Effective Width Research Articles

Deep Learning-Based Automatic River Flow Estimation Using RADARSAT Imagery

Estimating river flow is a key parameter for effective water resource management, flood risk prevention, and hydroelectric facilities planning. Yet, traditional gauging methods are not reliable under very high flows or extreme events. Hydrometric network stations are often sparse, and their spatial distribution is not optimal. Therefore, many river sections cannot be monitored using traditional flow measurements and observations. In the last few decades, satellite sensors have been considered as complementary observation sources to traditional water level and flow measurements. This kind of approach has provided a way to maintain and expand the hydrometric observation network. Remote sensing data can be used to estimate flow from rating curves that relate instantaneous flow (Q) to channel cross-section geometry (effective width or depth of the water surface). Yet, remote sensing has limitations, notably its dependence on rating curves. Due to their empirical nature, rating curves are limited to specific river sections (reaches) and cannot be applied to other watercourses. Recently, deep-learning techniques have been successfully applied to hydrology. The primary goal of this study is to develop a deep-learning approach for estimating river flow in the Boreal Shield ecozone of Eastern Canada using RADARSAT-1 and -2 imagery and convolutional neural networks (CNN). Data from 39 hydrographic sites in this region were used in modeling. A new CNN architecture was developed to provide a straightforward estimation of the instantaneous river flow rate. Our results yielded a coefficient of determination (R2) and a Nash–Sutcliffe value of 0.91 and a root mean square error of 33 m3/s. Notably, the model performs exceptionally well for rivers wider than 40 m, reflecting its capability to adapt to varied hydrological contexts. These results underscore the potential of integrating advanced satellite imagery with deep learning to enhance hydrological monitoring across vast and remote areas.

Effect of strip tillage widths on soil moisture, soil temperature and soil structure in northeast China

Strip tillage is an effective tillage technique, which included the strip seedbed tilled area (ST-IR) and the straw-covered area between the seedbeds (ST-BR). However, soil hydrothermal conditions and soil disturbance varies with strip tillage widths, which might affect crop growth and yields. Therefore, this study explored the effect of strip tillage width on the soil hydrothermal conditions and soil structure of ST-IR and ST-BR, to determine the optimal strip tillage width. A field experiment with three replicates was conducted to analyze soil moisture and soil temperature variation and to clarify the difference of soil structure in the IR and BR. Three strip tillage widths, 20 cm (ST20), 30 cm (ST30), and 40 cm (ST40), were examined in this study. Soil temperature in both the ST-IR and ST-BR increased as the strip tillage width increased, and the average soil temperature of ST30-IR and ST40-IR in the seedling stage was 2.11°C and 2.62°C higher than that of ST20-IR, respectively. Moreover, the daily soil temperature range in both the IR and BR was greater for ST40 than for ST20 and ST30 in the seedling stage; soil temperature differences in other crop growth stages were small. No significant difference in soil temperature was observed between ST30-IR and ST40-IR. Conversely, soil moisture was greater in ST20-IR and ST30-IR than in ST40-IR; soil moisture was also greater in ST30-BR and ST40-BR than in ST20-BR during the monitoring period. Soil moisture in ST40-IR and ST20-BR increased and decreased more rapidly during rainfall events than in the other treatments. Moreover, soil temperature was higher in the ST-IR than in the ST-BR for all 3 strip tillage widths, and the opposite results were observed for soil moisture. In addition, strip tillage widths had no significant differences on soil structure. In conclusion, a 30 cm strip tillage width had higher soil temperature and remained more soil moisture than other strip tillage widths, so this strip tillage width is thus recommended for use by farmers in Northeast China.

Effects of Bed Width and Crop Row Spacing on Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Emergence and Seed Production in Furrow-Irrigated Rice

Abstract Furrow-irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) has become a popular option for rice production in Arkansas. Highly troublesome weeds like barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.] are a major problem for producers in all rice production systems. Cultural tactics should become a priority to enhance crop growth and competitiveness. This research aimed to determine the effects of bed width (irrigation furrow spacing) and crop row spacing manipulation on E. crus-galli emergence and seed production in a furrow-irrigated rice system. Three bed widths (76-, 97-, and 152-cm) (whole plot factor) were used, and plots were drill-seeded in four crop row spacings (subplot factor) (13-, 19-, 25-, and 38-cm). The widest width of 152-cm had a slight increase in E. crus-galli density in the early rice life cycle but, by the end of the season, did not differ from the narrower bed widths. Conversely, a decrease in E. crus-galli seed production was observed as the bed width increased. Similar rice canopy coverage and yields occurred between all three bed widths. As for crop row spacing, as the width increased, E. crus-galli density also increased. The 13-cm crop row spacing had the lowest preflood E. crus-galli density, preharvest panicle count, and seed production. No effect of crop row spacing was observed on rice canopy coverage; however, the 13-cm crop row spacing produced the greatest rice yield. The 13-cm crop row spacing paired with the 152-cm bed width may be the optimum combination of ecological strategies in furrow-irrigated rice to reduce E. crus-galli seed production while maintaining rice growth and yield.

