Effective Route Research Articles

Superior heat‐resistant polylactide/poly(butylene succinate) blend fibers via in‐situ reactive compatibilization

AbstractBlending poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) with polylactide (PLLA) has proven effective in improving heat resistance of PLLA fibers. Unfortunately, it remains challenging to maintain good spinnability for PLLA/PBS blends with high content of PBS with which further improved heat resistance could be anticipated. In this study, reactive melt‐extrusion was devised to in‐situ generate PLLA‐PBS copolymers by introducing zinc acetate as a transesterification catalyst into PLLA/PBS blends. The compatibility between the PLLA and PBS phases was greatly improved by the formation of PLLA‐PBS copolymers, resulting in excellent melt‐spinnability even for the PLLA/PBS blends with high PBS content up to 20 wt%. In addition, an increase in crystallinity of PLLA was achieved in PLLA/PBS blend fibers, thanks to the enhanced compatibility. More importantly, the presence of PBS nuclei retarded the molecular orientation of the amorphous PLLA phase, consistent with the effective results from the relaxation heat‐setting treatment. These led to an exceptionally improved heat resistance of the PLLA/PBS blend fibers. As an encouraging result, the boiling water shrinkage was significantly reduced from ca. 20% for neat PLLA fibers to 3.7% for the PLLA/PBS blend fibers with 20 wt% PBS content. These findings may open up a facile and effective route to develop PLLA/PBS blend fibers showing sound spinnability, greatly improved heat resistance and softness.

Polymorphic Self-Assembly with Procedural Flexibility for Monodisperse Quaternary Protein Structures of DegQ Enzymes.

As large molecular tertiary structures, some proteins can act as small robots that find, bind, and chaperone target protein clients, showing the potential to serve as smart building blocks in self-assembly fields. Instead of using such intrinsic functions, most self-assembly methodologies for proteins aim for de novo-designed structures with accurate geometric assemblies, which can limit procedural flexibility. Here, a strategy enabling polymorphic clustering of quaternary proteins, exhibiting simplicity and flexibility of self-assembling paths for proteins in forming monodisperse quaternary cage particles is presented. It is proposed that the enzyme protomer DegQ, previously solved at low resolution, may potentially be usable as a threefold symmetric building block, which can form polyhedral cages incorporated by the chaperone action of DegQ in the presence of protein clients. To obtain highly monodisperse cage particles, soft, and hence, less resistive client proteins, which can program the inherent chaperone activity of DegQ to efficient formations of polymorphic cages, depending on the size of clients are utilized. By reconstructing the atomic resolution cryogenic electron microscopy DegQ structures using obtained 12- and 24-meric clusters, the polymorphic clustering of DegQ enzymes is validated in terms of soft and rigid domains, which will provide effective routes for protein self-assemblies with procedural flexibility.

Towards effective recycling routes for polypropylene: Influence of a repair additive on flow characteristics and processability

Plastic recycling is a key aspect to achieve effective polymer circularity, especially for polyolefins for which usually the mechanical recycling is considered a downcycling process. This downcycling phenomenon arises from the progressive deterioration of the polymer microstructure during reprocessing, resulting in a gradual loss of processability and properties, ultimately compromising the possibility of using recycled polyolefins for applications with high engineering requirements.In this work, the effects of the thermomechanical degradation on the microstructure of polypropylene (PP) were assessed by subjecting the polymer to multiple extrusion cycles. The objective is investigating the evolution of the molecular weight and of the macromolecular architecture of PP typically occurring in a mechanical recycling process.Furthermore, a commercially available additive capable of restoring the PP molecular weight was introduced, with the purpose of proposing an effective upcycling strategy for achieving recycled PP with enhanced processability. In particular, the effects of the additive were evaluated following two different strategies that simulate pre-consumer or post-consumer mechanical recycling.The obtained results indicated that the introduction of the additive can effectively prevent the decrease of the molecular weight of reprocessed PP, also inducing some melt structuring phenomena associable with the introduction of some long chain branching and/or crosslinking. Finally, it was demonstrated that different macromolecular architectures for recycled PP can be achieved depending on the residence time during the processing in presence of the additive, opening new perspectives towards the possibility of obtaining recycled PP with modulable flow characteristics and, hence, processability.

