Effective Precautionary Measures Research Articles

Musculoskeletal discomfort and wrist flexor tendonitis among street sweepers and associated risk factors.

Street sweepers are reported to suffer from high rates of work-related musculoskeletal discomfort worldwide, especially in their wrists. The study aimed to 1) determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and 2) specifically determine the prevalence of wrist flexor tendonitis and its associated risk factors among street sweepers. Three hundred and eighty-five sweepers employed by the Faisalabad Waste Management Company (FWMC) participated in this cross-sectional study. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data: the first section provided demographic information, the second assessed musculoskeletal disorders, and the third section assessed the wrist flexor tendonitis among street sweepers. The mean age of the sweepers was 38.34 years. Out of 385 street sweepers, the prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort was reported in 265 (68.83%). The prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort in sweepers reported during COVID-19 according to the past 12 months, the highest three prevalence rates were 46.5% in the wrists/hands, 37.9% in the shoulders and 35.1% in the lower back. The three highest prevalence rates of musculoskeletal discomfort in sweepers according to the last 7 days were 29.6% in the wrists/hands, 24.4% in the lower back and 24.2% in the shoulders. Out of total 385 participants, prevalence of wrist flexor tendonitis was reported in 103 (26.8%) sweepers. Significant association was found (p < 0.05) between wrist flexor tendonitis and gender (p < 0.003), age (p < 0.05), working experience (p < 0.003), street sweeping distance (p < 0.01), number of brooms used per month (p < 0.002) and getting tired at the end of work (p < 0.001). The prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort and wrist flexor tendonitis seen during COVID-19 is high among sweepers, with wrist/hand being the most commonly reported region for pain. This study emphasizes the importance of providing guidelines about effective precautionary healthcare measures for street sweepers.

Research of Combined ES-BP Model in Predicting Syphilis Incidence 1982-2020 in Mainland China.

Syphilis remains a major public health concern in China. We aimed to construct an optimum model to forecast syphilis epidemic trends and provide effective precautionary measures for prevention and control. Data on the incidence of syphilis between 1982 and 2020 were obtained from the China Health Statistics Yearbook. An exponential smoothing model (ES model) and a BP neural network model were constructed, and on this basis, the ES-BP combination model was created. The prediction performance was assessed to compare the MAE (Mean Absolute Error), MSE (Mean Squared Error), MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error), and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error). The optimum ES model was Brown's linear trend model, which had the lowest MAE and MAPE values, and its residual was a white noise sequence (P=0.359). The optimum BP neural network model had three layers with the number of nodes in the input, hidden, and output layers set to 5, 11, and 1, and the mean values of MAE, MSE, and RMSE by five-fold cross-validation were 1.519, 6.894, and 1.969, respectively. The ES-BP combination model had three layers, with model nodes 1, 4, and 1. The lowest mean values of MAE, MSE, and RMSE obtained by five-fold cross-validation were 1.265, 5.739, and 2.105, respectively. The ES, BP neural network, and ES-BP combination models can be used to predict syphilis incidence, but the prediction performance of the ES-BP combination model is better than that of a basic ES model and a basic BP neural network model.

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effect of Commonly Used Disinfectants on Salmonella Infantis Isolates.

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis is the most prevalent serovar in broilers and broiler meat in the European Union. The aim of our study was to test the biofilm formation and antimicrobial effect of disinfectants on genetically characterized S. Infantis isolates from poultry, food, and humans. For the biofilm formation under various temperature conditions (8 °C, 20 °C, and 28 °C) and incubation times (72 h and 168 h), the crystal violet staining method was used. The evaluation of the in vitro antimicrobial effect of Ecocid® S, ethanol, and hydrogen peroxide was determined using the broth microdilution method. The antibiofilm effect of subinhibitory concentration (1/8 MIC) of disinfectants was then tested on S. Infantis 323/19 strain that had the highest biofilm formation potential. Our results showed that the biofilm formation was strain-specific; however, it was higher at 20 °C and prolonged incubation time. Moreover, strains carrying a pESI plasmid showed higher biofilm formation potential. The antibiofilm potential of disinfectants on S. Infantis 323/19 strain at 20 °C was effective after a shorter incubation time. As shown in our study, more effective precautionary measures should be implemented to ensure biofilm prevention and removal in order to control the S. Infantis occurrence.

