Number Of Effective Tillers Research Articles

Unravelling the association among characters through correlation and Path analyses in dual purpose Oats (Avena sativa L.)

Recent rise in urbanization of cultivable lands to compensate increasing human population at the cost of agricultural production threatens the globe. So, the crop breeders got the responsibility to generate potential varieties possessing higher productivity to makeup with the future scarcity. Yield, a complex trait, is dependent on several attributes of the crop plant. Therefore, having clear knowledge on trait correlation and path coefficients assists the researchers to come up with the combination of component traits to breed genotypes those hit the maximum yield objective. In rabi 2021-22, 31 genotypes of oats were grown to record data on 12 fodder attributing and 12 grain attributing traits. Two separate trait association analyses were conducted using fodder and grain traits, respectively. Among fodder traits, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width, number of tillers per plant, dry matter yield and crop growth rate showed significant positive correlation with green fodder yield. Path analysis suggested that the tall plant with numerous tillers showing higher growth rate could be the indirect selection criteria for green fodder yield. Whereas among grain traits, there was a significant positive correlation of 1000 seed weight, flag leaf length, panicle length, no. of effective tillers per plant and spikelet number per panicle with grain yield per plant. Early flowering genotypes with increased number of effective tillers could be the selection index for grain yield as suggested by path coefficients.

Effect of row spacing and weed management practices on dry direct-seeded spring rice

Weeds are the major burden for rice-growing farmers in the case of direct-seeded rice due to the preemptive competition of weed in the species early seedling stage. A field experiment was carried out during the spring season in 2021 to evaluate the effect of different weed management practices and row spacing on dry directed-seeded spring rice under the Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project (PMAMP) at Rice Super Zone, Kanchanpur, Nepal. The experiment was laid out in a two-factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with twelve treatments and three replications. The highest number of effective tillers per m2 was obtained in weed-free plots (531.67), which is statistically similar to Pretilachlor fb 1HW (505.42). Row spacing of 10 cm showed a significantly higher number of effective tillers per square meter (521.94). A higher grain yield was observed in weed-free plots (6397.87 kg.ha-1), which is followed by Pretilachlor fb 1HW, which is statistically similar to other management practices except for weed check. All the management practices were found effective in reducing weed parameters such as weed density, weed dry weight, and weed index as compared to weed checks. A positive relation was recorded between plant height at 90 DAS and grain yield, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield, and a negative relation was recorded between weed density, weed dry biomass, and grain yield. It is recommended to apply Pretilachlor fb 1HW with 10 cm row spacing for effective weed control and to increase the yield of dry direct-seeded rice.

Historical Trends Analysis of Main Agronomic Traits in South China Inbred Indica Rice Varieties since Dwarf Breeding

Studying the evolutionary patterns of rice agronomic traits in South China and analyzing the characteristics of rice improvement can provide insights into the developmental trajectory of rice breeding in South China and can guide further enhancement of variety yield. In this study, widely promoted varieties and core parents developed through dwarf breeding in the southern region, as well as landraces, were collected and planted in three different ecological regions. A total of 18 agronomic traits were investigated related to heading date, plant type, panicle type, grain type, and yield, and multiple comparisons, a correlation analysis, and a path analysis were conducted. The results indicate that dwarf breeding has significantly increased the yield of inbred indica rice varieties in South China. However, a reduction in plant height has also resulted in a reduction in flag leaf, shorter panicles, and decreased biomass, which have led to metabolic source and storage capacity deficiencies and limited yield potential. To address these limitations, breeders have employed strategies such as increasing flag leaf width, spikelet density, number of primary branches, and grain number per panicle. These measures have led to a gradual increase in yield. Additionally, starting from the 1980s, high-quality rice breeding has been pursued in South China, resulting in slender grain shape and reduced thousand grain weight. Given that total grain number per panicle has already increased significantly and the thousand grain weight cannot be reduced further, enhancing the effective tiller number, which decreases year by year, becomes an important approach to increasing the yield of inbred indica rice varieties in South China.