OHRDBN: An optimized hybrid model of RBF and DBN for obstacle‐aware routing with optimal path selection in VANET sector

SummaryVehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are increasingly essential for communication architecture utilized in daily human life. The presence of obstacles in the terrain area, as well as the vehicular nodes present in the network, is considered an essential constraint since it reduces the efficacy of the mobile ad hoc network (MANET). To attain the VANET requirements, a novel routing scheme is designed to identify the obstacle. The main aspect of the proposed work is to detect the obstacle and determine the path availability. Initially, the characteristics of vehicle nodes are gathered, which include the packet loss, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), connectivity, energy level, and so on. In the process of data transmission, the proposed model is intended to detect the obstacles and determine the available path by using an optimized hybrid model (OHL) combining radial basis function (RBF) and deep belief network (DBN). The parameter optimization in the hybrid classifier model is done with the help of the adaptive chimp optimization algorithm (ACOA). Once it checks the path availability, then the path optimization is accomplished by using the same ACOA. Finally, the objective function for the proposed work is constructed by considering various constraints like distance, energy, link availability, life span, link duration, and mobility. The performance of the implemented system is analyzed, and its results are validated through different measures. The outcome of the suggested model demonstrates that the implemented system tends to exploit effective routing with obstacle detection when compared to various other existing approaches.

Mechanical properties and microstructure of Al–Mg (5052) alloy processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) with variation of ECAP routes and heat treatment

Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) has become an effective technique of severe plastic deformation designed to produce ultrafine grain metals with improved mechanical properties, such as a good combination of strength and ductility. A report on the effect of ECAP routes on the mechanical and microstructure of commercial 5052 aluminum alloy needs also to be included. This work has been undertaken, in order to obtain the results. In this work, several deformation routes were used to process the Al – Mg (5052) alloy, namely A, Ba, Bc and C. Deformation route A involved repeatedly pushing the sample into the ECAP die without rotation, route Ba was performed by rotating the sample through 90° in alternate directions between each pass, route Bc by rotating the sample 90° in the same sense between each pass and route C by rotating the sample 180° between passes. The addition of the pass number decreases the grain size of ECAP-processed samples when compared to the as-annealed sample. It also confirmed that the microstructure of the 8-pass samples shows a finer grain size than the as-annealed sample. Furthermore, the Bc route (samples rotated in the same sense by 90° between each pass) has been proven to be the most effective deformation route, in order to obtain equiaxed ultrafine grain structure when compared to other deformation routes. This phenomenon takes place due to the continuous deformation in all cubic planes. The restoration after the 4-pass number will lead to the rapid evolution of sub-grains to high-angle grain boundaries, forming equiaxed grains. The characterization of the hardness number also shows that the addition of the ECAP pass number increases the hardness number of 5052 aluminum alloy, where samples processed with the Bc route indicate the highest hardness number at 168.4 HB. Moreover, a similar phenomenon also suggests that the tensile strength of all ECAP deformation routes has comparable values. The effect of heat treatment for samples with the Bc route also shows that 200 °C annealed samples have the highest hardness number and tensile strength when compared to other samples.

