Effective Trust Management Research Articles

A survey of security, privacy and trust issues in vehicular computation offloading and their solutions using blockchain.

Continuous improvement in transportation systems and smart vehicles' appearance make new highly intensive applications. Complex applications need high-performance capabilities, real-time responses, and generate massive amounts of data to process and exchange. This presents the idea of vehicular edge computing (VEC), which is proposed to handle complex applications and satisfy smart vehicle processing requirements. VEC enables computation offloading to an edge server to reduce communication latency, execution cost and energy consumption greatly. However, offloading to another node opens up new vulnerabilities regarding security and privacy. Moreover, trust issues in such an untrustworthy environment need an effective trust management solution and incentive mechanisms to improve overall security. This will increase the computation offloading success rate and the vehicles' willingness to share their resources. Particularly given the high transportability and heterogeneity of vehicular networks, the conventional security and trust management methods are inadequate. Blockchain, the rapidly emerging trend technology, is a unique solution that can help overcome security and privacy issues and meet trust management and incentive mechanism goals. Blockchain's immutable distributed ledger, traceability, consensus validation system and smart contract features can improve vehicular network security. Although most research is focused on enhancing the performance of computation offloading algorithms, blockchain security solutions in computation offloading scenarios are not fully discussed. Thus, security and trust issues related to computation offloading in VEC environments need more consideration since supporting the new complex vehicular applications is essential. Therefore, this paper provides a review of recent surveys and studies, an overview of VEC, computation offloading and blockchain, in addition to discussing security, privacy and trust in vehicular networks and computation offloading while considering blockchain as a distributed security solution. We propose a new paradigm called blockchain edge of vehicle (BEoV) at the end, which enables several blockchain-based security services for vehicular computation offloading in particular.

Hybrid Fuzzy Rule Algorithm and Trust Planning Mechanism for Robust Trust Management in IoT-Embedded Systems Integration

The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly expanding and becoming an integral part of daily life, increasing the potential for security threats such as malware or cyberattacks. Many embedded systems (ESs), responsible for handling sensitive data or facilitating secure online activities, must adhere to stringent security standards. For instance, payment processors employ security-critical components as distinct chips, maintaining physical separation from other network components to prevent the leakage of sensitive information such as cryptographic keys. Establishing a trusted environment in IoT and ESs, where interactions are based on the trust model of communication nodes, is a viable approach to enhance security in IoT and ESs. Although trust management (TM) has been extensively studied in distributed networks, IoT, and ESs, significant challenges remain for real-world implementation. In response, we propose a hybrid fuzzy rule algorithm (FRA) and trust planning mechanism (TPM), denoted FRA + TPM, for effective trust management and to bolster IoT and ESs reliability. The proposed system was evaluated against several conventional methods, yielding promising results: trust prediction accuracy (99%), energy consumption (53%), malicious node detection (98%), computation time (61 s), latency (1.7 ms), and throughput (9 Mbps).

Formal Modeling and Verification of a Blockchain-Based Crowdsourcing Consensus Protocol

Crowdsourcing is an effective technique that allows humans to solve complex problems that are hard to accomplish by automated tools. Some significant challenges in crowdsourcing systems include avoiding security attacks, effective trust management, and ensuring the system’s correctness. Blockchain is a promising technology that can be efficiently exploited to address security and trust issues. The consensus protocol is a core component of a blockchain network through which all the blockchain peers achieve an agreement about the state of the distributed ledger. Therefore, its security, trustworthiness, and correctness have vital importance. This work proposes a Secure and Trustworthy Blockchain-based Crowdsourcing (STBC) consensus protocol to address these challenges. Model checking is an effective and automatic technique based on formal methods that is utilized to ensure the correctness of STBC consensus protocol. The proposed consensus protocol’s formal specification is described using Communicating Sequential Programs (CSP#). Safety, fault tolerance, leader trust, and validators’ trust are important properties for a consensus protocol, which are formally specified through Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) to prevent several security attacks, such as blockchain fork, selfish mining, and invalid block insertion. Process Analysis Toolkit (PAT) is utilized for the formal verification of the proposed consensus protocol.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Optimized Fuzzy System Dependent Trust Score for Mobile AdHoc Network

Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) consist a numerous nodes and these nodes are structured with remote transceivers. These nodes forward the message with one another by getting to the typical channel. In MANET, security is the principle challenge to be analyzed. Due to the behaviour of malevolent nodes, the network security is weakened. Along these lines, the significant goal of this research is to enhance the network security by detecting the malevolent nodes. So, for the detection of malevolent node, an effective trust management method is presented in this paper. Improving the trust score the optimized fuzzy framework is proposed. For enhancing the execution of the fuzzy framework, the triangular membership function of the input parameters is improved with the Cat Swarm Optimization. After estimating the trust score for every node in the network, threshold depend decision module is processed for detecting the activity of malevolent nodes. Implementation results illustrate that the execution of the proposed model achieves maximum network lifetime and minimum energy consumption.

