Effective Climate Change Mitigation Research Articles

Agriculture: Innovations in Vertical Cultivation Systems for Community Development

This paper explores potential barriers to the adoption of soil-less, small-scale hydroponic systems operated through digital technology within gardening communities and related projects. It investigates whether these communities view a technology-driven approach to food cultivation as limiting. The backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic highlights interconnected challenges spanning food security, climate change, and economic turmoil. Disruptions in global supply chains and economic activities resulting from the pandemic have precipitated an economic crisis, income disparities, and increased food insecurity. Agricultural disruptions have exacerbated food security issues, while climate change-induced extreme weather events further jeopardize food systems. This economic crisis impedes effective climate change mitigation and adaptation. A holistic approach is crucial, integrating sustainable agriculture, resilient food systems, and climate change strategies. Collaboration among governments, researchers, and communities is vital for enduring food security and sustainable economies. The Hydroponic Verticulture System (HVS), a modern urban agricultural technology, offers a practical solution that fosters urban farming, ensures food quality, and supports community engagement. A full tank of water or mixed organic material of 13.5 Liter with 5rm speed provided sufficient watering for effective nourishment and hydration throughout the vertical system. Furthermore, HVS contributes to climate change mitigation by reducing CO2 and increasing O2 levels through smart urban farming practices, aligning with environmental sustainability goals.

Role of Renewable Energy Policies for Effective Climate Change Mitigation Actions in Tanzania

Tanzania has the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions between 30% and 35% by 2030. Renewable energy sources have potential to contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions while achieving sustainable development in Tanzania. This paper provides an overview of the public policies in the renewable energy sub-sector in Tanzania. Information on renewable energy, climate change, relevant policies and other related literature were gathered through electronic search and desk review. The retrieved data and information confirm and demonstrate that warming of the climate system is unequivocal due to human induced activities. We note also that renewable energy sources have potential to contribute about two-third of the global total primary energy carbon dioxide emission reduction. Renewable energy may have carbon dioxide savings of the range of global cumulative carbon dioxide from about 220 to 560 GtCO2 in the period of 2010 to 2050. In Tanzania, renewable energy policies would enable the country to contribute to the global goal of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions while achieving its sustainable development according to the national circumstances.
 Keywords: Climate change mitigation, renewable energy, sustainable development, energy policies, Tanzania

Green Urban Infrastructure and the Potential for Offering Ecosystem Services for Climate Adaptation: Land Use Analysis of the Pinheiros District (São Paulo)

Ecosystem services (ES) represent various benefits to society, especially those of climate regulation. An increasing number of recommendations are being made so that urban planning internalizes the concept of ES to objectively measure these benefits or for decision making. This paper intends to analyze the role of green infrastructure in urban land use to address the potential for providing climate regulation ES in urban green areas as measures of Ecosystem Based Adaptation (EbA). To this end, it was selected as a case study the land use analysis of the Pinheiros District in São Paulo. This region has a high degree of waterproofing, but has significant green areas and potential space to incorporate the expansion of green infrastructure, i.e., to promote EbA strategies, and consequently the offering of ES. For this purpose, geospatial analysis was used with the technical subsidies of a methodology proposed to measure the capacity of different extensions of vegetation coverage to promote ES regulation. The application showed that one of the district's four sub-districts revealed an existing and greater potential to mitigate climate change effects than the other three sub-districts. This discussion is considered timely given the recently released 2021 Climate Action Plan for the Municipality of São Paulo. The results of the work can be considered by public managers and decision makers on the role of urban green areas and their potential for climate adaptation.