Highly sensitive and disposable screen-printed graphene-based electrochemical sensor coupled with monolithic micro-solid-phase extraction for the determination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in forensic applications

The development of a productive assay to quantify 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) levels in human urine samples is crucial in forensic applications. In this work, we examine the use of a disposable screen-printed graphene electrode coupled with in-tip monolithic micro-solid-phase extraction (µ-SPE) for the highly selective and sensitive determination of MDMA. To satisfy this requirement, we employ a sensor based on graphene nanomaterials integrated into a compact electrochemical device to enhance the sensitivity. In-tip monolithic µ-SPE is a facile and highly effective route for extraction and preconcentration (enrichment factor ∼ 10) to improve the sensitivity. The combination of our µ-SPE and an electrochemical sensor exhibits a remarkable performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity for MDMA analysis. A wide linear range is observed within 0.10–10.00 µg mL−1, and the lowest limit of detection is calculated to be 0.03 µg mL−1. Moreover, no interference effect from other substances is observed for MDMA detection. The feasibility of the proposed assay is evaluated, and it is successfully used in MDMA determination in human urine samples with high accuracy, precision, reproducibility, stability, and reliability. Therefore, this novel proposed method is well suited as a compact disposable device for MDMA determination in forensic applications and can be employed by relevant government organizations to correctly identify MDMA levels in narcotic addicts.

Enhanced photocatalytic properties of s-triazine-based-g-C3N4/BlueP and g-C3N4/G/BlueP vdW heterostructures: A DFT study

Constructing a Z-scheme heterostructure from selected semiconductors has been proved to be an effective route for attaining the strong redox capability and broad light absorption range simultaneously. In this work, we investigated the electronic, optical and photocatalytic properties of g-C3N4/BlueP and g-C3N4/G/BlueP van der waals heterostructures (vdWHs) by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The staggered band alignment and the interfacial built-in electric field originated from the charge transfer from g-C3N4 to BlueP depict the Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism of the g-C3N4/BlueP vdWH. Meanwhile, the vdWH shows an enhanced absorbance at the ultraviolet and visible light range compared to the individual g-C3N4 and BlueP monolayers. Furthermore, the intercalation of Graphene monolayer between g-C3N4 and BlueP is proved to modulate the interfacial built-in electric field, while retaining the staggered band alignment simultaneously. The significant enhancement of the visible light region absorption efficiency promoted by the gap-state of intercalated Graphene manifests the co-catalytic effect of Graphene and the applicable prospect of the constructed ternary heterostructure in photocatalysis area.

Multilayered silver nanowires and graphene fluoride-based aramid nanofibers for excellent thermoconductive electromagnetic interference shielding materials with low-reflection

Multilayered films composed of alternating layers of graphene fluoride (GF) and silver nanowires (AgNWs) in an aramid nanofiber (ANF) matrix were fabricated. The films were prepared by sequential vacuum filtration of GF@ANF and AgNWs@ANF suspensions to obtain multilayered composite architectures. The multilayered GF@ANF/AgNWs@ANF films exhibited exceptional mechanical flexibility and strength, with tensile strength up to 130 MPa and 5000 bending cycles with negligible performance deterioration. The films displayed remarkably high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness up to 54 dB in X-band frequencies, attributed to the multiple internal reflections in the multilayered structure. EMI shielding was dominated by absorption rather than reflection, enabling attenuation of incident microwaves without secondary pollution. The multilayered films also exhibited ultrahigh in-plane thermal conductivity of up to 45 W/mK, owing to the thermally conductive GF and AgNWs networks. The EMI shielding effectiveness and thermal conductivity were retained after temperature and bending cycling. The composite films also demonstrated excellent flame retardancy. This study provides an effective route toward concurrent enhancement of multi-functional properties through architectural engineering at the nanoscale. The combination of robust EMI shielding, mechanical flexibility, thermal management, and fire safety highlights the potential of rationally designed multilayered composites for practical applications in 5 G wearable electronics devices, communications systems, and radar technologies.

