Effective Protection Measures Research Articles

Impact of gain-loss framing on online scam susceptibility: the role of scam frames, warning frames, and risk perception

ABSTRACT In the digital era, technological advancements have enabled greater convenience, economic growth, and productivity, but also caused a significant increase in online scams, leading to both financial loss and emotional distress to individuals. It becomes critical to understand why individuals fall for these scams and identify effective protective measures. Central to the tactics used by scammers and security experts is gain-loss framing, a persuasive technique in communication that influences decision-making by altering how information is presented; it emphasises potation benefits (gain-framed) or losses (loss-framed) associated with the same core content. This study conducts a systematic test of how gain-loss framing is employed in scam tactics and warning messages and examines the role of risk perception in these processes. Results suggest that loss-based (versus reward-based) scams increase individuals’ perceived risk of not responding to scams, making them more susceptible to scams. Loss-framed (versus gain-framed) warnings are more effective in preventing people from responding to scams, particularly when individuals perceive moderate to high risks of responding to scams. These findings not only bridge a gap in our theoretical understanding of how gain-loss framing influences scam compliance and intervention processes but also inform the design of more targeted and effective anti-scam interventions.

Land Use Optimization and Carbon Reserve Assessment in the Shiyang River Basin

Studying the response relationship and spatial distribution characteristics of carbon reserve and land use change and predicting the change trend of carbon reserve caused by the change of land use type in the future can provide some reference for watershed policy formulation, land use structure adjustment, and the realization of the "two-carbon" goal. Based on the land use data from 2000, 2010, and 2020, the InVEST model was used to calculate carbon reserves and analyze the change characteristics and to simulate the land use change and its impact on carbon reserves in natural development, urban development, and ecological protection in 2030 with the help of the PLUS model. The study found that ① the main land types in the Shiyang River Basin from 2000 to 2020 were cultivated land, grassland, and unused land. The area of cultivated land, water area, and construction land in the Shiyang River Basin showed a significant increasing trend, and the construction land area increased the most. ② In the natural development scenario of 2030, cultivated land, water area, and construction all increased by 6.15%, 9.56%, and 29.9%, respectively. In the urban development scenario, the area of construction land increased the most. Compared with that in the other two scenarios, the area of forest land and grassland increased in the ecological protection scenarios. ③ The carbon reserves of the Shiyang River Basin from 2000 to 2020 showed a steady increase, with an overall increase of 0.035×108 t. The increased carbon reserves were mainly due to the increase in cultivated land area. ④ In 2030, the carbon reserves of the Shiyang River Basin showed an increasing trend in all three scenarios. The carbon reserves in the three scenarios were 5.65×108, 5.64×108,and 5.73×108 t, respectively, with the largest increase in carbon reserves in the ecological conservation scenario, mainly due to the increase in grassland and woodland. The results showed that the expansion of construction land was the main cause of the loss of carbon reserves. If effective ecological protection measures are taken, the carbon reserves in the Shiyang River Basin will be improved, and the problem of the loss of carbon reserves caused by economic development can be solved.

Analysis of fire protection design strategies for commercial renovation of villagers’ self-built houses

Abstract The current situation of self-built houses by villagers is prevalent in rural areas, where many villagers construct their own residential dwellings based on their personal needs and economic circumstances. These self-built houses are typically constructed using basic materials and traditional building techniques, often without adherence to strict building regulations and standards. As a result of the lack of professional knowledge and technical guidance, the structural integrity and safety of these houses are often compromised. In addition, the lack of firefighting facilities and fire prevention measures further increase the risk of fire accidents. This situation contributes to a higher incidence of fires in rural areas, posing a significant threat to the lives and assets of villagers. Therefore, it becomes imperative to improve the current state of self-built houses by villagers. Strengthening fire safety awareness and implementing robust fire prevention measures are vital in this regard. This paper aims to summarize the challenges involved in fire protection design for renovating rural buildings. Additionally, it proposes fire protection design principles specifically for the commercial transformation of self-built houses by villagers. By analyzing real-world engineering cases, this study puts forth specific fire protection measures concerning fire rescue, fire control zones (groups), evacuation design, and fire systems. To ensure the fire safety of these buildings, special fire protection design methods are employed. The effectiveness of the proposed fire protection measures are validated through the use of FDS fire and smoke numerical simulation analysis software and Pathfinder evacuation simulation software, ensuring the fire safety of the buildings. The results show that the available safe evacuation time that can be provided by this scenario is 1200 s as calculated by the FDS simulation, and the necessary safe evacuation time is less than the available safe evacuation time in case of a fire on the first floor of this building, and the safe evacuation of the people can be guaranteed. This study can provide a valuable resource for architects, engineers, and decision makers to implement effective fire protection measures during commercial remodeling of village-owned houses.

