there was a significant age difference in young children`s emotional control, emotional instability, playfulness and peer play behavior. Second, the factors of emotional control and playfulness significantly predicted young children`s play interaction irrespective of age. Third, the factors of emotional instability and playfulness significantly predicted young children`s play disruption and play disconnection. Further, implications for the use of early intervention targeting specific emotional control and emotional instability problems have been discussed.

A Meta - analysis on the Effects of Early Childhood Science Education Programs - Based on the Effects of Young Children’s Scientific Ability -

A Meta - analysis on the Effects of Early Childhood Science Education Programs - Based on the Effects of Young Children’s Scientific Ability -

The Effects of Young Children’s Pet-Raising on Life EsteemImprovement and Social Intimacy

The Effects of Young Children’s Pet-Raising on Life EsteemImprovement and Social Intimacy

유아의 기질이 유아의 사회적 능력에 미치는 영향

유아의 기질이 유아의 사회적 능력에 미치는 영향

Sugar-containing beverage intake at the age of 1 year and cardiometabolic health at the age of 6 years: the Generation R Study.

BackgroundConsumption of sugar-containing beverages (SCBs) in adults has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Although the effect of SCB on body weight in children is well established, little is known about the cardiometabolic effects in young children. We studied the associations of SCB intake at the age of 1 year with cardiometabolic health at age 6 years.MethodsThis study was performed among 2,045 Dutch children from a population based prospective birth cohort. SCB intake was assessed with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at the age of 13 months and sex-specific tertiles were created. Children visited the research center at the age of 6 years. We created a continuous cardiometabolic risk factor score including: body fat percentage, blood pressure, insulin, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. Age-and sex-specific standard deviation (SD) scores were created for all outcomes. Multivariable linear regression was performed with adjustment for socio-demographic and lifestyle variables of mother and child.ResultsIn the total population, we observed an association between higher SCB intake at 13 months of age and a higher cardiometabolic risk factor score at the age of 6 years (0.13SD (95 % CI 0.01; 0.25), highest vs. lowest tertile) After stratification by sex, we found that boys in the highest tertile of SCB intake had a higher cardiometabolic risk factor score (0.18 SD (95 % CI 0.01; 0.34)), as compared to boys in the lowest tertile of SCB intake. There was no significant association in girls. We did not find associations of SCB intake with the individual cardiometabolic risk factors in the total population, or in the stratified analyses.ConclusionHigher SCB intake at 1 year of age was associated with a higher cardiometabolic risk factor score at age 6 years in boys, but not in girls. Further research on sex-specific effects of SCBs is needed.

The effects of being watched on resource acquisition in chimpanzees and human children.

Animals react in many different ways to being watched by others. In the context of cooperation, many theories emphasize reputational effects: Individuals should cooperate more if other potential cooperators are watching. In the context of competition, individuals might want to show off their strength and prowess if other potential competitors are watching. In the current study, we observed chimpanzees and human children in three experimental conditions involving resource acquisition: Participants were either in the presence of a passive observer (observed condition), an active observer who engaged in the same task as the participant (competition condition), or in the presence of but not directly observed by a conspecific (mere presence condition). While both species worked to acquire more resources in the competition condition, children but not chimpanzees also worked to acquire more resources in the observer condition (compared to the mere presence condition). These results suggest evolutionary continuity with regard to competition-based observer effects, but an additional observer effect in young children, potentially arising from an evolutionary-based concern for cooperative reputation.

Absolute and proportional measures of potential markers of rehearsal, and their implications for accounts of its development.

Previous studies of the development of phonological similarity and word length effects in children have shown that these effects are small or absent in young children, particularly when measured using visual presentation of the memoranda. This has often been taken as support for the view that young children do not rehearse. The current paper builds on recent evidence that instead suggests that absent phonological similarity and word length effects in young children reflects the same proportional cost of these effects in children of all ages. Our aims are to explore the conditions under which this proportional scaling account can reproduce existing developmental data, and in turn suggest ways that future studies might measure and model phonological similarity and word length effects in children. To that end, we first fit a single mathematical function through previously reported data that simultaneously captures absent and negative proportional effects of phonological similarity in young children plus constant proportional similarity effects in older children. This developmental function therefore provides the benchmark that we seek to re-produce in a series of subsequent simulations that test the proportional scaling account. These simulations reproduce the developmental function well, provided that they take into account the influence of floor effects and of measurement error. Our simulations suggest that future empirical studies examining these effects in the context of the development of rehearsal need to take into account proportional scaling. They also provide a demonstration of how proportional costs can be explored, and of the possible developmental functions associated with such an analysis.