The potential for agrivoltaics to enhance solar farm cooling

Human society is at a critical point where rapid adoption of renewable energy alternatives is necessary to mitigate climate change effects while meeting global energy demands. At the same time, agricultural production must increase significantly by midcentury to feed an anticipated 10 billion people worldwide. These impending food-energy needs create land-use competition between crops and energy production, particularly with solar photovoltaics (PV). Co-locating agriculture and solar PV (agrivoltaics) is one attractive solution, but its widespread adoption is hindered by the perception that co-located sites will see major tradeoffs between food and energy production. Here we investigate the potential for agrivoltaic design features to influence the solar farm microclimate and surface temperature of solar PV modules. We develop a CFD-based microclimate model, evaluated against extensive experimental data, to investigate the effects of panel height, ground albedo, and evapotranspiration in a solar PV site. We show that an agrivoltaic solar farm mounted at 4 m with soybeans underneath exhibits solar module temperature reductions of up to 10 °C compared to a solar farm mounted at 0.5 m over bare soil. These results indicate that ground conditions and panel height play important roles in solar farm cooling, and that agrivoltaic systems can potentially help to resolve the global food-energy crisis by improving solar PV conversion efficiency while enabling agricultural production on the same land.

Assessing future availability of water resources in Taiwan based on the Budyko framework

Assessing water resources availability in a changing climate is a determinant of promoting sustainable development in a region. Such assessment should better be inter-basin in order to unveil a region’s overall risk, so a time-varying Budyko framework is developed and adopted in this study. Gauge-based gridded precipitation and temperature, in company with runoff data, were used to derive the Budyko curves for 75 catchments over Taiwan. Downscaled precipitation and temperature data from selected global climate models and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) were then used to calculate the shifts in the Budyko space of each catchment. It was found that the Budyko-related variables (e.g., evaporative and aridity indices, and catchment-specific parameter) exhibited considerable variability island-wide, with a few outliers in certain catchments being modulated by distinct landscape features and/or human activities. Under all RCPs analyzed, the majority of catchments showed the magnified movement vectors pointing at the 1st quadrant in the Budyko space in the late-21st century, suggesting a predominant and aggravating drying trend over Taiwan. Cluster analysis of the movement vectors under RCP8.5, which entailed the least inter-model differences, identified three major clusters, two of which (64 catchments included) indicated a drying trend of varied significancy. According to our findings, without effective mitigation of climate change, an increased likelihood of the worst-case scenario will substantialize the reduced availability of Taiwan’s water resources.

Setting Targets for Wetland Restoration to Mitigate Climate Change Effects on Watershed Hydrology.

How much wetland we should protect or restore is not a simple question, such that conservation targets are often set according to political agendas, then standardized globally. However, given their key regulating hydrological functions, wetlands represent nature-based solutions to the anticipated, exacerbating effect of climate change on drought and flood events, which will vary at the regional scale. Here, we propose a science-based approach to establishing regional wetland restoration targets centered on their hydrological functions, using a case study on several sub-watersheds of a northern temperate basin in south-eastern Canada. We posit that restoration targets should minimally mitigate the negative effects of climate change on watershed hydrology, namely peak and low flows. We used a semi-distributed hydrological model, HYDROTEL, to perform a hydroclimatic assessment, including 47 climate projections over the 1979-2099 period, to test the effect of wetland restoration scenarios on peak and low flows. The results showed that hydrological responses to climate change varied among sub-watersheds (even at the scale of a relatively small region), and that, to mitigate these changes, increases in wetland coverage should be between 20% and up to 150%. At low restoration levels, increasing wetland coverage was more effective in attenuating floods than alleviating droughts. This study indicates that a no-net-loss policy is insufficient to maintain current hydrological cycles in the face of climate change; rather, a 'net gain' in wetland cover is needed.

Bacurú Drõa: Indigenous forest custody as an effective climate change mitigation option. A case study from Darién, Panama

Efforts to naturally remove atmospheric CO2 demand that largely intact forests be maintained. Our inter-cultural research initiative tested the hypothesis that Indigenous custody of the land is compatible with the maintenance of intact forests. Here we combined traditional knowledge, phytolith analysis, remote sensing, and tree inventories to study old-growth forests in Panama's Darién. Phytoliths served to elucidate historical vegetation, remote sensing revealed the current and past Indigenous footprints while tree stature and identity characterised the forest. Until now there has been very little to no human impact within these forests and current Indigenous footprint is both small and stable. Large trees accounted for 13% of trees in the plots that we established. For over half of the species, the measured tree height was taller than previously published maximum heights, leading us to conclude that these forests are a truly exceptional ecological refugium. Noting that the local communities are not rewarded for their custody of these exceptional forests we call to revisit the Good Practice Guidance for Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry to include intact forest land. In the context of sub-optimal carbon finance options, we also propose matching as a methodology that could prove additionality of forest conservation initiatives in climate mitigation portfolios.