ANALYSING MALICIOUS SOFTWARE SUPPORTING DDOS ATTACKS ON IOT NETWORKS

Background. With the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) networks in the digital age, the risk of cyberattacks, especially DDoS attacks, is also increasing. IoT devices such as smart refrigerators, thermostats, webcams and other Internet-connected home appliances are being targeted by attackers who can use them as part of a botnet to conduct DDoS attacks. These devices often have inadequate network security and are rarely updated, making them vulnerable. DDoS attacks can result in significant losses such as lost revenue, reputational damage and costs to restore services. So, the vulnerability of IoT networks to DDoS attacks and the need to develop effective protection measures is a pressing issue. Objective. The purpose of the paper is to analyse software that supports DDoS attacks in IoT networks. Provide general recommendations to help improve approaches to defence measures in IoT networks against DDoS-enabled malware. Methods. Five main DDoS attack models are considered: agent-handler model, reflexive model, IRC-based model, web-based model, and P2P-based model. Three most dangerous software capable of DDoS attacks on IoT networks are analyzed: Mirai, XOR.DDoS and Linux.Hydra. Results. There are many models and methods of DDoS attacks on IoT networks. The most dangerous are Mirai, XOR.DDoS and Linux.Hydra. Each of these software has its own specific characteristics and methods of carrying out attacks. The study also showed that there are several effective measures to counter these attacks, including setting strong passwords, regularly updating software, setting up traffic filters and restricting network access. Conclusions. Key aspects of DDoS attacks, their models and process steps are considered. The paper focuses on the three most dangerous software used to conduct such attacks and provides recommendations on how to counteract them.

The Impact of Blue Light Exposure on Public Health and Protective Strategies

This review offers an in-depth analysis of the implications of blue light exposure on public health, encompassing ocular diseases, such as ocular surface inflammation and retinal damage, alongside its potential impact on circadian rhythms, mood, and skin health. Amidst technological advancements and lifestyle changes, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant surge in indoor activities and the utilization of visual display terminals, thus highlighting the mounting concern over blue light exposure. The current study delineates the fundamental concepts, sources, and pathways of blue light exposure, and delves into the mechanisms underlying its health effects. Furthermore, it proposes a comprehensive array of protective strategies, encompassing adjustments in personal habits, dietary interventions, and medical safeguards. Future research endeavors should further elucidate the mechanisms of action of blue light to facilitate the development of more effective protective measures.

The Impact of Blue Light Exposure on Public Health and Protective Strategies

This review offers an in-depth analysis of the implications of blue light exposure on public health, encompassing ocular diseases, such as ocular surface inflammation and retinal damage, alongside its potential impact on circadian rhythms, mood, and skin health. Amidst technological advancements and lifestyle changes, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant surge in indoor activities and the utilization of visual display terminals, thus highlighting the mounting concern over blue light exposure. The current study delineates the fundamental concepts, sources, and pathways of blue light exposure, and delves into the mechanisms underlying its health effects. Furthermore, it proposes a comprehensive array of protective strategies, encompassing adjustments in personal habits, dietary interventions, and medical safeguards. Future research endeavors should further elucidate the mechanisms of action of blue light to facilitate the development of more effective protective measures.