Towards Smart Additive Manufacturing: Cost and Component Complexity

The global market size for Additive Manufacturing is predicted to be around USD 20 billion by 2025. The question arises whether conventional machining such as Computer Numerical Control (CNC) should be replaced by Additive Manufacturing (AM). The results presented in this paper are the outcome of an ongoing study. The overall objective of this study is a decision tool to decide which manufacturing route to adopt from a sustainability perspective. This paper will discuss the first phase of this study looking at the mechanical performance, cost and complexity of parts produced from AM and CNC. The results show that small parts are cheaper to fabricate by AM regardless of part complexity, whereas large, simple parts are cheaper to fabricate by CNC machining. These results might help in identifying manufacturing limitations of AM process in terms of mechanical performance and cost. These results will serve as inputs into a decision-making framework to decide on the most effective manufacturing route based on desired application such as in the spare parts in oil and gas industry.

Hydrodeoxygenation of furfural to 2-methylfuran over Cu-Co confined by hollow carbon cage catalyst enhanced by optimized charge transfer and alloy structure

Hydrodeoxygenation of furfural over non-noble metal catalyst is an effective route to synthesis 2-methylfuran, but the reaction is often hampered by the low activity and selectivity of the catalyst. Herein, a bimetallic catalyst with CuCo alloy encapsulated in a hollow nitrogen-doped carbon cages (CuCo/NC) are fabricated by using ZIF-67 as a sacrificial template, which exhibited superior catalytic performance and a full conversion of furfural with a 95.7 % selectivity towards 2-methylfuran was achieved at an under relatively mild reaction conditions (150 ℃, 1.5 MPa H2 and 4.0 h). The characterizations and density functional theory calculations clearly evidenced that the introduced Cu species acts as a switch to regulate the activity and selectivity of the catalyst via two aspects. On the one hand, the Cu species perturb the Co electronic structure leading to adsorption configuration of furfural change from flat to vertical on the catalyst surface, which successfully hindered the hydrogenation of furan ring, resulting high selectivity towards 2-methylfuran. On the other hand, the formed CuCo (111) sites promotes the dissociation of hydrogen, cleavage of the CO bond and reduces the diffusion barrier of hydrogen so as to advance the formation of 2-methylfuran. This work may provide a feasible strategy for the design of nanoalloy catalyst for the hydrodeoxygenation of biomass platforms to value-added chemicals.

Designing Ecotourism Routes with Time-Dependent Benefits along Arcs and Waiting Times at Nodes

Ecotourism routes serve as powerful tools for fostering environmental awareness. To achieve this, it is crucial to design itineraries within natural parks that strike a balance between visitor experience and ecological preservation. Limiting the duration of visits prevents undue strain on both visitors and ecosystems. Effective routes should showcase high biodiversity, traversing diverse sites to enhance knowledge acquisition. Considering natural factors such as light conditions and climate, it is prudent to tailor visiting times to optimize the experience. Therefore, it makes sense to incorporate time-dependent benefits at arcs and the possibility of introducing waiting times at nodes in the design models. These two characteristics have enriched the optimization models developed to solve the tourist trip design problem based on maximizing benefit only when points of interest are visited. However, the specific application of these aforementioned characteristics and enriched optimization models to the arc orientation problem remains yet to be reported on and published in the literature. Our contribution addresses this gap, proposing a route design model with scenic value in the arches of the graph where the benefits perceived by travelers are maximized, taking into account a diversity of evaluations depending on the time of starting the trip through each arc.

A systems thinking approach to capture the complexity of effective routes to teaching

AbstractSTEM teacher shortage remains a serious problem in secondary education in many European countries, despite many interventions and many research studies over the last decades. The observation that past interventions and research outcomes have not significantly contributed to reduce teacher shortage implies that places to effectively intervene in the teacher education system have not been found yet. In this article, a systems thinking approach is presented to evaluate the fundamental and structural problems of an academic teacher education system regarding STEM student entry. A thorough understanding of the systemic structure of a teacher education system is essential to identify leverage points for STEM teacher recruitment. Based on systems thinking principles and theoretical frameworks, a stepwise research framework was defined, which was tested in the Dutch academic teacher education system. First, potential factors of concern were identified based on the collection of many data such as existing public information, reports and long‐term student entry data. These potential factors of concern were subsequently investigated by student surveys and structured interviews with stakeholders from science faculties and teacher training institutes. Synthesis of the results led to the identification of three leverage points for increasing STEM student entry in teacher training, which were all found at the organizational and structural level of the academic teacher education system. The systems thinking research framework presented in this article provides a valuable framework to address persistent problems in education and enables the identification of novel and potentially more effective interventions.