Editorial for special issue on security, trust, and privacy in internet of things: Challenges and solutions

Editorial for special issue on security, trust, and privacy in internet of things: Challenges and solutions

MMLT: A mutual multilevel trust framework based on trusted third parties in multicloud environments

SummaryIn this article, a mutual multilevel trust framework is proposed, which involves managing trust from the perspective of cloud users (CUs) and cloud service providers (CSPs) in a multicloud environment based on a set of trusted third parties (TTPs). These independent agents are trusted by CUs and CSPs and distributed on different clouds. The TTPs evaluate the CUs' trustworthiness based on the accuracy of feedback ratings and assess the CSPs' trustworthiness based on the quality of service monitoring information. They are connected themselves through the trusted release network, which enables a TTP to obtain trust information about CSPs and CUs from other clouds. With the objective of developing an effective trust management framework, a new approach has been provided to improve trust‐based interactions, that is, able to rank the trusted cloud services (CSs) based on CU's priorities via fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic is applied to manage the different priorities of CUs, all the CUs do not have the same priorities to use trusted CSs. Customizing service ranking allows CUs to apply trusted CSs based on their priorities. Experiments on real datasets well matched the analytical results, indicating that our proposed approach is effective and outperforms the existing approaches.

АКТУАЛЬНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДОВІРЧОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ В РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПРАВА ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ВЛАСНОСТІ

У статті досліджуються актуальні особливості довірчого управління в реалізації права державної власності. Автор вказує, що законодавство України передбачає особливості та порядок тимчасової передачі об'єктів державної власності в користування шляхом довірчого управління, оренди, лізингу тощо. За таких умов у науці з'являється значна кількість правових конструкцій, у тому числі інститут довірчого управління, що потребують належного правового регулювання відповідно до вимог часу.
 Особливість інституту довірчого управління полягає в тому, що він дозволяє усунути недоліки у правовому регулюванні управління державною власністю, надає можливості суб'єктам правовідносин визначати свою поведінку щодо ефективного управління довіреним майном, сприяє швидкій реакції на зміни кон'юнктури ринку чи умов договору.
 Досліджуючи думки багатьох вчених, автор порівнює поняття довірчого управління та довірчої власності; аналізує зміст конструкції договору управління майном; характеризує критерії, яким має відповідати майно, що передається в довірче управління. Особливу увагу автор приділяє питанню порівняння таких правових конструкцій, як «довірче управління» та «оперативне управління», що характерне для реалізації прав державної власності.
 Вивчаючи альтернативи довірчому управлінню автор порівнює його із фідуціароним управлінням майном. Також аналізу підлягало поняття довірчої власності, що було введено у 2019 році в законодавств України як вид забезпечення виконання зобов'язань за кредитним договором. Щодо запровадження правового інституту довірчої власності як способу забезпечення зобов'язань, то автор вважає, що вона багато в чому дублює функції іпотеки. Якщо зважати на очевидні проблеми у правовому визначенні даної правової конструкції, присутній ризик того, що даний вид забезпечення на практиці широкого застосування не знайде.
 Як висновок автор вказує, що в наш час законодавчо загальні правила про довірче управління в Україні не визначені. Узгодження потребують не лише норми окремих законів і Цивільного кодексу України, а навіть норми окремих книг кодексу. Лише після усунення виявлених розбіжностей і неоднозначних трактувань можна буде говорити про ефективне довірче управління.

Exploring the trust management mechanism in self-organizing complex network based on game theory

The trust management mechanism can used to establish cooperation relationship between nodes and decrease risk caused by the information interaction. In this paper, we propose a new trust management mechanism based on game theory to model the acquisition of indirect trust information between nodes, and put forward the corresponding punishment mechanism to enhance the cooperative behaviors. Moreover, single stage and repeated game model are established respectively to study the evolutionary stable strategy with different parameters, which illustrate the evolutionary selection process of node’s strategies in the indirect information assessment procedure. By the continuous adjustment of strategies, the whole network will converge to a stable state finally. The experiment results validate that the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed model, which can promote the cooperate behavior with the neighbor nodes to obtain the maximum benefit when facing the indirect information assessment. Furthermore, the stability of the trust management system can also be evaluated and enhanced, which help us to design the effective trust management mechanism in the real world.