Landscape-variability of the carbon balance across managed boreal forests.

Boreal forests are important global carbon (C) sinks and, therefore, considered as a key element in climate change mitigation policies. However, their actual C sink strength is uncertain and under debate, particularly for the actively managed forests in the boreal regions of Fennoscandia. In this study, we use an extensive set of biometric- and chamber-based C flux data collected in 50 forest stands (ranging from 5 to 211 years) over 3 years (2016-2018) with the aim to explore the variations of the annual net ecosystem production (NEP; i.e., the ecosystem C balance) across a 68 km2 managed boreal forest landscape in northern Sweden. Our results demonstrate that net primary production rather than heterotrophic respiration regulated the spatio-temporal variations of NEP across the heterogeneous mosaic of the managed boreal forest landscape. We further find divergent successional patterns of NEP in our managed forests relative to naturally regenerating boreal forests, including (i) a fast recovery of the C sink function within the first decade after harvest due to the rapid establishment of a productive understory layer and (ii) a sustained C sink in old stands (131-211 years). We estimate that the rotation period for optimum C sequestration extends to 138 years, which over multiple rotations results in a long-term C sequestration rate of 86.5t C ha-1 per rotation. Our study highlights the potential of forest management to maximize C sequestration of boreal forest landscapes and associate climate change mitigation effects by developing strategies that optimize tree biomass production rather than heterotrophic soil C emissions.

On Eight Years of the NERS and Vision of the Nuclear Engineering Division

Abstract It is with immense pleasure to write this column and join all of you the Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science (NERS) journal readers and contributors in celebrating its eighth birthday. As is true from the very beginning, the ASME Nuclear Engineering Division (NED) once again wishes the Journal and in particular Editor-in-Chief Igor Pioro and whole Editorial Board every success in continued publication of the excellent Journal. Nuclear energy is faced with major challenges ranging from public perception and acceptance to non-proliferation and continued operation and enhanced safety of existing fleet with lessons learned from past accidents. On the other side, nuclear energy has enormous potential to help the World to mitigate climate change effects and transition to carbon free energy. Having in mind the global nature of these societal and technological issues, it is imperative that professional forums such as international journals and technical professional meetings provide a global communication channel to foster the exchange of ideas and critical information and to enhance cross-fertilization of research and development activities through our professional community.

Planning the Energy Transition: A Comparative Examination of Large-Scale Solar Energy Siting on Agricultural Land in Australia

The siting of large-scale solar energy projects on agricultural land has raised questions of how land use risks can be balanced. This balancing exercise creates a regulatory paradox. Solar energy is vital to energy system decarbonisation to mitigate climate change effects and create energy security. Yet, agricultural land may be negatively impacted where solar energy is not sited and regulated effectively to ensure arable land remains productive. The policy goals of facilitating solar energy development and arable land protection fall to planning regulatory regimes in Australia which, to date, have had varying approaches to assessing solar energy development on arable land. This article explores how the twin policy goals of increasing solar energy and arable land preservation can be achieved via planning regimes with effective siting and co-location legal tools. Such planning tools can encourage the development of renewable energy to reach net-zero emissions goals while ensuring appropriate regulatory settings providing co-benefits to agricultural activities. The article provides a comparative analysis of the planning regimes in three Australian states, Queensland, New South Wales (NSW), and Victoria, and their varied approaches to assessing solar energy development on agricultural land. This comparative evaluation is viewed against the backdrop of increasing climate change risks and the need to urgently transition to renewable energy successfully proffered by effective planning regulation.