Numerical investigations on film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer performance of inclined film hole on the turbine blade squealer tip with plasma actuation

The turbine blade tip frequently encounters elevated thermal loads, necessitating effective protection measures. Conventional film cooling techniques, while employed to mitigate erosion, face challenges in achieving optimal performance due to intricate tip leakage flow dynamics. Thus, the development of advanced film cooling methodologies becomes imperative to ensure the optimal operation of blade tips. In this study, a novel film cooling approach is proposed, leveraging a combination of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators and inclined film holes. This strategy aims to direct cooling jets towards the tip wall surface, enhancing film cooling efficacy on highly-loaded turbine squealer tips. Numerical investigations are conducted to assess film cooling effectiveness, heat transfer coefficients, and coolant jet flow characteristics across varying actuation strengths (0, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) by integrating plasma actuation forces into the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Additionally, the impact of different blow ratios (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5) on plasma flow control is examined. Results demonstrate that plasma actuation improves film cooling performance and effectively mitigates tip heat transfer, even in the presence of interfering tip leakage flow. Specifically, at an actuation strength of 1.0, the average blade tip film cooling effectiveness increases by 7.1%, accompanied by a 12.3% reduction in average heat transfer coefficient compared to scenarios without plasma actuation. Furthermore, the blow ratio influences plasma actuation performance, with minimal disparity observed between configurations with and without plasma devices under extreme blow ratio conditions.

Numerical Analysis of Harmful Environmental Impact of Accidental Explosion at a Hydrogen Filling Station Environmental Impact of an Accident Hydrogen Explosion at a Gas Station

The purpose of this study is to evaluate numerically the consequences of a hydrogen-air mixture explosion at a vehicle hydrogen filling station. The physical process of the explosion, which takes place after the hydrogen gas release into the air due to the accidental destruction of a number of high-pressure storage cylinders, is considered. The blast pressure wave moves in all directions from the epicenter of the accident, gradually losing its intensity and having a negative shock impact on the service personnel of the filling station and the structures of the surrounding buildings. The scale of the accident depends on the number of destroyed cylinders, which determines the size of the hydrogen-air cloud and the power of the explosion. The degree of negative consequences for the environment depends on the maximum overpressure in the blast wave front. Numerical obtaining of spatial pressure distributions in the area of the accident based on a hydrogen explosion mathematical modeling makes it possible to separate zones that are dangerous to human health and building structures strength. The direct problem of gas dynamics of combustion products of a hemispherical cloud of a stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixture in the surface layer of the atmosphere is considered. The mathematical model of an instantaneous hydrogen explosion takes into account the three-dimensional and non-stationary nature of the propagation of the explosion wave, the compressibility of the gas flow, the complex terrain, the shape and initial concentration of the cloud of hydrogen combustion products, and their thermodynamic parameters. The model makes it possible to obtain three-dimensional fields of maximum overpressure, which are the basis for deterministic assessment of the consequences of an accident for human health and the integrity of structures in the area of the explosion. The presented computer technology allows security experts to identify potential dangerous zones by means of mathematical modeling, recommend effective protective measures to mitigate or even eliminate the negative consequences of the blast wave environmental impact.

Research on the optical properties and effect of the transparent epoxy for the JUNO central detector

The Central Detector (CD) of the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) has a large acrylic sphere containing 20,000 tons of liquid scintillator (LS) and is immersed in high purity water. The CD consists of 263 acrylic spherical panels and two chimneys, which are bonded together by mass polymerization. Transmittance and stress are critical factors for the CD, with transmittance affecting JUNO's energy resolution and stress affecting the structural integrity of the detector. The bonding areas of the CD are of particular concern, leading to the development of specialized measurement systems for acrylic stress and transmittance. Stress measurements revealed the presence of higher than expected levels of stress in the bonding areas, requiring assessments and protective measures. The application of a transparent epoxy on the bonding areas was proposed as an effective structural protection measure, although it may reduce the transmittance of these areas. Consequently, the optical properties of the transparent epoxy, such as refractive index and absorbance at 420 nm, were studied using acrylic samples to analyze the effect of the epoxy application on the transmittance performance of the CD. These results are detailed and discussed in this article.