Research on the Interaction Mechanism of Multi-Fracture Propagation in Hydraulic Fracturing

During the hydraulic-fracturing process, stress interference occurs among multiple wells and fractures, potentially affecting the trajectory of hydraulic fracture propagation. Previous studies have largely overlooked the influence of proppant support stresses on the trajectories of fracture propagation. This paper establishes a mathematical model, grounded in the boundary element method, designed to compute the propagation of multiple fractures, considering both proppant support on the fracture surface and dynamic perturbations within the local stress field. The findings of this research reveal that the stress field induced by hydraulic fracturing exhibits dynamic evolution characteristics, necessitating a comprehensive study of the fracture initiation and extension across the entire fracturing time domain. The effect of the residual fracture width under proppant action on the in situ stress field cannot be ignored. During simultaneous fracturing, hydraulic fractures are inclined to propagate in the direction of the maximum horizontal principal stress, particularly as the in situ differential stress escalates. Staggered fracturing between wells has been proven to be more effective than head-to-head fracturing. Simply increasing the well spacing cannot solve the problem of inter-well fracture interference. In zipper fracturing, adjusting the fracturing sequence can inhibit the fracture intersections between wells, thereby controlling the trajectory of fracture propagation. The aforementioned research has considerable significance in guiding the control of fracture morphology during hydraulic-fracturing processes.

Factors affecting the tensile strength of bituminous geomembrane seams

The tensile shear strength, break location, and constant tensile load failure times are examined for seams made from one 4 mm-thick bituminous geomembrane (BGM) product, with corresponding observations specific to that material. In short-term tests, failure is observed within the sheet material once the seam strength exceeded 0.8 times that of the sheet material. The effects of seam thickness reduction and overlap width on seam strength are examined for two methods of seaming. Seams with a short-term strength meeting or exceeding 80% of the sheet strength are subjected to constant tensile loads between 18 and 55% of sheet ultimate strength and the time to failure is reported. The relationship between short-term seam strength and time to failure under sustained load and thickness reduction and squeeze-out is investigated. Constant tensile load testing is proposed as a construction quality assurance procedure to assess the degree of geotextile engagement of field seams.

Adsorption of Diffusing Tracers, Apparent Tortuosity, and Application to Mesoporous Silica.

The apparent tortuosity due to adsorption of diffusing tracers in a porous material is determined by a scaling approach and is used to analyze recent data on LiCl and alkane diffusion in mesoporous silica. The slope of the adsorption isotherm at small loadings is written as β = qA/qG, where qA is the adsorption-desorption ratio and qG = ϵ/(as) - 1 is a geometrical factor depending on the range a of the tracer-wall interaction, the porosity ϵ, and the specific surface area s. The adsorption leads to a decrease of effective diffusion coefficient, which is quantified by multiplying the geometrical tortuosity factor τgeom by an apparent tortuosity factor τapp. In wide pores or when the adsorption barrier is high, τapp = β + 1, as obtained in previous works, but in narrow pores there is an additional contribution from frequent adsorption-desorption transitions. These results are obtained in media with parallel pores of constant cross sections, where the ratio between the effective pore width ϵ/s and the actual width is ≈0.25. Applications to mesoporous silica samples are justified by the small deviations from this ideal ratio. In the analysis of alkane self-diffusion data, the fractions of adsorbed molecules predicted in a recent theoretical work are used to estimate τgeom of the silica samples, which is ≫1 only in the sample with the narrowest pores (nominal 3 nm). The application of the model to Li+ ion diffusion leads to similar values of τgeom and to a difference of energy barriers of desorption and adsorption for those ions of ∼0.06 eV. Comparatively, alkane self-diffusion provides the correct order of magnitude of τgeom, with adsorption playing a less important role, whereas adsorption effects on Li+ diffusion are much more important.