Effects of the regular intake of the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938) on respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in a workplace setting: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial

The regular intake of probiotics is alleged to help prevent or shorten the duration of common colds and gastrointestinal diseases. Previous clinical trials have shown protective effects in young children, while effects in adults have not yet been sufficiently investigated. This study examines the effect of the regular intake of the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938) on the number of days of sick leave caused by respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases among male steelworkers. For this RCT, 242 male employees of ArcelorMittal Bremen were randomized. One hundred and twenty-one participants were assigned to take one chewable tablet containing at least 5 × 108 colony-forming units of L. reuteri per day over a period of 90 days. The 121 control participants were assigned to take a placebo. All participants were asked to keep a diary reporting days of sick leave and respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Data of 159 participants were available for intention-to-treat analysis. Participants in the intervention group reported sick due to respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms at an average of 2.24 of the 90 days under observation. In the control group, the average number of sick days was 2.02 (p = 0.53). Prevention of diarrhea was the only protective effect detected for the probiotic. Participants in the intervention group reported this symptom at an average of 0.60, participants in the control group at 1.33 days (p = 0.01). Our study could not show an effect of the intake of L. reuteri on the number of days of sick leave or on any of the symptoms of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases with the exception of diarrhea. The trial was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register on November 7, 2012 ( http://www.germanctr.de ; No.: DRK4430).

Influenza vaccination coverage and effectiveness in young children in Thailand, 2011-2013.

BackgroundSince 2009, Thailand has recommended influenza vaccine for children aged 6 months through 2 years, but no estimates of influenza vaccine coverage or effectiveness are available for this target group.MethodsDuring August 2011–May 2013, high-risk and healthy children aged ≤36 months were enrolled in a 2-year prospective cohort study. Parents were contacted weekly about acute respiratory illness (ARI) in their child. Ill children had combined nasal and throat swabs tested for influenza viruses by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Influenza vaccination status was verified with vaccination cards. The Cox proportional hazards approach was used to estimate hazard ratios. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated as 100% x (1-hazard ratio).ResultsDuring 2011–2013, 968 children were enrolled (median age, 10·3 months); 948 (97·9%) had a vaccination record and were included. Of these, 394 (41·6%) had ≥1 medical conditions. Vaccination coverage for the 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 seasons was 29·3% (93/317) and 30·0% (197/656), respectively. In 2011–2012, there were 213 ARI episodes, of which 10 (4·6%) were influenza positive (2·3 per 1000 vaccinated and 3·8 per 1000 unvaccinated child-weeks). The VE was 55% (95% confidence interval [CI], −72, 88). In 2012–2013, there were 846 ARIs, of which 52 (6·2%) were influenza positive (1·8 per 1000 vaccinated and 4·5 per 1000 unvaccinated child-weeks). The VE was 64% (CI, 13%, 85%).ConclusionInfluenza vaccination coverage among young children in Thailand was low, although vaccination was moderately effective. Continued efforts are needed to increase influenza vaccination coverage and evaluate VE among young children in Thailand.

Repeated Retrieval During Studying Can Promote Long-Term Retention: Effects in Young Children With Delayed Vocabulary Understanding

Repeated Retrieval During Studying Can Promote Long-Term Retention: Effects in Young Children With Delayed Vocabulary Understanding

Intermanual transfer effect in young children after training in a complex skill: mechanistic, pseudorandomized, pretest-posttest study.