Constraints Faced by Farmers and Suggestions for Effective Utilization of ICTs in Mitigating Climate Change Effect in Agriculture: A Study of Eastern Dry Zone of the Karnataka, India

The study was conducted to reveal the constraints faced by the farmers of Bengaluru rural and Chikkaballapura districts of Karnataka to access various ICTs for mitigating the effect of climate change in agriculture. Purposively selected two rural districts (Bengaluru Rural and Chikkaballapura) based on the desirable criteria that one district (Bengaluru Rural) was very close to the urban area (Bengaluru) and another district (Chikkaballapura) was a bit far away from the urban area. To know about the problems the farmers faced during access and use of ICTs in mitigating climate change it is necessary to understand the profile characteristics of the respondents because of this reason the 18 independent variables as selected to know about their conditions. The farmers of both districts felt that the main constraints which hamper the effective use of icts tools to mitigate climate change in agriculture, are Cautious about new technologies as the main constraint in the category of social constraints followed by High call rates in mobile calling as their main constraint in the category of economic constraints, lack of adequate skills to use ICTs as the main constraint in the category of technical constraints. To overcome these barriers and effective use of ICTs in mitigating climate change effects in agriculture farmers suggested that there was a need for training for the proper use of ICTs followed by the Government should initiate awareness programs about available new ICTs tools and their applications in climate change the main suggestions as given by the farmers of Bengaluru Rural and Chikkaballapura district.

Climate change mitigation investigating asphalt pavement solutions made up of plastomeric compounds

Aiming to mitigate climate change effects associated with the construction of asphalt pavements, two different polymers, namely a plastomeric compound (PC) and a graphene-enhanced recycled (hard) plastic compound (GRPC), were introduced into hot mix asphalt (HMA) for binder layers of road pavements. The study revolved around the investigation of the mechanical performance and life cycle environmental impacts of four HMAs: a) HMA with neat bitumen and cold-added PC (HMAPC), b) HMA with neat bitumen and cold-added GRPC (HMAGRPC), c) HMA containing neat bitumen (HMANB) and d) HMA made up of modified bitumen with 5% Styrene Butadiene Styrene (HMAPMB). The mechanical characterization results showed that HMAPC and HMAGRPC increased their crack propagation resistance compared to HMANB, respectively by 35 and 39%, while HMAPMB exhibited the lowest rut depth since it is specifically designed to keep the deformation low at high temperature. The rational design of pavement superstructures was carried out by using in turn each designed asphalt mixture for the binder layer; the HMAGRPC resulted in 12 years-longer service life compared to that of a traditional HMA. The application of life cycle assessment methodology highlighted that the solution made up of GRPC resulted in significantly reduced environmental impact indicators; in detail, the greatest reduction was achieved for the marine ecotoxicity (−58% and −22% compared to those with HMANB and HMAPMB in the binder layer, respectively) for the overall lower amount of fuels used and lower NOx emissions (−3 kg) during transportation phases and supply of raw materials.

Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Municipal Solid Waste Management System in Ho Chi Minh City of Viet Nam

Accurate estimation of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is required for making effective climate change mitigation policies at the national level. Among major sources, municipal solid waste (MSW) is an important source of GHGs, such as methane (CH4), generated during the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. In Viet Nam, the emissions of GHGs are not well quantified, in particular from the MSW management system. In this study, we estimated emissions of GHGs from the MSW management system of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), considering the current waste management practices. In HCMC, landfilling has been a common practice of solid waste management. About 85 percent of the total MSW generated in the city has been landfilled at two landfill sites. Our estimates show that landfilling was the significant source of GHGs in HCMC, with a net contribution of 781.05 kg CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq.) per tonne of MSW landfilled. From the whole MSW management system, the direct GHG emission was 768.61 (kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW) with avoided emissions of 72.47 (kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW) through composting and recycling of MSW. The net GHG emission from the MSW management system was 696.14 kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW (≈1.665 million tonnes of CO2-eq. per year). The GHG emission data of this study may be useful to policymakers for making effective climate change mitigation policies.