Unravelling the non-linear response of ecosystem services to urban-rural transformation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China

In our transforming world, ecosystem services (ESs) and biodiversity are threatened by urban sprawl with rapid urban-rural transformation (URT), jeopardizing human well-being. Understanding the effect of URT on ESs is critical, particularly in areas those have undergone rapid urbanization. Taken the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region of China as a typical case, this study measures the URT from the population-land-industry perspective and elucidates the influence of each index of URT on ESs at different stages. The URT process experienced a decline in population growth, an increase in land urbanization, and stability in non-agriculturalization rate. In particular, this study reveals an intricate and complex non-linear relationship between URT and ESs. URT negatively affects grain production (GP), habitat quality (HQ), soil retention (SR), and carbon sequestration (CS) and has a positive impact on water yield (WY). Furthermore, it was found that the response threshold of ESs to URTIs increased over time, indicating that ESs can maintain a certain degree of stability and resilience in the face of URT activities. However, ensuring the continued stability and resilience increasingly depends on the implementation of effective management and protection measures. This study advances our knowledge of the complex dynamics between URT and ESs in rapidly urbanizing areas and provides valuable insights for policymakers and planners to guide sustainable development and effective resource management.

Framework development for the physical vulnerability assessment index of hand-dug Wells in Are-Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria.

The article presents a comprehensive framework for assessing the physical vulnerability of hand-dug wells within the Are Community, Southwestern Nigeria. The study spans from March to April 2023 and meticulously examines 90 wells, focusing on critical parameters such as well collar, well cover, and well lining information. The analysis reveals significant variations in well collar construction materials and dimensions, emphasizing the community's adaptive strategies. The Well Collar Height Index (WCi), Well Cover Index (WCOi), Well Lining Index (WLi), and the derived Vulnerability Index categorize wells into vulnerability classes, offering a nuanced understanding of susceptibility levels. Notably, the study identifies wells with Very High vulnerability that demand urgent attention, as well as wells with effective protective measures categorized as Very Low vulnerability. The article emphasizes the need for a nuanced understanding of local practices and materials, highlighting the variability in well collar construction. It discusses the implications of well cover conditions and the critical role of well linings in assessing groundwater vulnerability. The Vulnerability Index combines these parameters, guiding targeted interventions based on risk severity. The study lays the groundwork for future interventions to enhance the safety and sustainability of water sources within the Are Community. It recommends immediate comprehensive measures for highly vulnerable wells, ongoing monitoring, community engagement, and knowledge sharing. The future scope includes incorporating geochemical analysis, targeted interventions, regular maintenance, community training, and exploring alternative water sources for sustainable improvements.

Introduction to Guidelines for public health protection against high temperature and heatwaves

In recent years, the high temperature and heatwaves have seriously affected the health of Chinese residents, and there is an important need for public health protection guidelines for high temperature and heatwaves in China. The National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention has organized experts to fully investigate the evidence from epidemiological research on the health of populations in high temperature and heatwaves globally and in China, analyze the health hazards and protection needs of different populations, and put forward practical and effective individual protection measures and health recommendations. For this reason, the "Guideline for Public Health Protection against High Temperature and Heatwaves" (referred to as the "Guideline") was officially issued in June 2023. This article interprets the background and significance of the Guideline, the principles of compilation, the main considerations, the main contents, the implementations and promotions and other aspects, to improve the understanding of the content of the Guideline and strengthen the publicity and implementations.

Real-Time Monitoring on the Chinese Giant Salamander Using RPA-LFD.

The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), listed as an endangered species under "secondary protection" in China, faces significant threats due to ecological deterioration and the expansion of human activity. Extensive field investigations are crucial to ascertain the current status in the wild and to implement effective habitat protection measures to safeguard this species and support its population development. Traditional survey methods often fall short due to the elusive nature of the A. davidianus, presenting challenges that are time-consuming and generally ineffective. To overcome these obstacles, this study developed a real-time monitoring method that uses environmental DNA (eDNA) coupled with recombinase polymerase amplification and lateral flow strip (RPA-LFD). We designed five sets of species-specific primers and probes based on mitochondrial genome sequence alignments of A. davidianus and its close relatives. Our results indicated that four of these primer/probe sets accurately identified A. davidianus, distinguishing it from other tested caudata species using both extracted DNA samples and water samples from a tank housing an individual. This method enables the specific detection of A. davidianus genomic DNA at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/mL within 50 min, without requiring extensive laboratory equipment. Applied in a field survey across four sites in Huangshan City, Anhui Province, where A. davidianus is known to be distributed, the method successfully detected the species at three of the four sites. The development of these primer/probe sets offers a practical tool for field surveying and monitoring, facilitating efforts in population recovery and resource conservation for A. davidianus.