Trust Management in Internet of Things Applications

More connected devices bring amazing benefits to people and enterprises. However, they also create more digital doorways. The risk in IoT is not just financial. IoT connecting medical devices, running city infrastructure and even the houses we sleep in. Connected gadgets and sensors in our homes and working environments known as the Internet of Things-offer gigantic potential for improving how internet live and move around. We can quantify wellbeing information, travel propensities and vitality use. In any case, as more gadgets become associated, vulnerable they are to complex digital security dangers. Connected devices and sensors in our homes and workplacesknown as the Internet of Things-offer huge potential for improving how we live and move around. We can measure health data, travel habits and energy use. But as more devices become connected, the more vulnerable they are to sophisticated cyber security threats. There exist a few application security issues; for example, data access and user authentication, data protection, decimate and track of information stream, IoT platform stability, middleware security, the executives stage, etc. An effective trust management model is to be used in each IoT framework to ensure the framework against malevolent assaults and consequently ensuring dependable and secure data transmission. To achieve this objective, various trust management models are used to enforce different security measures in a social IoT system. Two different trust management models namely dynamic model and machine learning based model are clarified and correlation of model are expressed and along these lines the benefit of one model over the other is comprehended.. Appropriately in this paper, a detailed study of each model is done with other pinpoints thus leading to a thorough study of two diverse trust management models.

A Proof-of-Trust Consensus Protocol for Enhancing Accountability in Crowdsourcing Services

Incorporating accountability mechanisms in online services requires effective trust management and immutable, traceable source of truth for transaction evidence. The emergence of the blockchain technology brings in high hopes for fulfilling most of those requirements. However, a major challenge is to find a proper consensus protocol that is applicable to the crowdsourcing services in particular and online services in general. Building upon the idea of using blockchain as the underlying technology to enable tracing transactions for service contracts and dispute arbitration, this paper proposes a novel consensus protocol that is suitable for the crowdsourcing as well as the general online service industry. The new consensus protocol is called “Proof-of-Trust” (PoT) consensus; it selects transaction validators based on the service participants’ trust values while leveraging RAFT leader election and Shamir's secret sharing algorithms. The PoT protocol avoids the low throughput and resource intensive pitfalls associated with Bitcoin’ s “Proof-of-Work” (PoW) mining, while addressing the scalability issue associated with the traditional Paxos-based and Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)-based algorithms. In addition, it addresses the unfaithful behaviors that cannot be dealt with in the traditional BFT algorithms. The paper demonstrates that our approach can provide a viable accountability solution for the online service industry.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Optimal Hop Selection Based Novel Trust Based DDoS Attack Removal Framework for Reliable and Secured Transmission of Data in VANETs

This paper proposes a new Trust based DDoS Attack Removal Framework (T-DARF) for effective trust management in VANETs. Based on a newly developed data centric validation unit and intrusion detection unit, all the misbehaving nodes are removed and allows the framework to prevent DDoS attacks in a distributed and collaborative manner. In other words, our proposed framework ensures a trusted, reliable communication between vehicles and delivering reduced network overhead by handling the DDoS attacks. T-DARF is built of three elements: (1) for the detection of dishonest nodes it includes a collaborative and distributed elements, (2) to filter the malicious data it includes a data-centric validation element, and (3) a delay checking element for the detection and prevention against DoS and DDoS attacks. Also, a new trust-based routing protocol is developed that uses the idea of companions (i.e. integrating the notions of link quality and trust value of neighbors) to select the trusted vehicles and to select the optimal path we imposed a hybrid Dragonfly based particle swarm optimization (DPSO) algorithm. The simulation results proved the efficiency of our proposed trust based framework on detecting dishonest nodes, the malicious data transmitted by the honest/dishonest nodes and also detecting the colluding attacks that destroys the network resources in a short period. Also, T-DARF in a worst case scenario can sustain its performance degrees and outperforms the effectiveness of existing schemes such as TRIP, AECFV and T-CLAIDS.