Intermanual transfer implies that motor skills learned on one side of the body transfer to the untrained side. This effect was previously noted in adults practicing with a prosthesis simulator. The study objective was to determine whether intermanual transfer is present in children practicing prosthetic handling. A mechanistic, pseudorandomized, pretest-posttest design was used. The study was conducted in a primary school in the Netherlands. The participants were children who were able-bodied (N=48; 25 boys, 23 girls; mean age=5.1 years) and randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group. The experimental group performed 5 training sessions using a prosthesis simulator on the training arm. Before (pretest), immediately after (posttest), and 6 days after (retention test) the training program, their ability to handle the prosthesis with the contralateral (test) arm was measured. The control group only performed the tests. Half of the children performed the tests with the dominant hand, and the other half performed the tests with the nondominant hand. During the tests, movement time and control of force were measured. An interaction effect of group by test was found for movement time. Post hoc tests revealed significant improvement in the experimental group between the posttest and the retention test. No force control effect was found. Only children who were able-bodied were included. Measurements should have been masked and obtained without tester interference. The fact that 4 children whose results were slower than the mean result discontinued training may have biased the findings. The intermanual transfer effect was present in 5-year-old children undergoing training in prosthetic handling. After training of one hand, children's movement times for the other, untrained hand improved. This finding may be helpful for training children who are novice users of a prosthesis.

CN-03 * LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF ENDOCRINE FUNCTION AMONG YOUNG CHILDREN WITH NEWLY-DIAGNOSED MALIGNANT CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) TUMORS TREATED WITH IRRADIATION-AVOIDING REGIMENS: THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL LOS ANGELES (CHLA) EXPERIENCE

BACKGROUND: The adverse effects of radiation therapy on endocrine function among pediatric brain tumor patients have been well-documented. Brief (less than 5 months) intensive induction chemotherapy followed by marrow-ablative chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic cell rescue (AuHCR) and avoidance of CNS irradiation has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of very young children (less than 6 years of age) with malignant CNS tumors. This study assessed the long-term growth and endocrine effects of young children following chemotherapy-only treatment regimens. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on 99 patients less than 6 years of age with newly-diagnosed malignant brain tumors between May 1991 and October 2010 treated with irradiation-avoiding strategies at CHLA. Thirty patients survived relapse-free post-AuHCR without cranial irradiation for a mean of 8.1 years (range 3.0–22.25 years); one patient expired of a TP53-related adrenocortical carcinoma. The patient cohort consisted of 18 males and 12 females with a mean age at AuHCR of 2.5 years (range: 0.8 to 5.1 years). Tumor pathologies included 20 medulloblastomas, 6 choroid plexus carcinomas, 3 CNS PNET and 1 anaplastic ependymoma. RESULTS: All patients had documented normal age-related free T4, TSH, IGFBP3, prolactin, testosterone and estradiol levels. IGF1 age-related levels were abnormal in one child. FSH and LH levels among females, and cortisol levels, were normal in 93%, 97% and 97%, respectively. Growth charts demonstrated age-associated growth within 2 standard deviations of the mean in 67% patients. Of 10 patients (33%) with short stature, 6 had proportional diminutions in both height and weight. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that the use of relatively brief, intensive chemotherapy regimens including marrow-ablative chemotherapy with AuHCR, results in less endocrine and growth abnormalities than treatment schemes utilizing CNS irradiation. However, the documented adverse impact upon physical growth in a proportion of survivors needs to be evaluated further.

Intravenous Laser Therapy in Young Children with Thermal Injuries

Objective : to evaluate the laboratory and clinical effects of combined intravenous laser therapy in young children with thermal injuries in the acute period of burn disease. Subjects and methods. Forty children whose mean age was 2.67±0.35 years were examined; thermal injuries accounted for 25.05±1.01% of the total body surface area; of them degrees IIIaIIIb was 19.04±0.85%. A comparison group (n=15) received conventional therapy without taking into account and correcting baseline and current hemostasiological disorders. On day 1, a study group (n=25) had programmed anticoagulant therapy and intravenous laser therapy at different radiation frequencies with a Mustang 20002+ laser therapy apparatus (patent for invention No. 2482894) in addition to the conventional therapy. The laser therapy cycle was 6 to 16 sessions. The investigators estimated and compared the following examined parameters: white blood cell count; leukocytic index of intoxication; plasma average mass molecules at a wavelength of 254 nm; toxogenic granularity of neutrophils; wound exudate discharge time; surgical plasty area; and hospitalization time. Results. The positive laboratory and clinical effects of the performed combined intravenous laser therapy in the combined therapy of burn disease in young children were comparatively shown in the study group patients. The significant decrease in the level of an inflammatory response and endogenous intoxication led to a rapider burn wound cleansing, active epithelization, and reduced surgical plasty volumes. Conclusion. Combined intravenous laser therapy signif icantly exerts antiinflammatory and detoxifying effects in young children with 40% thermal injuries in the acute period of burn disease. Abolishing a systemic inflammatory response by combined intravenous laser therapy initiated early regenerative processes in the burn wound and caused reductions in surgical plasty volumes and hospitalization time, which optimizes ther apy for burn disease.