Engineering commercial activated carbon with carbonyl site for activation of peroxymonosulfate and degradation of tetracycline

Reduction of antibiotics in water by active of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) using low-cost metal-free activated carbon (AC) is an effective route to a better future. Herein, we report a new activated carbon (AC-12) by incorporating carbonyl (CO) into commercial AC to efficiently activate PMS and degrade tetracycline (TC). The AC-12/PMS system degrades 97.6 % of TC within 10 min, superior to sole AC (39 %), PMS (11.5 %), and AC/PMS system (61.1 %), respectively. The pseudo-first-order kinetic constant of AC-12/PMS is 0.372 min−1, 4.27-fold higher than AC/PMS. Furthermore, AC-12/PMS exhibits outstanding performance in TC degradation across various environmental factors (e.g., water bodies, pH, ions, and organics). Capture tests and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy indicate that TC degradation over AC-12/PMS predominantly involves synergistic interactions between superoxide radicals (O2−) and singlet oxygen (1O2), contributing nearly 100 % to TC removal. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) elucidates potential degradation pathways and by-products. This study underscores the utility of AC-12 with carbonyl sites as an exemplary metal-free catalyst for PMS activation, highlighting its advantages of cost-effectiveness, facile regeneration, environmental friendliness, and excellent stability.

Selecting Optimal Path in Multiple-Path Routing for MANETs Using Fuzzy Cost

Background/ Objectives: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) consists of a set of nodes, where the nodes tend to change their positions time to time because of their infrastructure less characteristic. In MANETs, the protocol that is considered to be the appropriate for constructing an efficient route is AODV. Broadcast storm is another approach that can be used for establishing a path between the sender and receiver. Due to the concerns related to contention and collision, broadcast is not considered as an efficient mechanism for path selection. Though the aim of broadcasting is to minimize the flooding other issues like bandwidth consumption, collision and contention cannot be controlled. Since MANETs are associated with inadequate bandwidth, the approach of broadcasting is not efficient. Multipath routing approach permits in constructing multiple paths between the communicating nodes (sender and receiver). This approach is complicated due to the problem of node mobility in MANETs. The other paths available are not reliable because of the ad hoc nature of MANETs. The intention is to design a fuzzy controller that assists in reducing the reconstruction of paths using fuzzy cost assigned to each node in the network. Methods: The concept of this paper is to establish an optimal path from sender node to the receiver node from the available multiple paths in MANETs. The path established in this approach uses fuzzy cost. Fuzzy measure is the criteria used for establishing a path. The concept ImRMR used in this paper has been included with few improvements. The basic functionality of ImRMR is that paths are classified based on rank fitness. The proposal is to classify the paths based on its fuzzy cost. This fuzzy cost classifies the paths fitness. Findings: The proposed fuzzy cost approach discussed in this study is compared with On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol (ODMRP). The result exhibits that the proposed method works better under differing conditions like traffic load, transmission range between nodes and also considers node mobility. The proposed mechanism with inclusion of fuzzy cost shows 5% energy efficiency, reduces the collisions by about 35% and throughput is enhanced by 30%. There has been a considerable decrease in the number of queries by 23%. The simulation results indicate that ODMRP with fuzzy cost is more useful and significant. Hence, consideration of fuzzy cost as a means for selecting an effective route is assumed to be the best. Novelty: This method contributes in reducing the drawbacks of routing approaches whether it is unipath and multi-path approach. The proposed approach changes the value of the attributes for a given route with fuzzy cost. A threshold value will be considered initially and the route having a cost more than the initialized threshold would be advised as the best route. This route would be considered as the efficient route for transmission between the sender and the receiver. Keywords: Uni­path, multiple paths, Fuzzy cost, Fuzzy fitness, Rank fitness