A multidimensional trust evaluation model for MANETs

Effective trust management can enhance nodes' cooperation in selecting trustworthy and optimal paths between the source and destination nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It allows the wireless nodes (WNs) in a MANET environment to deal with uncertainty about the future actions of other participants. The main challenges in MANETs are time-varying network architecture due to the mobility of WNs, the presence of attack-prone nodes, and extreme resource limitations. In this paper, an energy-aware and social trust inspired multidimensional trust management model is proposed to achieve enhanced quality of service (QoS) parameters by overcoming these challenges. The trust management model calculates the trust value of the WNs through peer to peer and link evaluations. Energy and social trust are utilized for peer to peer evaluation, while an optimal routing path with a small number of intermediate nodes with minimum acceptable trust value is used for evaluation of the link. Empirical analysis reveals that the proposed trust model is robust and accurate in comparison to the state-of-the-art model for MANETs.

Determining vehicles’ radio transmission range for increasing cognitive radio VANET (CR-VANET) reliability using a trust management system

As a part of an intelligent transportation system, a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) requires reliability by way of an essential need. Timely and accurately delivering safety messages in VANET is one of the reliability issues affected by different factors such as the lack of frequency spectrum as well as nodes’ inabilities or misbehaviors. To overcome spectrum shortage, Cognitive Radio (CR) has been proposed while employing a trust mechanism can lessen any damage caused to reliability by incapable or misbehaver nodes. An effective trust management system can analyze ‘agree’ and ‘disagree’ messages and decide about an event to increase reliability. However, message transmission based on trust assessment imposes an extra decision delay causing a reliability cutback, especially in delay-sensitive safety messages. In this research, an effective trust management system for CR-VANET is proposed and analyzed based on a Birth and Death Process (BDP) model to evaluate the average delay imposed by the decision-making process. The probability of event occurrence is also derived in terms of arrival message rate. Moreover, the minimum and maximum permissible range of radio transmission to reach an acceptable degree of reliability, based on the above analysis, is determined. Our statistical analysis in base of 2k factorial methodology shows that determining the radio transmission range has a major impact on decision-making delay. Using the proposed radio transmission range, simulation results also show that reliability can be improved as well as increasing the accuracy of event detection and reducing decision-making and safety message delivery delays.

BUILDING TRUST AMONG THE CLIENTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING INDUSTRY. CASE STUDY OF TRELLO, INC.

Purpose: The main objective of this paper is to identify proper practices for building clients’ trust by Trello, Inc., aimed to convince potential clients of their cloud-based services. Approach: In this paper, the case study of Trello, Inc. is used to analyze the case data, aimed to examine the causal links between actions taken to gain clients’ trust and their observed effects. Implications: This paper provides insight into building trust in Business to Business (B2B). Using cloud technologies to offer services enables a company to create innovative value proposition, or in other cases, add new features and attributes to it that cater to the clients’ needs. It involves different approach of the company in building clients’ trust than if it offered services in traditional way. To handle this issue effective trust management implementation is required. Findings: This paper provides suggestions of trust management actions which can be taken and are not limited to data security guarantee. Value of the paper: This paper underlines proper practices – based on the success of Trello, Inc. – for building clients’ trust by business where aim is to convince potential clients of enterprise’s cloud-based service.

Trust on the Ratee: A Trust Management System for Social Internet of Vehicles

The integration of social networking concepts with Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has led to the novel paradigm “Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV),” which enables vehicles to establish social relationships autonomously to improve traffic conditions and service discovery. There is a growing requirement for effective trust management in the SIoV, considering the critical consequences of acting on misleading information spread by malicious nodes. However, most existing trust models are rater-based, where the reputation information of each node is stored in other nodes it has interacted with. This is not suitable for vehicular environment due to the ephemeral nature of the network. To fill this gap, we propose a Ratee-based Trust Management (RTM) system, where each node stores its own reputation information rated by others during past transactions, and a credible CA server is introduced to ensure the integrality and the undeniability of the trust information. RTM is built based on the concept of SIoV, so that the relationships established between nodes can be used to increase the accuracy of the trustworthiness. Experimental results demonstrate that our scheme achieves faster information propagation and higher transaction success rate than the rater-based method, and the time cost when calculating trustworthiness can meet the demand of vehicular networks.