​Lumpy Skin Disease: Emerging Concern for Livestock Owners: A Review

Lumpy skin disease is a transboundary viral disease that affects cattle and buffaloes. It is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of genus Capripoxvirus and Poxviridae family. It is now spreading in a rapid pace in many countries especially in South Asia. The primarily noticeable symptoms of the disease include a lump like formation on the outer skin and mucosal membrane of buffaloes and cattle. It is an arthropod vector borne disease. LSD causes high morbidity and low to moderate mortality in the affected herd. It also often causes abortion in pregnant animal and infertility in male. Milk production is also reduced in affected milch animals. Strict quarantine, control of vector population and vaccination are some of the effective precautionary measures to control the ailment. Present mini-review highlighted various risk factors, transmission, clinical signs as well as precautionary measures to control LSD.

Erring on the Side of Indigenous peoples

Abstract The recognition of indigenous peoples’ right to participate in decision-making is one of the most important developments in international law, enabling them to use their knowledge and influence the adoption of measures that could affect them. However, due to a narrow approach to indigenous participation, states often disregard this knowledge, thus moving forward without having full certainty about potential effects on indigenous peoples’ environment and livelihood. In this context, there is a role for the precautionary principle, by which states must avoid the materialisation of non-negligible harm in situations of scientific uncertainty. Yet, this principle has been shaped by a conventional understanding of ‘science’, inadequate to deal with these risks and uncertainties involving socio-cultural aspects beyond conventional sciences. Considering this, I argue that the adoption of effective precautionary measures requires relying on another relevant form of knowledge, traditional knowledge, expanding this notion of ‘science’ and strengthening indigenous peoples’ participatory rights.

Impact and Feasibility of harnessing AI and ML in the realm of Cybersecurity to detect Network Intrusions A Review

Remarkable advances in cyberspace, have amassed a magnanimous set of Internet users worldwide. While people engage in various activities and use the web for various needs, the prospective fear of cyber attacks, crime and threats is indubitable. Though a plethora of preventive measures are in use, it is impossible to circumvent cyber threats completely. Cybersecurity is a domain that deals with prevention of cyber attacks by use of effective precautionary and remedial measures. With the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) and its profound scope in contemporary technical innovations, it is a critical necessity to inculcate its techniques in enhancement of existing cybersecurity techniques. This paper offers a detailed review of the concepts of cybersecurity, commonly encountered cyber attacks, the relevance of AI and ML in cybersecurity along with a comparative performance analysis of distinct ML algorithms to combat network anomaly detection and network intrusion detection.

Peri-implantitis: Definition, etiology, and prevention – a review

Peri-implant is a severe complication after implant surgery or treatment, influencing the surrounding tissues. Therefore, distinct and continuous clinical checkups and investigation and removal of causative factors (smoking and periodontitis) are effective precautionary measures against peri-implant. The primary aim of this review is to provide a summary of the current literature regarding the etiology and prevention of peri-implant disease for healthcare providers.

Monkeypox virus: A future scourge to the Pakistani Healthcare system

Monkeypox is a rare viral infection that is mostly concentrated in the regions of Central and West Africa. During the last couple of weeks, reports of confirmed monkeypox cases in non-endemic countries such as the United Kingdom have alerted health authorities in Pakistan as well. Keeping in mind the devastating effects of the recent COVID-19 pandemic on the healthcare system of Pakistan, a subsequent monkeypox outbreak can be catastrophic. During the COVID-19 outbreak, the lack of financial resources and manpower exposed the vulnerability of the country's healthcare system. Therefore, it is imperative that relevant health authorities proactively work towards educating the public regarding effective precautionary measures that can keep them safe in the event of a monkeypox outbreak.

The research of ARIMA, GM(1,1), and LSTM models for prediction of TB cases in China.

Background and objectiveTuberculosis (Tuberculosis, TB) is a public health problem in China, which not only endangers the population’s health but also affects economic and social development. It requires an accurate prediction analysis to help to make policymakers with early warning and provide effective precautionary measures. In this study, ARIMA, GM(1,1), and LSTM models were constructed and compared, respectively. The results showed that the LSTM was the optimal model, which can be achieved satisfactory performance for TB cases predictions in mainland China.MethodsThe data of tuberculosis cases in mainland China were extracted from the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China website. According to the TB data characteristics and the sample requirements, we created the ARIMA, GM(1,1), and LSTM models, which can make predictions for the prevalence trend of TB. The mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were applied to evaluate the effects of model fitting predicting accuracy.ResultsThere were 3,021,995 tuberculosis cases in mainland China from January 2018 to December 2020. And the overall TB cases in mainland China take on a downtrend trend. We established ARIMA, GM(1,1), and LSTM models, respectively. The optimal ARIMA model is the ARIMA (0,1,0) × (0,1,0)12. The equation for GM(1,1) model was X(k+1) = -10057053.55e(-0.01k) + 10153178.55 the Mean square deviation ratio C value was 0.49, and the Small probability of error P was 0.94. LSTM model consists of an input layer, a hidden layer and an output layer, the parameters of epochs, learning rating are 60, 0.01, respectively. The MAE, RMSE, and MAPE values of LSTM model were smaller than that of GM(1,1) and ARIMA models.ConclusionsOur findings showed that the LSTM model was the optimal model, which has a higher accuracy performance than that of ARIMA and GM (1,1) models. Its prediction results can act as a predictive tool for TB prevention measures in mainland China.