Blue carbon ecosystem monitoring using remote sensing reveals wetland restoration pathways

In an era of climate and biodiversity crises, ecosystem rehabilitation is critical to the ongoing wellbeing of humans and the environment. Coastal ecosystem rehabilitation is particularly important, as these ecosystems sequester large quantities of carbon (known in marine ecosystems as “blue carbon”) thereby mitigating climate change effects while also providing ecosystem services and biodiversity benefits. The recent formal accreditation of blue carbon services is producing a proliferation of rehabilitation projects, which must be monitored and quantified over time and space to assess on-ground outcomes. Consequently, remote sensing techniques such as drone surveys, and machine learning techniques such as image classification, are increasingly being employed to monitor wetlands. However, few projects, if any, have tracked blue carbon restoration across temporal and spatial scales at an accuracy that could be used to adequately map species establishment with low-cost methods. This study presents an open-source, user-friendly workflow, using object-based image classification and a random forest classifier in Google Earth Engine, to accurately classify 4 years of multispectral and photogrammetrically derived digital elevation model drone data at a saltmarsh rehabilitation site on the east coast of Australia (Hunter River estuary, NSW). High classification accuracies were achieved, with >90% accuracy at 0.1 m resolution. At the study site, saltmarsh colonised most suitable areas, increasing by 142% and resulting in 56 tonnes of carbon sequestered, within a 4-year period, providing insight into blue carbon regeneration trajectories. Saltmarsh growth patterns were species-specific, influenced by species’ reproductive and dispersal strategies. Our findings suggested that biotic factors and interactions were important in influencing species’ distributions and succession trajectories. This work can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of restoration planning and monitoring at coastal wetlands and similar ecosystems worldwide, with the potential to apply this approach to other types of remote sensing imagery and to calculate other rehabilitation co-benefits. Importantly, the method can be used to calculate blue carbon habitat creation following tidal restoration of coastal wetlands.

THE NIGERIAN PERSPECTIVE OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY OF COASTAL AREAS OF LAGOS

In recent times, climate change and its attendant impacts have become an interesting subject for many a debate, yet little seems to be understood about it on the local scale more so among the rural populace. The study aimed at evaluating the perception and vulnerability of Ibeju-Lekki and Eti Osa Local government areas to climate change; to introduce effective climate change awareness, mitigation, and adaptation techniques. The study was carried out through field surveys, questionnaire administration, Personal interviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). The data collected were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). The study showed that on average, the sampled coastal communities recorded climatic changes in their environment, but they have not been able to account for the factors that initiated these changes. The human dimension to climate change is missing in their perception. This relates to how their activities contribute to climate change. The coastal area is highly susceptible to coastal activities that have been exacerbated by climate change. Therefore, given their perception and high vulnerability, there is an urgent need for climate change awareness in the study area to prepare the communities through enlightenment campaigns and to build their adaptive capacity. This study, therefore, recommends that government should intensify its climate change awareness drive until all and sundry are sufficiently sensitized to contribute meaningfully in mitigation and adaptation measures. In tackling the challenge of climate change in coastal areas of Lagos State, emphasis should be given better preparedness, adaptation strategies that are low-tech particularly those that are targeted at the most vulnerable members of the society and communication/awareness techniques.

Strategic Climate Change Litigation: Potential for Legal Adaptation

With the increasing emergency of climate change and the lack of concrete action from States to adapt and mitigate climate change effects, number of legal and non-legal means of contestation emerged to try and accelerate climate action. Climate change litigation is one of them, notably trying to enhance legal adaptation. This contribution will argue that climate change litigation, when used strategically, can have direct and indirect effects to create a more effective climate governance. The hypothesis that will be tested is that climate change litigation cases have an impact that goes beyond verdicts, having the power to affect regulations’ enforcement and creation, and therefore participate in legal adaptation and more effective governance. The effects could be both direct, influencing the State to legislate, or indirect, for instance by co-opting the public opinion or the media. The contribution will start with an overview of the evolution of both climate change litigation and scholarship, as well as the definition debates. A second section will focus on strategic litigation, starting with the legal issues that arise in litigation and the strategic choices available for legal activists in first sub-section. Then, impacts as well as the ways in which strategic choices can maximise impacts of litigation will be analysed. The third part will present a Swiss landmark case: Union of Swiss Senior Women for Climate Protection v. Switzerland.