Influence and Mechanism of the Excavation Width on Excavation Deformations in Shanghai Soft Clay

This study investigated the influence and mechanism of the excavation width on excavation deformations in Shanghai soft clay. Based on three excavations that had different final excavation depths, dissimilar retaining structures and diverse geological conditions, 40 sets of two-dimensional numerical models with different excavation widths were employed to analyze the deformation rules affected by the excavation width. Moreover, a series of simplified models with different excavation widths were employed to analyze the effect of the excavation width on excavation deformations. The results show that under the same excavation depth, both the horizontal displacements of the retaining walls and ground surface settlements increase as the excavation width increases, but the increasing rate gradually decreases. Factors such as the unloading influence depth, the overlap degree of the passive zones, the stress state of the basal soils and the development of the relative shear stress have a significant influence on excavation deformations. With increasing excavation width, the unloading influence depth gradually deepens, the overlap area of the passive zones gradually decreases, the direction of the rotation of the major principal stress gradually reduces and the relative shear stress of the distant and deep soils gradually expands. Therefore, the constraint ability of the passive zones on excavation deformation gradually reduces and excavation deformations gradually increase.

Load-end shortening curve of stiffener elements with beam-column buckling considering steel grades based on empirical formulae of critical stress

The existing load-end shortening formulae with beam-column buckling in CSR-H were derived from the theoretical buckling formulae of stiffener elements considering the effective width of attached plate. However, due to different yielding stress and plastic flow ability, the critical stress of stiffener elements for elastic-plastic beam-column buckling may be relevant to steel grades. The critical stress of beam-column buckling was analysed by numerical method and compression test under supply supported constraints. Separate seven steel column samples from slender to sturdy were designed to be studied for various grades of steel mainly including 921A, S355 and Q235. After comparison, the empirical formulae of critical stress considering different yield stress were proposed in power exponent expression, and then employed to replace the theoretical buckling formulae in the load-end shortening curves in incremental-iterative method. This new load-end shortening expression of stiffener elements with beam-column buckling mode could more accurately evaluate the progressive collapse behaviours under longitudinal compression.

Maskless photolithography based on ultraviolet micro-LEDs and direct writing method for improving pattern resolution

Ultraviolet micro-LEDs show great potential as a light source for maskless photolithography. However, there are few reports on micro-LED based maskless photolithography systems, and the studies on the effects of system parameters on exposure patterns are still lacking. Hence, we developed a maskless photolithography system that employs micro-LEDs with peak wavelength 375 nm to produce micrometer-sized exposure patterns in photoresists. We also systematically explored the effects of exposure time and current density of micro-LED on static direct writing patterns, as well as the effects of stage velocity and current pulse width on dynamic direct writing patterns. Furthermore, reducing the size of micro-LED pixels enables obtaining high-resolution exposure patterns, but this approach will bring technical challenges and high costs. Therefore, this paper proposes an oblique direct writing method that, instead of reducing the micro-LED pixel size, improves the pattern resolution by changing the tilt angle of the sample. The experimental results show that the linewidths of the exposed lines decreased by 4.0% and 15.2%, respectively, as the sample tilt angle increased from 0° to 15° and 30°, which confirms the feasibility of the proposed method to improve the pattern resolution. This method is also expected to correct the exposure pattern error caused by optical distortion of the lens in the photolithography system. The system and method reported can be applied in various fields such as PCBs, photovoltaics, solar cells, and MEMS.

Study of the engineering performance of pipes buried in the soil

This paper investigates the response of a flexible buried pipe to traffic load using laboratory experiments and numerical analysis. A series of laboratory tests and numerical simulations were performed to examine the effect of surface pressure, loading width, pipe type, pipe thickness, and burial depth on model response. In the experiments, a load was applied to the surface of a tank in which a pipe was buried. To gain a better understanding of the pipe's behavior, numerical simulations were performed using the finite element method; PLAXIS 2-D software. The results show that there is a good agreement between numerical and experimental test results. Furthermore, experimental and numerical analysis show that increasing burial depth reduces pipe deflection, increases soil surface settlement, and decreases pipe pressure, whereas increasing surface pressure increases all of the above parameters. Finally, equations were developed based on all numerical and experimental results to predict maximum stress on the pipe crown.