Sarawak Covid-19: Effects of Pre-Festival Mobility and Festival Gatherings

Gathering to celebrate festivals is a common socio-cultural practice amongst Sarawak’s diverse groups. For untold years, individuals, households, villages and at times the entire communities get together to observe their various religious, cultural and community festivals. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic period, the practice of gathering to celebrate those festivals became a challenging practice. This is because density of population and intensity of social contacts are deemed to increase SARS-CoV-2 high transmissibility. In this paper, we analyzed the trend of COVID-19 active cases in Sarawak in the first half of the year 2021 and calibrated the parameter signifying the proportion of exposed population taking effective precautionary measures, κ in our model. Our findings suggest that after every festival celebration the value of κ is decreased, leading to the increased number of active cases. In addition, the pre-festival mobility change involving visits to the retail and grocery stores are higher than any other time. Therefore, the festival gatherings and increased pre-festival mobility are catalysts that accelerated the increment of the number of active COVID-19 cases in Sarawak. In light of this, we proposed that any form of festival related gathering ought to be avoided in order to curb any forms of outbreak in Sarawak.

Management of SARS-Cov-2-positive major burns: The tribulations and dilemmas

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic is still ravaging territories and spreading like wildfire. Infection with this virus is already complicating many clinical and emergency situations by overlapping symptoms, development of newer protocols for disease management, by redefining prognostic indicators, and upscaling the level of protection required for health-care workers. The current report outlines the tribulations and dilemmas of managing an asymptomatic 35% total body surface area burn patient with concomitant SARS-CoV-2 infection, from its diagnosis till full wound healing. Countries with a large population and a high incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection need to maintain a high index of suspicion for a concomitant SARS-CoV-2 infection because asymptomatic patients can present with burns and they can also be carriers. Further, there is a need to strategize the deployment of resources, workforce, and burn wound management and to adopt effective precautionary measures for better outcomes and safety of health-care workers.

Psychological impact of COVID-19 outbreak on frontline nurses: A cross-sectional survey study.

Aims and objectivesThis study aimed to portray the prevalence and associated factors of psychological distress among frontline nurses during COVID‐19 outbreak.BackgroundThe COVID‐19 outbreak has posed great threat to public health worldwide. Nurses fighting against the epidemic on the frontline might be under great physical and psychological distress. This psychological distress was predominantly described as sleep disturbance, symptoms of anxiety and depression, post‐traumatic stress, inability to make decisions and even somatic symptoms.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsFrontline nurses from designated hospitals for COVID‐19 patients were invited to complete an online survey by convenience sampling, and the survey included six main sections: the General Health Questionnaire, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Simplified Coping Style Scale, the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised, socio‐demographic, occupation and work history. Multiple logistic analysis was used to identify the potential risk factors of psychological distress. The study methods were compliant with the STROBE checklist.ResultsOf the 263 frontline nurses, 66 (25.1%) were identified as psychological distress. Multiple logistic analysis revealed that working in emergency department, concern for family, being treated differently, negative coping style and COVID‐19‐related stress symptom were positive related to psychological distress. Perceived more social support and effective precautionary measures were negatively associated with psychological distress.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated that COVID‐19 had a significant psychological impact on frontline nurses. Early detection of psychological distress and supportive intervention should be taken according to the associated factors to prevent more serious psychological impact on frontline nurses.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study highlighted that the frontline nurses were suffering from varying degrees of psychological distress, which needed early screening and supportive intervention for preventing more serious psychological impact on frontline nurses. Beside, more specific measurement should be combined with the GHQ‐12 to assess the varying degrees of psychological distress in frontline nurses.

Let food be the medicine, but not for coronavirus: Nutrition and food science, telling myths from facts.