Growth Characteristics, Yield Components and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as Affected by Integrated Nutrient Management on under Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

Field experiments were carried out at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, to investigate the influence of integrated nutrient management on wheat growth metrics, yield components, and yield during the rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23.The trial included 11 treatment combinations in a randomised block design with three replications and each treatment combination likely involves different combinations of inorganic fertilizers, organic manure, and biofertilizers. Wheat variety HD-2967 was grown with the using prescribed agronomic practices. According to investigation results the maximum plant height at maturity is 99.85 cm and 102.79 cm, the maximum number of effective tillers is 101.45 cm and 104.83, and the maximum ear length is 11.29 cm and 11.76 cm are associated with the treatment T10 [100 % NPK + S40 + Zn5 + Fe10 + Azotobacter + PSB + 5 tonne FYM] during both years of experimentation. Similarly, among the yield components and productivity parameters maximum values with regard to the number of spikelet ear-1 (22.64 and 22.95), grain ear-1 (43.11 and 46.03), 1000 grain wt. (41.17 and 42.13 gm), grain yield (48.60 and 49.93 q ha-1) and straw yield (63.15 and 67.53 q ha-1) have been observed in the treatment T10 [100 % NPK + S40 + Zn5 + Fe10 + Azotobacter + PSB + 5 tonne FYM] during both the years of the experimentation. The objective of the study to understand how different combinations of inorganic fertilizers, organic manure, and biofertilizers affect the growth and productivity of wheat, specifically the HD-2967 variety, when grown using recommended agronomic practices.

Agro-morphological Characterization for Evaluation of Potential Upland Red Rice Cultivars in Manipur, India

The present investigation was carried out during the two consecutive kharif seasons of 2020 and 2021 at Tamenglong district, Manipur. The aim of the research was to determine the high-yielding upland red rice cultivars in Manipur. The study materials consisted of twelve red rice cultivars that thrived in upland conditions, sourced from various districts in Manipur. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design (RBD) with twelve cultivars and three replications. The soil of the experimental field was silty clay loam in nature, having an acidic reaction (pH 3.9), low in available nitrogen (237.96 kg/ha) and available phosphorus (14.8 kg/ha), medium in available potassium (263.66 kg/ha) and high in organic carbon (1.0%). The crop received a total rainfall of 2344.2 mm during the cropping season. The values of growth attributes such as plant height and LAI were found to be maximum in the cultivar Mariumiu kahengbo, and the number of tillers was found to be maximum in the cultivar Chatee. The number of effective tillers was found to be at its maximum in Chatee. The highest grain yield was recorded in the cultivar Chatee. The research findings recommend that farmers focus on cultivating the Chatee cultivar among the studied cultivars.

A promising QTL QSns.sau-MC-3D.1 likely superior to WAPO1 for the number of spikelets per spike of wheat shows no adverse effects on yield-related traits.

A likely new locus QSns.sau-MC-3D.1 associated with SNS showing no negative effect on yield-related traits compared to WAPO1 was identified and validated in various genetic populations under multiple environments. The number of spikelets per spike (SNS) is one of the crucial factors determining wheat yield. Thus, improving our understanding of the genes that regulate SNS could help develop wheat varieties with higher yield. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (MC) containing 198 lines derived from a cross between msf and Chuannong 16 (CN16) was used to construct a genetic linkage map using the GenoBaits Wheat 16K Panel. The genetic map contained 5,991 polymorphic SNP markers spanning 2,813.25cM. A total of twelve QTL for SNS were detected, and two of them, i.e., QSns.sau-MC-3D.1 and QSns.sau-MC-7A, were stably expressed. QSns.sau-MC-3D.1 had high LOD values ranging from 4.99 to 11.06 and explained 9.71-16.75% of the phenotypic variation. Comparison of QSns.sau-MC-3D.1 with previously reported SNS QTL suggested that it is likely a novel one, and two kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers were further developed. The positive effect of QSns.sau-MC-3D.1 was also validated in three biparental populations and a diverse panel containing 388 Chinese wheat accessions. Genetic analysis indicated that WHEAT ORTHOLOG OFAPO1 (WAPO1) was a candidate gene for QSns.sau-MC-7A. Pyramiding of QSns.sau-MC-3D.1 and WAP01 had a great additive effect increasing SNS by 7.10%. Correlation analysis suggested that QSns.sau-MC-3D.1 was likely independent of effective tiller number, plant height, spike length, anthesis date, and thousand kernel weight. However, the H2 haplotype of WAPO1 may affect effective tiller number and plant height. These results indicated that utilization of QSns.sau-MC-3D.1 should be given priority for wheat breeding. Geographical distribution analysis showed that the positive allele of QSns.nsau-MC-3D.1 was dominant in most wheat-producing regions of China, and it has been positively selected among modern cultivars released in China since the 1940s. Gene prediction, qRT-PCR analysis, and sequence alignment suggested that TraesCS3D03G0216800 may be the candidate gene of QSns.nsau-MC-3D.1. Taken together, these results enrich our understanding of the genetic basis of wheat SNS and will be useful for fine mapping and cloning of the gene underlying QSns.sau-MC-3D.1.