Upcycling of hazardous plastic waste by CO2 transformation-enhanced steam reforming over MgO-promoted Ni/C bifunctional catalyst

Disposing hazardous plastic waste (e.g., used masks) poses a challenging issue, as these waste plastics often carry the risk of virus infection. CO2 transformation-enhanced steam reforming (CTESR) route was developed and newly synthesized dual-support Ni bifunctional catalysts were explored for the upcycling of disposed mask. Among the single-support Ni catalysts, Ni/CaO presented a high H2 yield (52.18 mmol/g), but it was inferior to Ni/MgO and Ni/C in terms of CO2 transformation capacity. Importantly, Ni/MgO demonstrated the lowest carbon deposition (∼2.67 wt%) due to the interaction between MgO and NiO, forming a NiO-MgO solid solution. In this sense, dual-support Ni catalysts were prepared to achieve extensive H2 production and CO2 reduction. Dual-support Ni/MgO-C was superior to other dual-support catalysts in terms of H2 selectivity (57.77 vol%), H2 yield (51.58 mmol/g), CO2 emission (1.72 mmol/g), and H2 production efficiency (ƞ: 0.74 g CO2/g H2). Moreover, it presented a remarkable synergistic effect on H2 yield and production efficiency, with an enhancement of 117.27 % and 32.58 %, respectively. The super catalytic performance was attributed to the unique properties of Ni/MgO-C, high dispersion of Ni/NiO active core, and proper interaction of Ni/NiO with the dual supports. In addition, MgO-promoted Ni/C catalysts with multiple MgO proportions were examined. Ni/MgO5-C5 was identified as the optimal bifunctional catalyst for H2-rich syngas production and CO2 elimination. Overall, this study established a highly effective and promising route by using dual-support Ni catalysts for upcycling hazardous plastic waste into H2-rich syngas while suppressing CO2 emission.

PENCARIAN LOKASI FOTOGRAFI ASIA HERTITAGE BERBASIS LOCATION BASED SERVICE (LBS) MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA A-STAR

This research is conducted by Asia Heritage Pekanbaru, which is one of recreational culinary and tourism in Pekanbaru. Asia Heritage offers comprehensive options of attractions, culinary, and photography spots. Still, it has considerable setbacks being less en-route information and signs and pictures to symbolize the tracks en route to the place. This research is on developing a Location Based Service (LBS) application that utilizes A Star Algorithm. This application can detect object position and generates the shortest effective routes to the designated spot by using A Star Algorithm's active reaction to the entitled class. This research later reveals an application named "Asia Heritage." It is a Photographic application that helps and gives the user the features of available photo-on spots, location, attractions, detailed information, and creative editing for a unique and magnifying experience for each user.

Remotely Controlled Laser‐Programmable Microwave Metasurfaces

AbstractProgrammable metasurfaces have brought significant advance to electromagnetic (EM) and related fields, making it easier and more efficient to manipulate the EM waves and realize higher tuning flexibility and range. However, how to achieve independent control of each unit of the programmable metasurface in a low‐overhead and wireless manner remains a challenge. Here, a laser‐programmable microwave metasurface is proposed and constructed, in which each unit can be controlled remotely by laser intensity in real time. The key is to design an ultra‐compact photoelectric passive boost circuit and integrate it into the meta‐unit. In this case, the light sensing‐to‐power‐to‐control‐to‐microwave manipulation process can be fully realized on the highly integrated meta‐unit, and thus the metasurface can be completely programmed at the unit level by laser coding patterns, without any wire connections and external power suppliers. As experimental demonstration, a phase‐coding laser‐programmable microwave metasurface is presented using a laser array. To show the capabilities of the metasurface, 2D beam scanning and vortex beam generation are demonstrated using 1‐bit phase modulations under the laser illuminations. This approach offers an effective route for the space lasers to manipulate microwaves accurately, which is helpful in developing advanced functional devices, passive platforms, and photoelectric hybrid systems.