Reliable and Resilient Trust Management in Distributed Service Provision Networks

Distributed service networks are popular platforms for service providers to offer services to consumers and for service consumers to acquire services from unknown parties. eBay and Amazon are two well-known examples of enabling and hosting such service networks to connect service providers to service consumers. Trust management is a critical component for scaling such distributed service networks to a large and growing number of participants. In this article, we present ServiceTrust ++ , a feedback quality--sensitive and attack resilient trust management scheme for empowering distributed service networks with effective trust management capability. Compared with existing trust models, ServiceTrust ++ has several novel features. First, we present six attack models to capture both independent and colluding attacks with malicious cliques, malicious spies, and malicious camouflages. Second, we aggregate the feedback ratings based on the variances of participants’ feedback behaviors and incorporate feedback similarity as weight into the local trust algorithm. Third, we compute the global trust of a participant by employing conditional trust propagation based on the feedback similarity threshold. This allows ServiceTrust ++ to control and prevent malicious spies and malicious camouflage peers from boosting their global trust scores by manipulating the feedback ratings of good peers and by taking advantage of the uniform trust propagation. Finally, we systematically combine a trust-decaying strategy with a threshold value--based conditional trust propagation to further strengthen the robustness of our global trust computation against sophisticated malicious feedback. Experimental evaluation with both simulation-based networks and real network dataset Epinion show that ServiceTrust ++ is highly resilient against all six attack models and highly effective compared to EigenTrust, the most popular and representative trust propagation model to date.

Review and Reputation based Trust Score Calculation for WLAN (RRTSC)

Wireless networks are becoming more and more popular nowadays. These are widely used because they are easy to deploy. As these networks are essentially decentralized in nature they enhance the resource sharing and collaboration. The anonymous and open nature of system offers an almost ideal environment for unauthorized access of resources and also prone to different attacks in the network. These systems have to challenge the attacks like man-in-the-middle, replay and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks by anonymous malicious peers. So these systems have to protect themselves from these malicious nodes. For this purpose, before communication happens node must determine whether other nodes are trusted and in turn authorized to access resources or functionalities i.e. nodes must establish the trust before their interactions. Hence there is a need to have an effective Trust Management System which will establish a trust between the nodes in a network will update it periodically. This paper presents novel trust management model for trust score calculations to achieve trusted communication in WLAN network. This paper proposes a Review and Reputation based Trust Score Calculation (RRTSC) scheme for wireless networks and independent ad-hoc networks. This presents the trust based model for WLAN as an example of scenario of central authority assisted network which compute the trust for a node based in WLAN. In this trust establishment and trust maintenance between the two peers in WLAN is achieved by trusted central authority.

Efficient Trust Based Information Sharing Schemes over Distributed Collaborative Networks

In distributed collaborative networks such as peer-to-peer systems, privacy preserving information sharing and dissemination heavily relies on effective trust management. Trust based encryption (TBE) has been proposed to be a solution to enabling privacy preserving information sharing and dissemination for such networks. Unfortunately, the previously proposed schemes are not efficient in terms of communications overhead, and require a constantly online trust authority. In this paper, we propose two trust based encryption schemes with significantly improved efficiency. In the first scheme, we develop a generic transformation approach based on the recently proposed identity based broadcast encryption (IBBE) technique, which can significantly reduce both memory space and communication overhead when static reputation is considered. For the dynamic reputation scenarios, we present a trust based encryption scheme which is based on a recently proposed revocable identity based encryption technique, resulting in significantly reduced communication overhead at the central trust authority.

Trust Management for VANETs

An increasingly large number of cars are being equipped with GPS and Wi-Fi devices, forming vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) and enabling vehicle to vehicle communication with the goal of providing increased passenger and road safety. However, dishonest peers (vehicles) in a VANET may send out false information to maximize their own utility. Given the dire consequences of acting on false information in this context, there is a serious need to establish trust among peers. This article first discusses the challenges for trust management caused by the important characteristics of VANET environments, and identifies desired properties that effective trust management should incorporate in order to address the challenges. The author then surveys and evaluates existing trust models in VANETs, and points out that none of the trust models has achieved all the properties. Finally, the author proposes some important future directions for research towards effective trust management for VANETs.

Decentralized Self-Management of Trust for Mobile Ad Hoc Social Networks

The construction of social networks over mobile devices in the events or at locations has emerged as a new network paradigm. These new mobile social networks enable people to communicate and share their experiences without the need to have Internet access and with minimum required infrastructure. However, the functionality and security of such networks would be potentially undermined without an effective trust management scheme. Although many trust management systems have been proposed, few of them can be applied to these new mobile social networks because of the unique network and communication characteristics. This paper presents a novel trust management system, termed MobileTrust, to establish decentralized, secure and reliable trust relationships between mobile ad hoc social network participants. Specifically, the construction of trust models encompasses both scenarios that users are experienced with the network and users are unacquainted with the environment. The trust models cover various important factors of trust relationships in social networks, including the similarity of user profile, reputation, and history of friendship. A set of simulations is conducted to evaluate our system deployed in a mobile social network in the presence of dishonest users.