Performance Evaluation of Overcurrent Relay and Ground Fault Relay Coordination in Distribution Feeder

Reliable and sustainable electrical distribution systems require effective protection measures against internal and external disturbances, especially short-circuit disturbances, to avoid damage to the equipment. Overcurrent relays (OCR) and ground fault relays (GFR) play an important role in the safety of the distribution network. To improve performance, evaluation of relay coordination is essential. During the short circuit, the nearest relay to the fault point is activated first and the backup relay is activated if the fault current exceeds the adjustment of the main relay. Coordination ensures that timely signaling is sent to interrupt the circuit. Inspection of the OCR relay revealed that it did not comply with the IEC 60255 standard and consequently adjusted the classification time to 0.402 seconds. Similarly, the results of the GFR relay inspection did not meet the standards and required an adjustment of the evaluation time to 0.492 seconds. Resolving these deviations is crucial to maintaining the reliability and compliance of the distribution network with industry standards, ensuring that the protection relays respond quickly and effectively to disturbances, thereby preventing possible damage to equipment

Melatonin suppresses TLR4-mediated RSV infection in the central nervous cells by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome formation and autophagy.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects neuronal cells in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in neurological symptoms. In the present study, we intended to explore the mechanism of RSV infection-induced neuroinflammatory injury from the perspective of the immune response and sought to identify effective protective measures against the injury. The findings showed that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was activated after RSV infection in human neuronal SY5Y cells. Furthermore, TLR4 activation induced autophagy and apoptosis in neuronal cells, promoted the formation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and increased the secretion of downstream inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-18 (IL-18) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Interestingly, blockade of TLR4 or treatment with exogenous melatonin significantly suppressed TLR4 activation as well as TLR4-mediated apoptosis, autophagy and immune responses. Therefore, we infer that melatonin may act on the TLR4 to ameliorate RSV-induced neuronal injury, which provides a new therapeutic target for RSV infection.

Assessing Worker and Pedestrian Exposure to Pollutant Emissions from Sidewalk Cleaning: A Comparative Analysis of Blowing and Jet Washing Techniques

Sidewalk cleaning operations are essential to maintaining a clean and safe urban environment. Despite their vital role, these activities, particularly the blowing of road dust, can lead to the resuspension of road dust and associated pollutants, which poses risks to human health and the environment. While the role of blowers on particulate matter resuspension has been investigated, there is limited information on emitted bioaerosols. This study aimed to compare the occupational exposure of operators and passersby during sidewalk cleaning using two manual methods—blowing and jet washing—in two distinct urban environments. The study focused on metal road traffic tracers (copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb)) and cultivable/non-cultivable microorganisms. We showed that blowing resuspends inhalable particles containing metals (Cu, Zn, and Mn, but not Cd or Pb) and bioaerosols (fungi and Gram-negative bacteria) throughout the year. This represents an important source of exposure for the blower operators and poses a potential long-term respiratory health risk for them. Operators working in cabs are shielded from such exposure, but passersby, especially vulnerable populations, may be at risk. While jet washing reduces operator exposure to Gram-negative bacteria in comparison to blowing, it does not mitigate fungal exposure, particularly in vegetated sites. These findings underscore the necessity for the implementation of effective protective measures and the development of alternative cleaning methods to mitigate exposure risks.

Mask-Wearing Detection in Complex Environments Based on Improved YOLOv7

Wearing masks is an effective protective measure for residents to prevent respiratory infectious diseases when going out. Due to issues such as a small target size, target occlusion leading to information loss, false positives, and missed detections, the effectiveness of face mask-wearing detection needs improvement. To address these issues, an improved YOLOv7 object detection model is proposed. Firstly, the C2f_SCConv module is introduced in the backbone network to replace some ELAN modules for feature extraction, enhancing the detection performance of small targets. Next, the SPPFCSPCA module is proposed to optimize the spatial pyramid pooling structure, accelerating the model convergence speed and improving detection accuracy. Finally, the HAM_Detect decoupled detection head structure is introduced to mitigate missed and false detections caused by target occlusion, further accelerating model convergence and improving detection performance in complex environments. The experimental results show that improved YOLOv7 achieved an mAP of 90.1% on the test set, a 1.4% improvement over the original YOLOv7 model. The detection accuracy of each category improved, effectively providing technical support for mask-wearing detection in complex environments.