Effect of Biofortification with Zinc and Iron on Growth Parameters, Yield Attributes and Yield of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2021-2022 at Students' Instructional Farm (S.I.F.) of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh to evaluate the effect of biofortification with zinc and iron on growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of Barley. The present experiment having 16 treatment combinations replicated thrice in factorial randomized block design. Barley variety Prakhar (K 1055) (K508/NDB1081) was grown with recommended agronomic practices. On the basis of the results emanated from present investigation, it could be concluded that application of 100% RDF + soil application of Zn @ 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + two foliar application of Fe (0.5%) significantly recorded maximum growth parameters such as plant height (102.00 cm) and number of effective tillers (302.00 m-2) and maximum yield attributing characters such as ear length (8.9 cm), number of grains spike-1 (50.75) and test weight (42.497 g). The result showed highest grain yield (59.55 q ha-1), straw yield (69.673 q ha-1), biological yield (129.22 q ha-1) and harvest index (46.08 %) with 100% RDF + soil application of Zn @ 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + two foliar application of Fe (0.5%) in comparison to all the treatments during 2021-2022.

Performance of Rice Varieties under Different Systems of Cultivation for Southern Telangana Zone

A field study was conducted during kharif, 2021 at College Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU to evaluate the performance of rice varieties under different systems of cultivation for Southern Telangana Zone. The treatments consisted of three systems of cultivation i.e., transplanted rice with spacing of 15 cm x 10 cm, wet direct seeded rice (Drum seeding) with a spacing of 30 cm x 6-8 cm and dry direct seeded rice at 30 cm x 5 cm row spacing in main plots and four varieties i.e., RNR 11718, JGL 11118, JGL 24423 and RNR 15048 in sub plots. Experimental data revealed that wet DSR recorded superior growth parameters, yield and yield attributing characters i.e., plant height, number of tillers, number of effective tillers m-2, grain yield and straw yield compared to other systems of cultivation. Significantly higher grain and straw yield was recorded with wet DSR system which was on par with transplanted rice and significantly superior to dry DSR. Among varieties JGL 24423 registered higher grain yield and straw yield.

Responses of phenology, yield attributes, and yield of wheat varieties under different sowing times in Indo-Gangetic Plains.