Young children produce categorical false recall without activation of the lure items

AbstractIndividuals who study a list of words that are all related to another word that is not presented (a lure word) sometimes produce a false memory of having studied the lure word. The false memories are observed in lists of words that are in the same category as (category list) or associated with (associative list) a word that was not presented in an attempt to elicit false recall. The present study investigated whether young children create these types of false recall. Following the study of a categorical list, false recall was elicited in young children to the same degree as in adults, but studying an associative list elicited false recall only in adults. Furthermore, categorically related lure words did not have a priming effect in young children. These results suggest that the categorical false recall is produced via a different mechanism from the associative false recall.

Prevention of early childhood caries (ECC) through parental toothbrushing training and fluoride varnish application: A 24-month randomized controlled trial

ObjectivesTo investigate the effectiveness of hands-on training in parental toothbrushing, with or without semi-annual applications of 5% sodium fluoride varnish in preventing ECC. MethodsStudy was conducted in Hong Kong where water is optimally fluoridated. Children aged 8–23 months were recruited and randomly allocated to one of three groups: Gp 1 – control, one-off oral health education talk to parents; Gp 2 – oral health education talk and parental toothbrushing training, reinforced every 6 months; Gp 3 – semi-annual application of fluoride varnish onto child's teeth in addition to the intervention provided to Gp 2. Clinical examinations of the children and interviews were conducted at baseline and after 24 months to assess the children's dental caries status and toothbrushing behaviour. ResultsOut of the 450 child–parent dyads recruited at baseline, 415 (92%) remained after 24 months. At baseline, 2% of the children had non-cavitated enamel caries lesions and the mean dmft score was 0.03±0.24. Most of the children did not have daily parental toothbrushing (65–73%) and self toothbrushing (86–90%). At 24-month follow-up, including both non-cavitated and cavitated carious lesions, the incidences of ECC in Gp 1 to Gp 3 were 11.9%, 11.8%, and 17.5%, respectively (p>0.05); and the mean new dmft scores in Gp 1 to Gp 3 were 0.3, 0.2, and 0.3, respectively (p>0.05). Proportions of parents who practiced parental toothbrushing twice daily were 62.7%, 60.4%, and 65.7% in Gp 1 to Gp 3, respectively (p>0.05). ConclusionsIn a water fluoridated area, hands-on training in parental toothbrushing, with or without semi-annual application of 5% sodium fluoride varnish may not have additional effect on preventing ECC in young children with low risk of dental caries compared to provision of oral health education to parents. Clinical significanceIn a water fluoridated area, provision of individual oral health education to parents may be sufficient for preventing ECC in young children below age 3. Supplemental training in parental toothbrushing and semi-annual applications of fluoride varnish may not have additional caries prevention effect in young children with low risk of dental caries.

Test-enhanced learning in third-grade children

Several recent studies have shown that retrieval is more efficient than restudy in enhancing the long-term retention of memories. However, studies investigating this effect in children are still rare. Here, we report an experiment in which third-grade children initially read a brief encyclopaedic text twice and then either performed a cued recall test on selected target contents of the text or reread the same text twice. A final four-choice memory test about the text’s contents was administered to all children after seven days as well as tests measuring their IQ and reading skills. In the final four-choice memory test, children who took the initial cued recall test showed significantly greater performance in comparison with children who restudied the text twice (their responses were 87 and 53% correct, respectively). The results suggest that cued recall tests can elicit very robust testing effects in young children, even when complex, educationally relevant materials are used as stimuli.