Carbon Sink Effect of Plateau Grassland and Contribution of Carbon Cycle

This paper reviews the research progress of plateau grassland carbon sink effect and its contribution and role to global carbon cycle. The paper also evaluates the size and change of plateau grassland carbon sink effect, and reveals its spatiotemporal distribution and dynamic characteristics. The paper discusses the relationship between plateau grassland carbon sink effect and global carbon cycle, and elucidates its role and significance in contributing to global carbon balance, mitigating global climate change, and protecting global biodiversity. The paper analyzes the positive and negative effects and interactions of climate change, human activities, grassland type and management on plateau grassland carbon sink effect, and proposes the influencing mechanism and mode of plateau grassland carbon sink effect. The paper points out the difficulties and shortcomings of the research on plateau grassland carbon sink effect, and puts forward some suggestions and prospects for future research. The paper aims to provide reference and inspiration for deepening the understanding of the internal mechanism and external influence of plateau grassland carbon sink effect, and for formulating effective grassland protection and management measures.

River ecosystem health assessment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: A novel hybrid method based on artificial intelligence and multi-source data fusion

River ecosystem health assessment (REHA), an effective approach for identifying river ecosystem health, is crucial for achieving sustainable river management and ensuring water security. However, existing REHA methods still fail to consider the cumulated influences of uncertain inputs, stochastic environment and limited rationality of decision makers on REHA. Additionally, current REHA studies have mainly concentrated on plain areas, while the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) remains largely unknown. Developing REHA techniques for plateau rivers is an urgent matter, due to the heightened fragility and complexity of river ecosystems in the QTP. To accurately assess river ecosystem health in the QTP, this study proposed Pythagorean fuzzy cloud (PFC) via coupling the Pythagorean fuzzy sets and cloud model. A novel PFC-TODIM model was developed by extending TODIM (the acronym in Portuguese for interactive and multicriteria decision making) to the Pythagorean fuzzy environment. The hybrid decision making framework was then created to handle REHA with uncertain inputs and stochastic environment, and the Senge Tsangpo River (STR) served as a case study in the QTP. We developed the indicator system based on multi-source data fusion, and employed Bayesian model averaging (BMA) method to reveal the potential risks and driving factors of river ecosystem health. Results showed that the developed models considered the limited rationality of decision makers, effectively handled REHA with uncertainties, and avoided overestimating river health levels due to ignoring the randomness and fuzziness of REHA. In STR, health statuses exhibited marked spatial differences. Sampling sites of 9.091%, 77.273 % and 13.636 % were excellent, healthy and subhealthy, respectively. Our findings highlight that dams, urban development, fish release, and grazing have adverse impacts on STR health, and effective protection measures are required to minimize human interferences on ecologically fragile areas. These findings can improve our understanding of the human disturbances and natural factors that interfere with river ecosystem health in the QTP.

Experiment investigation on the local scour around circular and square piles in open wharf

Open wharves often rely on pile structures for stability, but these can cause local scouring, risking structural integrity and safety. Understanding scour mechanisms induced by propeller jet flow is crucial for effective scour protection, yet research on square piles and double piles is limited. This study presents a series of flume tests to investigate the local scour mechanisms around square piles and circular piles under propeller jet flow. The experiments consist of seven different configurations, including single square piles, double square piles, single circular piles, double circular piles, and a control case without any piles. The main focus of this research is to understand the development and variations of scour depth and scour pit dimensions induced by propeller jet flow. Additionally, the scour mechanisms of square piles are compared with those of circular piles, and the influence of double piles and pile spacing is examined. It can be found that substituting circular piles with square piles in practical engineering will generally lead to an increase in the overall scouring range of the foundation. The horizontal scouring range of double piles is significantly influenced by the pile spacing, resulting in a larger range with increased spacing. However, the variation in pile spacing has minimal impact on the vertical scouring range of the double piles. The shape of piles significantly impacts scour depth in both single and double-pile setups, with square piles resulting in deeper scour. Furthermore, increased pile numbers and narrower spacing contribute to higher scour depths. The results of this study enhance understanding of scour characteristics and offer valuable insights for designing and maintaining pile-supported open wharves, ensuring the safety and durability of waterfront structures through effective scour protection measures.