Response characteristics and novel understandings of dual induction logging of horizontal wells in fractured reservoirs

Previous studies commonly used dual laterolog or induction logging in vertical wells to study fractured reservoirs. However, there are few studies about the response characteristics of dual induction logging of horizontal wells in fractured reservoirs, which interferes with the evaluation of horizontal wells in fractured reservoirs. In this study, firstly, the finite element method is used to establish the fractured reservoir model and the dual induction instrument of horizontal well. Then, the response characteristics of dual induction logging in fractured reservoirs with different fracture conductivity, fracture dip angle, fracture width and fracture length are simulated and analyzed. The results show the response characteristics as follows: (1) The apparent conductivity of dual induction logging increases first and then decreases along with the increase of fracture conductivity, when the fracture conductivity is lower than formation conductivity, the apparent conductivity is similar to formation conductivity; (2) The fracture dip angle has little effect on the apparent conductivity of induction logging, when the fracture conductivity is high, the apparent conductivity decreases with the increase of the fracture dip angle; (3) The effect of fracture width and fracture length on apparent conductivity is similar. The larger the fracture width or length, the greater their influence on the apparent conductivity, which is different from the response characteristics of laterologs. In applications, these characteristics can be demonstrated by two wells in the southwest Ordos Basin, China. Finally, advantages and disadvantages of the simulation method, applications, logging responses discussed in detail, as well as the response characteristics and the shielding effect of fractures on electromagnetic waves of dual induction instrument are discussed in detail. The applications and discussions show that this study can provide response characteristics and novel understandings for the evaluations of horizontal wells in fractured reservoirs, especially in areas where dual induction logging is widely used.

Trophic position determines the persistence of neotropical understory birds after forest disturbance.

Habitat loss and degradation are key drivers of the current biodiversity crisis. Most research focuses on the question of which traits allow species to persist in degraded habitats. We asked whether a species' trophic position or niche width influences the resilience of species in degraded habitats and to what extent habitat degradation affects trophic interactions between species. We used nitrogen isotope ratios (15N:14N, expressed as δ15N value) to quantify and compare trophic positions and niche widths of understory birds inhabiting old-growth and young secondary forests in the Pacific lowlands of Costa Rica. We found that a species' trophic position rather than its trophic niche width determined its persistence in secondary forests. Species feeding at lower trophic levels in old-growth forests were less likely to persist in secondary forests than those occupying a higher trophic position in old-growth forests. This pattern is likely induced by the occurrence of relatively large-bodied habitat specialists with a flexible and high-trophic level diet in secondary forests. These habitat specialists likely caused generalist bird species to lower their trophic position relative to conspecifics in old-growth forests. Regarding trophic niche widths, species in secondary forests tend to have larger niche widths than old-growth forest species. However, as old-growth forest specialists and generalists did not differ in their niche widths, no systematic effect of trophic niche width on species persistence after forest disturbance was found. This is the first study that shows a systematic effect of trophic position on the persistence of a wide range of bird species in a disturbed forest ecosystem. It therefore provides important insights into species' responses to habitat degradation and the conservation value of secondary forests. To improve habitat quality for old-growth forest birds and facilitate avian seed dispersal, the creation of large contiguous forest patches should be prioritised when implementing reforestation measures.

Wind Flow Characteristics on a Vertical Farm with Potential Use of Energy Harvesting

The response to the climate emergency requires solutions that address multiple sustainability targets, which could be conducted by merging scientific research from areas that have traditionally evolved separately. This investigation presents advances in that direction by studying a building prototype designated for vertical farming, which enables the wind energy potential across built-up areas to be explored, in this case through the implementation of micro-wind turbines on the surface of the prototype. The study includes a parametric analysis consisting of varying locations of wind turbines across the building envelope, and the width of ventilation corridors. The effects of different widths of outdoor ventilation corridors, various locations, and additional wind angles on the capacity to harvest wind resources were investigated. The results showed that the 5 m wide outdoor corridor has the best ventilation effect, and the wind turbine placed on the roof has the best wind energy potential. The efficiency of wind turbines decreases significantly when multiple devices are placed at the same height on the façades, although overall, the potential for energy harvesting seems incremental.

Optimization and Testing of DC Electromagnetic Pump for Liquid Metal Space Use

Driving a liquid metal via an electromagnetic pump (EMP) is becoming increasingly important with its many emerging cutting-edge uses. The end losses associated with the EMP generally play a core role in dominating device performance. In this study, we explored the effects of electrode width, number of insulating strips, and pump width on the end loss through theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. The optimization results indicate that reducing electrode width would improve EMP performance. Adding insulation strips enhances the magnitude and uniformity of effective current density but raises hydraulic losses. A smaller pump width achieves a stronger static head, while a larger pump width outputs a higher flow rate. Furthermore, 3D printing technology was employed for rapid integrated processing of the pump body. Detailed performance evaluations and reliability tests were carried out on the EMP. With the design optimized so as to minimize the end losses, an EMP for space experiments has been successfully developed, which will eventually be flown on the China’s space station. Overall, the feasibility of fast, low-cost manufacturing of high-reliability, compact EMP with the assistance of numerical simulation and 3D printing technology was demonstrated. It provides an alternative option for driving metallic fluid for various future space needs.