A field experiment with wheat was conducted at Pusa (25.98°N, 85.67°E, 52m amsl), Bihar (middle Gangetic plains of India), to assess the responses of phenology, yield attributes, and yield to growing season temperature and heat stress. For this purpose, wheat was planted on five dates (viz., 15 November, 25 November, 5 December, 15 December, and 25 December) for three consecutive years (viz., 2014-2015, 2015-2016, and 2016-2017) with three prominent cultivars of the region (viz., RAU-3711, HD-2824, and HD-2733). Five dates of sowing represent different wheat-growing micro-environments as imposed by varying sowing dates encompassing the entire sowing window. The study observed the significant effect of sowing dates on phenophase duration. In general, with progress in the date of sowing, tiller initiation was delayed, while the reverse trend was observed for later growth phases. Sowing environments significantly influenced the number of effective tillers m-2. Average numbers of effective tillers (ET) m-2 for the wheat sown during 15-25 November were almost 11.6% higher than those of the 25 December sown crop. Grain filling duration (GFD) showed a declining trend with the advancement of sowing dates due to increased thermal load on the crop during the reproductive period. 15 November planted crop exhibited the highest GFD (47 days), which was shortened significantly beyond 25 November, signifying agrometeorological non-suitability of wheat sowing beyond this window. Wheat sown on 25 November recorded the highest grain yield (3.21 Mg ha-1), 48.61% higher than the 25 December sown crop due to the congenial thermal regime. In this context, we have identified optimal and sub-optimal conditions to escape heat stress for higher wheat productivity. Moreover, the sum of deviation of temperature from optimum thresholds, computed for sensitive growth phases (50% flowering to physiological maturity), helped us to identify heat stress and its impact on wheat. Genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot analysis revealed that RAU-3711 was found to be the most stable cultivar. A decrease in the yield of wheat by 4.9% to 12.0%, sown during November, and 33.8% to 42.4%, sown during December, is predicted in 2050-51 and 2080-81, respectively, under RCP 4.5.

Effect of Different Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Spring Rice Var. (Hardinath 1) Production in Rural Gorkha, Nepal

The effect of different organic and inorganic fertilizers had a significant effect on the yield of spring rice. A field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield of spring rice var Hardinath-1 at Siranchowk rural municipality-4, Gorkha during the spring season of 2021 with four replications and five treatments: T1[Recommended inorganic fertilizer Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium (@100:30:30 kg/ha)], T2[75% recommended inorganic fertilizer + 25% recommended organic fertilizer: i.e. (Farm Yard Manure (6 ton /ha)], T3(50% recommended inorganic fertilizer + 50% recommended organic fertilizer), T4(25% recommended inorganic fertilizer + 75% recommended organic fertilizer ), and T5 (Recommended organic fertilizer) using simple Randomized Complete Block Design with 3*3 m of individual plot size. A biometrical observation like plant height (95.33 cm), and the number of tillers (340.75/ m2) were found significantly highest on T2. Similarly, yield attributing characteristics like the number of effective tillers (315.75/m2), several filled grains per panicle (150.25), and highest panicle length (25.06 cm) were also significantly highest on T2. The highest grain yield (8.27 ton/ha), straw yield (12.14 ton/ha), and harvest index (0.40) were also observed on T2. Total net return was found highest on T2: 287330 Nepalese Rupees(NPR) incurring the cost of fertilizer Rs NPR 18940 per hectare returning the gross return of NPR 268390 per hectare. In conclusion, T2 was the best combination of other biofertilizer combinations. So, the spring rice productivity can be enhanced via the adoption of 75% recommended inorganic fertilizer + 25% recommended organic fertilizer in fertilizer management practice at Chorkate, Gorkha.

Association Study and Direct - Indirect Effects of Characters for Yield in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The results indicated that the seed yield per plant showed a significant positive correlation with most of the traits like days to 50% flowering, plant height, filled grains per panicle, number of grains per panicle, spikelet fertility, flag leaf width, numbers of tillers per plant, number of effective tillers per plant, panicle length and 100 seed weight, representing the importance of these traits for development of great yielding varieties in contrast the trait spikelet sterility has been reported negative and significant association with yield trait and unfilled grains per panicle and flag leaf length reported a negative non-significant correlation with yield. Path coefficient analysis results showed that the direct positive effect on yield was recorded by the traits, effective tillers per plant, 100 seed weight, Number of grains per panicle, and most of the traits.