The entire globe is facing a dangerous pandemic due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The medical and scientific community is trying to figure out and adopt effective strategies that can lead to (i) preventing virus expansion; (ii) identifying medications for the management of critical care and reducing rates of mortality; and (iii) finally discovering the highly anticipated vaccine. Nutritional interventions have attained considerable scientific evidence in disease prevention and treatment. The main question, "What is the role of nutrition and food science in this scenario?" requires urgent answer as many theories suggesting that specific food or dietary supplements can fight coronavirus infection have received extensive coverage in most popular social media platforms. In this editorial, we focus on some frequent statements on the role of nutrition and food science in the battle against COVID-19, distinguishing between myths and facts. We highlight that social distancing and hygiene precautions are the best practices for reducing the risk of COVID-19 transmission. We further underline the importance of nutrition in its wholistic concept, pointing out the risk of unproven dietary options that could lead individuals to weaken effective precautionary measures.

Emission Control In Diesel Engine using Magnesium as a Catalyst

Most cities in the world are subjected to rapid urbanization and a majority of the country’s population is estimated to move towards the cities within a span of the two decades. Majority of Population in all over country expects to live in a city, Such that most cities face rapid Urbanization. The fast growth in urban cities has stemmed in an incredible growth in the quantity of motor vehicles. In some major cities, the motor vehicles are doubled in the last decade. The numbers of vehicles used in cities have almost tripled its usage in a number of Automobiles by few decades. The majority of environmental pollution is caused by two-wheelers in large number. This results in a massive environmental pollution. A serious prerequisite for most effective precautionary measures has to be carried out. The emission controlled by dual techniques to control the pollution specifically, pre-pollution and post pollution control. Here the investigation is conceded out by establishing the post pollution control method for the two-wheeler automobiles via magnesium as a catalyst. To accomplish this objective, a pioneering proposal of catalytic converter is offered using magnesium as a catalyst for two-wheeler automobiles. The projected technique is precise operational in the deterrence of conservational pollution contributed from two-wheeler automobiles. It encompasses the consumption of magnesium which is economical than the, palladium, platinum and rhodium nano-particles used in automobiles.

Remote sensing and in situ-based assessment of rapidly growing South Lhonak glacial lake in eastern Himalaya, India

Melting glaciers are mostly associated with formation of proglacial lakes and the expansion of existing glacial lakes in Himalayan region. These expanding glacial lakes can induce the risk of glacial outburst floods that pose a great potential threat to natural resources and human lives. In Sikkim Himalaya, South Lhonak lake (SLL) (5200 masl) is rapidly expanding over the few decades due to the ongoing glacier melting. We recorded that the lake size increased from 0.20 ± 0.020 to 1.31 ± 0.001 km2 with the length change of 1.6 km during the period from 1976 to 2016. The average rate of expansion was recorded of 0.027 km2 per year; however, it increased drastically since 2000. The in situ-based bathymetric study of SLL showed that the storage volume was 65.81 ± 2.5 million m3 and maximum and average depths were 131 ± 2.5 and 67.05 ± 2.5 m, respectively. We observed that the substantial calving of ice bodies during the melting seasons and partly from the melting of North Lhonak glacier and flow of the Lhonak lake have contributed in expansion of SLL. We have also proposed an empirical equation of volume–area relationship to calculate the storage capacity of similar moraine-dammed glacial lakes in the Himalaya. In addition, we have suggested effective precautionary and mitigation measures to minimize the risk of GLOFs in future. The present study provides vital inputs for hydrodynamic modelling for flood simulation of potentially vulnerable lakes and to formulate the effective strategies in disaster risk reduction and mitigation plan in minimizing the threat of GLOFs.

КРИМІНАЛЬНО-ПРОЦЕСУАЛЬНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЗАПОБІЖНИХ ЗАХОДІВ ЩОДО ОСІБ ІЗ ПСИХІЧНИМИ РОЗЛАДАМИ

The article is devoted to the application of preventive measures to persons with mental disorders. The article presents the views and positions of leading domestic scientists on the types of the most effective precautionary measures for persons in respect of whom proceedings on the application of coercive measures of a medical nature are considered. The article draws attention to international standards as guidelines on the path to legality and justice in the process of applying precautionary measures against insane persons. Scientific positions on the types and features of special precautionary measures that can be applied to insane persons are given. The author found that the problematic issues of application of precautionary measures against persons subject to proceedings on the application of coercive measures of a medical nature are the lack of regulations in the CPC of Ukraine or family members within the precautionary measure in the form of transfer to the care of guardians, close relatives or family members with compulsory medical supervision, as well as the lack of direct right of the person in respect of which the application of coercive measures of a medical nature is decided. appeal against a court decision on the application of a precautionary measure. To improve the legislative provision of the rights of persons subject to coercive measures of a medical nature, as well as to eliminate legislative gaps in the mechanism of application of precautionary measures against such persons, the author proposed specific regulations on the procedure of application of precautionary measures under Chapter 39 of the CPC of Ukraine. care for guardians, close relatives or family members with mandatory medical supervision; as well as placement in a psychiatric institution in conditions that exclude its dangerous behavior. The article expresses the point of view on the need to improve the legislative technique by developing sanctions against persons responsible for the implementation of precautionary measures against insane persons.