In-plane gate induced transition asymmetry of spin-resolved Landau levels in InAs-based quantum wells

The crossover from quasi-two- to quasi-one-dimensional electron transport subject to transverse electric fields and perpendicular magnetic fields is studied in the diffusive to quasi-ballistic and zero-field to quantum Hall regime. In-plane gates and Hall-bars have been fabricated from an InGaAs/InAlAs/InAs quantum well hosting a 2DEG with a carrier density of about 6.8 × 1011 cm−2, a mobility of 1.8 × 105 cm2/Vs, and an effective mass of 0.042me after illumination. Magnetotransport measurements at temperatures down to 50 mK and fields up to 12 T yield a high effective Landé factor of g*=16, enabling the resolution of spin-split subbands at magnetic fields of 2.5 T. In the quantum Hall regime, electrostatic control of an effective constriction width enables steering of the reflection and transmission of edge channels, allowing a separation of fully spin-polarized edge channels at filling factors ν = 1 und ν = 2. A change in the orientation of a transverse in-plane electric field in the constriction shifts the transition between Zeeman-split quantum Hall plateaus by ΔB ≈ 0.1 T and is consistent with an effective magnetic field of Beff ≈ 0.13 T by spin-dependent backscattering, indicating a change in the spin-split density of states.

Design insights into a junctionless nanosheet FET (JL-NSFET) for switching and Analog/RF applications: Device to circuit level assessment

- The advent in semiconductor technology paved the way for electronic industry to place in front row. The nanosheet (NS) device is a type gate all around (GAA) architecture provides an excellent gate electrostatic to suppress the short channel effects (SCEs) and scale it further below sub-7nm technology node. This paper provides a complete design insight from device to circuit of a two sheet NSFET with geometrical variations. All digital and analog/RF parameters are extracted and analyzed based on gate length (), sheet thickness (), sheet width (), and spacer material variations. As is varied from 8 nm to 12 nm, is enhanced from 0.249 × 108 to 2.86 × 108 due to improved gate control over the channel region which is also reflected in DIBL to 40.82 % whereas, at lower analog/RF metrics are better. The play a vital role in device characteristics, as decreases the chance of interaction of electric field from source to drain decreases owing to full volume conduction and thereby ameliorated performance of JL NSFET. As is varied from 7 nm to 5 nm, all electrical characteristics are improved and analog/RF parameters , , , TFP and GTFP are improved to 10.3 %, 18.4 %, 12.1 % 18.5 % and 54.04 %, respectively. Increase in from 10 nm to 20 nm results into increased effective width of a device, it leads to higher current which further impacts on electrical and analog/RF parameters. The DIBL, , , GFP, TFP and GTFP are enhanced to 63.7 %, 37.9 %, 34.9 %, 9.7 %, 33.5 %, 9.1 %, respectively. The spacer materials are varying from Al2O3 (k = 18), HfO2 (k = 22), ZrO2 (k = 25) to TiO2 (k = 44), the electrical characteristics are better at higher-k whereas analog/RF performances are superior at lower-k. Further, digital circuit elements NOT, NAND and NOR gates are designed, simulated and the delays are examined as 4.25ps, 6.45ps and 5.12ps, respectively. The and of NOT gate are noticed as 295 mV and 280 mV at 0.7 V of supply voltage. Furthermore, a common source (CS) amplifier is also simulated and gain of 3.3 is noticed. The aforementioned analysis revels the JL NSFET is best suitable candidate for future nanoscale applications.