Grain yield and quality responses of durum wheat (Triticum turgium L. var. durum) to nitrogen and phosphorus rate in Yilmana Densa, Northwestern Ethiopia

Proper rate of fertilizer application is the major factor that affects yield and quality of durum wheat. Location specific fertilizer recommendation is lacking for durum wheat, therefore, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) field experiment on durum wheat was carried out on farmer's field in 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons at Yilmana Densa district, Northwestern Ethiopia. The objective was to examine the response of durum wheat to N and P application and determine the optimal rate of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for durum wheat production in the district and similar agro ecology areas. Factorial combinations of four N levels (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg ha−1) and four P levels (0, 17.5, 35 and 52.5 kg ha−1) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications per site, over two sites in each year. Results indicated that N significantly affected most of the crop parametrs including grain yield, plant height, total number of tillers and effective tillers, spike length and seeds per spike, and the maximum value of the parameters recorded at the highest rate of N while application of phosphorus affected grain yield, plant height and spile length. The interaction effect of N and P significantly affected grain yield, plant height and seeds per spike. Grain yield showed quadratic and linear response to N and P application, respectively. The maximum grain yield (5182 kg ha−1) was obtained from the highest rate 270/52.5 N/P kg ha−1. The economic analysis revealed application of 270/52.5 N/P kg ha−1 gave the highest net benefit of 169741 ETB ha−1 with marginal rate of return 1453% and full fills the standard for quality of durum wheat production and hence can be recommended in Yilmana Densa District and other similar agro-ecologies in Ethiopia. The study revealed the need to further investigation for optimal N and P rates for different durum wheat varieties as they differ in protein content under the same management practices.

Conservation and organic management practices influenced wheat (Triticum aestivum) productivity, profitability and weed dynamics

Present study was carried out during winter (rabi) seasons of 2018–19 and 2019–20 at the Agricultural Research Station of Agriculture University, Kota, Rajasthan to assess the effects of conventional and conservation tillage with organic and chemical management on growth, yield attributes, yields, economics and weed dynamics in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Vertisols. Five different crop-management practices, viz. conservation tillage with organic management (CAO), conservation tillage with chemical management (CAC), conventional tillage with chemical management (CTC), conventional tillage with organic management (OCT) and package of practice (PoPs) were studied in a randomized block design (RBD) with 4 replications. Pooled data revealed that significantly higher plant height (97.7 cm), dry matter accumulation (169.24 g/0.5 metre row length), number of tillers (47.05/0.5 meter row length), chlorophyll content of leaves (2.186 mg/g), number of effective tillers (43.15/0.5 meter row length), spike length (12.86 cm), weight per spike (2.49 g), test weight (45.61 g), grain yield (5214 kg/ha), straw yield (7941 kg/ha), and net returns (` 90891/ha) were recorded under CAC practice over CAO and OCT, although it was observed to be comparable to the PoPs and CTC management practices. Comparing conservation tillage with chemical management to other crop management techniques at 60 DAS, it was found to be the most successful practice for controlling total weeds (9.40/m2) and decreasing the buildup of weed dry matter (167.21 kg/ha).

Effect of Organic Manures on Growth and Yield of Rice Varieties (Oryza sativa L.) and Yield Validation using SPSS Model

The experiment was conducted during the Kharif season 2022, at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Science, Prayagraj (U.P.) to find out the “Effect of Organic manures on growth and yield of Rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) and yield validation using SPSS model”. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design comprising of 9 treatments which include 3 varieties NDR-359, BPT-5204 and MTU-7029 and 3 organic manures Poultry manure 5(t/ha), Vermicompost 10(t/ha) and Poultry manure 2.5(t/ha) + Vermicompost 5(t/ha). Whose effect is observed in Rice varieties. The result showed that the treatment with the application of MTU-7029 + Poultry manure 2.5(t/ha) and Vermicompost 5(t/ha) at 100 DAT was recorded higher in number of tillers per hill (13.1/hill), and also recorded significant and higher number of effective tillers per hill (11.33/hill), number of grains per panicle (112.33), test weight (22.20 g), grain yield (5.21 t/ha) and straw yield (6.49 t/ha), Harvest index (44.45 %). Higher gross return (1,50,920.91 INR/ha), net return (1,00,770.91 INR/ha) and benefit-cost ratio (2.01) was recorded in the application of (MTU-7029 + Poultry manure 2.5 t/ha + Vermicompost 5 t/ha) as compared to other treatments. Treatment 9 has shown 44.68 % increase over predicted yield whereas there was 26.58 % increase in treatment 8 over predicted yield through SPSS model.