Risk perception of aquatic pollution originated from chemical industry clusters in the coastal area of Jiangsu province, China.

According to "the Layout Scheme of the Chemical Industry in Jiangsu Province From 2016 to 2030" and "the Development Planning in the Coastal Area of Jiangsu Province, China," several chemical industry clusters will be located in the coastal area of Jiangsu province, China, and the risk of surface water pollution will be inevitably higher in the densely populated region. To get to know the risk acceptance level of the residents near the clusters, public perception was analyzed from the five risk factors: the basic knowledge about the pollution, the negative effects on aquatic environment imposed by the clusters, the positive effects brought by the clusters, the trust of controlling aquatic pollution, and the acceptance of the clusters. Twenty-four statements were screened out to describe the five factors, and about 600 residents were covered in three typical clusters surveyed. On the whole, the youth showed a higher interest on the survey, and middle-aged people were likely to be more concerned about aquatic pollution incident. There was no significant difference on risk perception of the three clusters. The respondents investigated had good knowledge background on aquatic pollution and the residents identified with the benefits brought by the clusters. They were weak in risk awareness of pollution originated from the chemical enterprises' groups. Although the respondents regarded that chemical industry clusters did not expose all points of pollutants' generation to the public, they inclined to trust the administration agencies on controlling the pollution and welcome the construction of chemical clusters in their dwelling cities. Besides, risk perception showed obvious spatial distribution. The closer were the samples' sites to the clusters and the rivers receiving pollutants, the higher were the residents' perceived risk, benefit, and trust. However, there was no identical spatial difference on risk acceptance, which might be comprehensively influenced by various factors. Demographic variables on diverse risk acceptance levels were further illustrated, and some useful conclusions might be provided for managing the response of residents to aquatic pollution and helping identify effective precautionary measures in the vicinity of chemical industry clusters.

Impact of HIV/HBV infection and HIV/HBV co-infection on outcomes of pregnancy

Both HIV and HBV infection have become major health problems, of global concern, due to the high prevalence in the past few decades. Data from cumulated epidemiological surveys have shown the links between maternal HIV or HBV infection and adverse outcomes on pregnancy. Maternal HIV or HBV infection may also increase the mother-to-child (MTCT) transmission of the two diseases. However, association between HIV-HBV co-infection and adverse pregnancy is still inconclusive. Does maternal HIV-HBV co-infection have an impact on mother-to-child transmission on either HIV or HBV? Study on effective precautionary measures to promote both maternal and child's health is deemed necessary.

Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma: A review of natural history

The main causative factor for the chronic liver disease is infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Around the world, it has been estimated that almost 180 million people are carriers of HCV. Infection with HCV leads to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that is a frequent cause of mortality in HCV-infected patient. Among the most common cancers, it is ranked fifth worldwide. The annually death rate of HCC patients being caused by HCV is approximately 1 million. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that prolong infection with HCV is the main threat for the development of HCC. Keeping the knowledge about the causes of cirrhosis and development of HCC in HCV patients is consequently very important for improving treatment choices and health-care delivery. Effective precautionary measures that can prevent the progression of HCC have now been well illustrated. The perfect natural explanation of HCC pathogenesis is so diverse that treatment strategies are highly difficult. Therefore, in the case of nonmalignant hepatic disease follow-up of the patients and treatment options must take into account to prevent the progression to carcinoma. In this review, we have strived to describe natural disease course of HCV infection and the ways through which it progresses to malignant hepatic disease.

Occupational Exposure of Medical Staff of a Tianjin Grade 3 Hospital to Human Immunodeficiency Virus in 2013–2015

Abstract Purpose: This study aims to gain insights into occupational exposure of medical staff to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to provide effective precautionary measures to protect them against risks arising from blood-borne pathogens. Methodology: Data on 46 confirmed HIV-infected patients were analyzed statistically. Results: Medical staff were exposed to blood-borne pathogens in 45 cases, and most were female and probationary nurses. Risks of occupational exposure of medical staff to HIV increased continuously as more HIV-infected patients were admitted by hospitals each year. Conclusion: Medical staff should receive information about HIV blood-borne pathogen infection of patients, shorten the window period for HIV exposure, and practice specified precautionary measures and cut down risks of exposure to HIV.