Numerical investigations of the restriction effects on a ship navigating in pack-ice channel

This paper adopts Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method and Discrete Element Method (DEM) to simulate a ship navigating in pack-ice channel considering the effects of channel restriction. First, from the simulations of the ship sailing in open-water channel by CFD, it is found that the effects of channel width on water resistance is more pronounced than the impacts by level-ice thickness. Then, based on the stable and converged flow field obtained by CFD simulations, the CFD-DEM coupling method is applied to reveal the effects of channel width and level ice thickness on ship-ice-water interactions and ice resistances at different ship speeds. The results indicate that as the channel width decreases, the accumulation of pack ice in the areas of bow and midship intensifies. The ice resistances on the bow and midship increase notably, and the lateral ice forces exhibit pronounced asymmetric and random characteristics. In extremely narrow pack-ice channels, lower ship speed results in lager ice resistance and lateral ice force on the ship. In addition, as the level ice thickness decreases, the pack ice is more easily squeezed below the level ice, resulting in the decreases of ice resistance and lateral ice force.

Global Buckling Resistance of Cold-Formed Steel Beams with Omega-Shaped Sections

The absence of analytical expressions in current codes for evaluating the critical moment for lateral–torsional buckling of cold-formed beams with omega-shaped sections presents a fundamental challenge when assessing their resistance to global buckling. In response to this challenge, a comparative study was conducted to explore various approaches for calculating the critical moment. This involved both analytical and numerical analyses, using different methods available in codes and computational tools. The analytical analysis followed the Effective Width Method, employing the expression proposed in ENV 1993-1-1:1992, which is commonly used for evaluating the critical lateral–torsional moment of hot-rolled profiles. Numerical analyses were then performed using the ABAQUS v6.13, GBTUL v2.0, and CUFSM v5.05 software packages. The ABAQUS model, validated with results obtained from an experimental campaign, serves as the reference model. Upon assessing the bending moment resistances according to European, Brazilian, and American standards, consistency was found among these standards. However, it became evident that using the analytical expression proposed for hot-rolled profiles is inadequate for evaluating the critical lateral–torsional moment of CFS omega-shaped profiles. Conversely, the agreement between the ABAQUS, GBTUL, and CUFSM results suggests their utility as reliable tools for estimating the elastic critical lateral–torsional buckling moment.

Accurate reference spectra of HD in an H2--He bath for planetary applications

The hydrogen deuteride (HD) molecule is an important deuterium tracer in astrophysical studies. The atmospheres of gas giants are dominated by molecular hydrogen, and the simultaneous observation of H$_2$ and HD lines provides reliable information on the D/H ratios on these planets. The reference spectroscopic parameters play a crucial role in such studies. Under the thermodynamic conditions encountered in these atmospheres, spectroscopic studies of HD require not only the knowledge of line intensities and positions but also accurate reference data on pressure-induced line shapes and shifts. Our aim is to provide accurate collision-induced line-shape parameters for HD lines that cover any thermodynamic conditions relevant to the atmospheres of giant planets, namely any relevant temperature, pressure, and perturbing gas composition (the H$_2$--He mixture). We performed quantum-scattering calculations on our new, highly accurate ab initio potential energy surface (PES) and we used scattering S matrices obtained in this way to determine the collision-induced line-shape parameters. We used cavity ring-down spectroscopy to validate our theoretical methodology. We report accurate collision-induced line-shape parameters for the pure rotational R(0), R(1), and R(2) lines, the most relevant HD lines for investigations of the atmospheres of the giant planets. Besides the basic Voigt-profile collisional parameters (i.e., the broadening and shift parameters), we also report their speed dependences and the complex Dicke parameter, which can influence the effective width and height of the HD lines up to almost a factor of 2 for giant planet conditions. The sub-percent-level accuracy reached in this work is a considerable improvement over previously available data. All the reported parameters (and their temperature dependences) are consistent with the HITRAN database format, hence allowing for the use of the HITRAN Application Programming Interface (HAPI) for generating the beyond-Voigt spectra of HD.

Entropic velocity distribution for sediment-laden flows with a modified dip estimation model at data-scarce river sites

ABSTRACT This study proposes an entropic velocity-distribution and dip-position (y max) model for sediment-laden (SL) flows. Unlike previous studies, the proposed entropic distribution incorporates the effect of suspended sediment (SS) and y max, to improve velocity predictions near bed and water surface in SL flows. A new dampened mixing length for SL flows is proposed in terms of SS concentration. Moreover, the effect of channel bed roughness (k s), slope (S), SS, width (B) and flow depth (H) on y max is studied. Further, a comprehensive model for y max is proposed as a bivariate function of B/H and k s/H for natural channels. A comparative analysis is presented with the existing models, which shows the proposed equations provide higher accuracy with fewer parameters and a better representation of physical processes in SL flows. Subsequently, the proposed equations are applied at three gauged sites (Mahanadi River, India), showing their suitability to obtain velocity at data-scarce river sites.