Evaluation of integrated crop management, organic management and natural farming in basmati rice-wheat system under Upper Indo-Gangetic Plains

Field experimentation was conducted to evaluate the comparative performance of integrated crop management, organic management and natural farming on crop growth, productivity, profitability and soil health under basmati rice-wheat system in Upper Indo-Gangetic Plains. Treatments comprised of different management practices viz. integrated crop management (ICM), organic management, natural farming (NF) and control (no nutrient) were used in experimentation. Plant height, number of effective tillers, SPAD meter reading, panicle weight, filled grains/panicle, fertility percentage and 1000-grains weight of basmati rice and wheat were observed highest under ICM followed by organic management. A significant reduction in growth and yield attributes was recorded under NF as compared to ICM and organic management. Grain yield of basmati rice was reduced by 15.2%, 51.2% and 53.9% under organic management, NF and control as compared to ICM, respectively. Similarly, 49.5%, 58.6%, and 63.8% reduction in grain yield of wheat was recorded under organic management, NF and control as compared to ICM, respectively. In comparison to ICM, system rice equivalent yield (REY) was reduced by 32.6%, 55.0%, and 59.0% under organic management, NF and control, respectively. Further, net return was 44.1% and 67.2% lower under organic management and NF as compared to ICM, respectively. Highest soil organic carbon (0.60%), available N, P, and K were found in organic management. Significantly highest soil microbial population, glomalin content and different soil enzyme activities were recorded under organic management. Overall, the integrated crop management provided balanced and continuous supply of the nutrient that resulted in higher productivity and profitability of basmati rice-wheat system.

Performances of Transplanted Spring Rice Under Different Weed Management Techniques in Kapilbastu, Nepal

At Banganga, Kapilbastu, Nepal, a field experiment was conducted in the spring of 2021 to determine the performances of transplanted spring rice under different weed management techniques. With five treatments and four replications, the experiment was structured as a single-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The treatments consisted of Pretilachlor 50% EC (dose: 500 ml a.i. per acre) as pre-emergence herbicide, Pretilachlor 50% EC (dose: 500 ml a.i. per acre) as pre-emergence herbicide plus hand weeding at 20, 40 DAT, Hand weeding at 20 DAT, 40 DAT, 60 DAT, Cono-weeding at 20 DAT, 40 DAT, 60 DAT and control. The plots treated with Pretilachlor plus hand weeding recorded a significantly higher plant height (99cm), higher number of effective tillers per meter square (11.97), higher panicle length (26cm), and higher number of grains per panicle (200.60) at 90 DAT. The sterility percentage and the no. of grains per panicle were not affected by the weed management practices. Cono-weeding was found statistically superior in terms of grain yield (6.09 Mt ha-1) and harvest index (42.10 %). The experiment concluded that the weed management practices affect the grain yield of transplanted spring rice.

Field Assessment of Strip-Tillage for Summer Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh

Farmers in the tropics and subtropics of Asia usually transplant rice seedlings in puddled soils which makes crop establishment and weed control easier. But rice can be grown successfully by planting into non-puddled soils after a single shallow pass of strip tillage. This method was globally reported to produce the same yield of rice as traditional puddle farming and saved labor, fuel and water, too. With this aim to asses the effect of strip tillage in the productivity of rice in Bangladesh, a trial was done at a farmer's field in the Gauriopur area of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh from July to December 2014. The productivity of four summer rice varieties, BR11, BRRI dhan46, BRRI dhan52, and BINA Dhan-7, was compared under strip tillage (ST) vs. conventional tillage (CT). The CT had two main ploughings done by a two-wheel tractor, and the ST was done in a single pass by a Versatile Multi-crop Planter. The interactive results of study showed that, except for the number of effective tillers per m2, grain yield, and BCR, none of the other parameters changed significantly between the treatments. The highest BCR profit came from BR 11 grown under ST, followed by BRRI dhan52, BRRI dhan46, and BINA Dhan-7 grown under ST. The lowest BCR was measured from BINA Dhan-7 grown under CT. This could be because the highest and lowest amount of effective and sterile tillers and the maximum grain yield were seen in the respective treatments. The ST had a 26% higher BCR than the CT, which could have been due to the 3% higher grain yield that came from having 6% more effective tillers and 42% lower sterile tillers per m2 area. In the end, we could say that ST is a more profitable way to grow rice than CT, and BR 11 is the best of the other three types.