Transforming transportation: Embracing the potential of 5G, heterogeneous networks, and software defined networking in intelligent transportation systems

<p>Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) emphasise the significance of vehicle networks. The growing need for services that are safer, more effective, more affordable, infotainment-focused, and sustainable, however, presents difficulties for these networks. To create innovative applications, researchers and businesses are working. Through effectively coordinating vehicle operations, ITS promotes safe driving, efficient traffic flow, and effective route planning. Referring to automobile heterogeneous, autonomous, flexible, and programmable networks is important given the requirement for convergence of technology in communications. For research and network development, new emerging technologies present intriguing gaps. In this paper, we provide an analysis of wireless technology and potential obstacles to delivering vehicle-to-x communication; including linked cars or autonomous vehicles, which that the initial robot to directly impact the everyday Millions of lived individuals. Study investigates the conceptual change in transportation made possible by the incorporation of modern technology into Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), including 5G, heterogeneous networks (HN), and Software Defined Networking (SDN). The incorporation of 5G ensures unparalleled velocity and minimal latency, allowing instantaneous communication between automobiles and infrastructure. Vehicles are easily switched between several network technologies due to heterogeneous networks’ seamless communication structure. Technology developments generated an important increase in the worldwide ITS market from 2018 to 2025. During the same time, the global market for SDN increased significantly, indicating a rising to need for programmable and dynamic network infrastructures. The simultaneous growth patterns in the SDN and ITS industries between 2018 and 2025 indicate to a general shift in the sector toward more intelligence and connectivity. It is predicted that this development continues for future. We pay particular attention to the SDN used in the 5G architecture and how it affects HN.</p>

Physical Limit of Nonlinear Brownian Oscillators in Quantum Trap.

Quantum trap, a quantum and thermal fluctuations-induced nonmonotonous potential, offers a chance to build up microscopic mechanical systems completely dominated by fluctuations. Here, we explore the physical limit of the effective damping ratio of the nonlinear Brownian oscillator in a quantum trap, set by the finite separation for avoiding molecular-scale effects on the trap potential and the surface confinement effect-induced diverging damping and random forces. The quasiharmonic approximations and Langevin dynamics simulations show that the lowest effective damping ratios of the suspended Au plate and Au sphere upon a Teflon coating of 10 nm can be ∼210 and ∼145, respectively, at room temperature. Perforation is proposed as an effective route to reduce the damping ratio (down to 6.4) by attenuating the surface confinement effect. An unexpected result due to the temperature dependences of dielectric function and viscosity of ethanol is a further reduced damping ratio at 400 K (1.3). The nonlinear Brownian oscillator in the quantum trap shows promise of probing near-boundary hydrodynamics at nanoscale.

Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks using Multi-Objective Dwarf Mongoose Optimization Algorithm

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are part of wireless technologies that are known for their flexibility and extended coverage. Wireless applications have reached their peak in applications related to various fields such as healthcare, image processing, and so on. However, delay and energy efficiency are considered the two aspects that diminish the performance of WMNs. To overcome the aforementioned issues, this research introduces an effective routing method using Multi-Objective Dwarf Mongoose Optimization Algorithm (MO-DMOA). The MO-DMOA performs routing by considering the multiple paths using an enriched population resource. The nomadic behaviour of MO-DMOA helps in detecting the optimal routing path with minimized over-exploitation. The proposed MO-DMOA is evaluated with different routing schemes such as Load Balance and Interference Avoid-Partially Overlapped Channels Assignment (LBIA-POCA) framework, and Multi-Objective Dyna Q-based Routing (MODQR). The outcomes obtained through the experimental analysis show that the proposed approach acquires a better throughput of 13.5×105kbps for 22 flows, whereas the existing LBIA-POCA achieves a throughput 60× 103 kbps