Best Sowing Date for Wheat Summer Planting in Kunming

<i>[Background] </i>Wheat is the most important food crop, with the largest planting area in the world. However, in the production process, due to the species degradation and the occurrence of new diseases, the antigens of old varieties are lost, resulting in reduced yield and even no harvest. In order to ensure the stable yield and increase of wheat, the varieties need to be updated in time. By using different seasons and different places to carry out additional generation breeding of wheat, two or even three generations can be bred in a year. Accelerate wheat breeding process and accelerate the rate of variety renewal. <i>[Objective] </i>Kunming is an ideal place for wheat summer breeding in China due to its special climate. The optimal sowing time of wheat summer sowing in Kunming was studied to provide guidance for wheat planting of double seasons.<i> [Methods] </i>Local spring varieties were used as research materials, yield components of wheat were investigated and analyzed at four sowing dates. <i>[Results] </i>Agronomic traits data of summer sown wheat were lower than that of winter sown whea except nonbearing tillering numbert. The yield was the highest sowing on June 5. The reproductive coefficient, number of effective tillers, plant height, spike length, number of grains per spike, 100 ear grain weight and biomass decreased with the delay of sowing date. [Conclusion] Wheat summer sowing in Kunming should be no later than June 25 to obtain more breeding seeds.

Optimizing Cow Urine Application Rate at Varying Fertility and Zinc Levels on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Productivity under Dairy Based Farming System in Varanasi Tract

This field investigation was carried out in two consecutive years of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) to assess the effect of cow urine application at varying fertility and zinc levels on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under irrigated condition of Varanasi. Results showed that application of the fertilizer at 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) recorded significantly higher growth parameters viz. plant height, number of tiller m-1 row length; yield attributes viz. number of effective tiller m-2, spike length, grains spike-1 and test weight as well as grain and straw yield than 75% RDF during both the years. Among the zinc levels, zinc applied at 10 kg ha-1 though remained comparable to 5 kg Zn ha-1, recorded significantly higher values of these parameters over control. Cow urine at the rate of 12000 l ha-1 applied equally at sowing, CRI (Crown Root Initiation) and spike emergence (SE) stages gave higher values of plant height, number of tiller m-1 row length, spike length and number of grain spike-1 which being at par with 4000 l ha-1 cow urine each at sowing and CRI, both recorded significantly higher values than control. However, with respect to effective tillers m-2, grain and straw yield, significant increase was noticed with each increment of cow urine, recording maximum at 12000 l ha-1 during both the years.

Effect of seed priming on growth and yield of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum) in central plain region of Punjab

Poor seed germination affects growth and yield of crop under late sown conditions. Therefore, this research was conducted to study the effect of seed priming on growth and yield of late sown wheat at student's Research Farm, Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar, India during rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22. The experiment was set up in a randomised block design which included 10 treatments and three replications. Late sown variety PBW 752 of wheat was used during experiment. The results showed that using different treatments of seed priming had no significant effect on parameters i.e. test weight, harvest index and protein content but other parameters like plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, number of tillers, number of effective tillers, spikelets per spike, grains per ear, biological yield, grain yield and straw yield were significantly affected by seed priming. In the treatment of seed priming with potassium nitrate @ 10,000 ppm recorded highest grain yield (34.9 q/ha), biological yield (87.67 q/ha), effective tillers per metre row (50.30), spike length (9.50 cm) and number of grains per spike (38.20). The results of this study allowed us to draw the conclusion that wheat grain production can be improved by seed priming under late sown conditions.