Phenological Study of 53 Spanish Minority Grape Varieties to Search for Adaptation of Vitiviniculture to Climate Change Conditions

The main phenological stages (budburst, flowering, veraison, and ripeness) of 53 Spanish minority varieties were studied to determine their potential to help winegrowers adapt to climate change conditions. In total, 43 varieties were studied in the same location in Spain (Alcalá de Henares, in the Madrid region) and 10 varieties in 5 other regions (Galicia, Navarre, Catalonia, Extremadura, and Andalusia). Other traits of agronomic and oenological interest, such as yield and acidity, were also monitored. The results allow for the grouping of the varieties into several clusters according to the time of ripeness (very early—only for red varieties—and early, intermediate, and late, for both red and white varieties) and yield (high, medium, and low). The total acidity in the grape juice ranged from 3 to 11 g of tartaric acid/L. The average temperatures were higher (up to 3–4 °C during summer) compared to historical averages during the 1957–2021 time period. Advanced phenology phases and reduced acidity are regarded as negative effects of climate change for winegrowing practices. Since some minority varieties showed late or intermediate ripening, high acidity, and high (1 Kg/shoot) or medium (0.5 Kg/shoot) yield, our findings suggest that they may be cultivated in the coming years by winegrowers as an approach to mitigate climate change effects.

Tree species matter for forest microclimate regulation during the drought year 2018: disentangling environmental drivers and biotic drivers

Tree canopies are considered to effectively buffer climate extremes and to mitigate climate change effects. Droughts, which are predicted to become more frequent in the course of climate change, might alter the microclimatic cooling potential of trees. However, our understanding of how microclimate at the tree canopy level is modulated by environmental and tree characteristics and their interactions is still limited. Here, we investigated canopy temperature regulation for five mature co-occurring tree species for two contrasting hydrological situations during the severe drought in 2018. Even though we observed a significant drought-induced decline in canopy cover and transpiration across tree species, we found evidence that differences in the water use strategies of trees affected cooling mechanisms differently. Although a large share of the variations in the cooling potential of trees was explained by direct and indirect effects of meteorological factors, we identified a gradual shift in importance from latent heat flux to components defining the magnitude of sensible heat flux on the energy budget of tree as the drought gained severity. The decrease in latent heat fluxes, approximated by sap flow rates, furthermore resulted in a reduced cooling potential and an equalization of tree species canopy temperatures.

Natural forest regeneration on anthropized landscapes could overcome climate change effects on the endangered maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus, Illiger 1811)

Abstract Climate change and habitat loss have been identified as the main causes of species extinction. Forest regeneration and protected areas are essential to buffer climate change impacts and to ensure quality habitats for threatened species. We assessed the current and future environmental suitability for the maned sloth, Bradypus torquatus, under both future climate and forest restoration scenarios, using ecological niche modeling. We compared environmental suitability for two Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUnorth and ESUsouth) using two climate change scenarios for 2070, and three potential forest regeneration scenarios. Likewise, we evaluated the protection degree of the suitable areas resulting from the models, according to Brazilian law: PA—Protected Areas; PPA—Permanent Protection Areas (environmentally sensitive areas in private properties); and LR—Legal Reserves (natural vegetation areas in private properties). Finally, we calculated the deficit of PPA and LR in each ESU, considering the current forest cover. Forest regeneration might mitigate the deleterious effects of climate change by maintaining and increasing environmental suitability in future scenarios. The ESUnorth contains more suitable areas (21,570 km²) than the ESUsouth (12,386 km²), with an increase in all future scenarios (up to 45,648 km² of new suitable areas), while ESUsouth might have a significant decrease (up to 7,546 km² less). Suitable areas are mostly unprotected (ESUnorth—65.5% and ESUsouth—58.3%). Therefore, PPA and PA can maintain only a small portion of current and future suitable areas. Both ESUs present a high deficit of PPA and LR, highlighting the necessity to act in the recovery of these areas to accomplish a large-scale restoration, mitigate climate change effects, and achieve, at least, a minimum forested area to safeguard the species. Notwithstanding, a long-term conservation of B. torquatus will benefit from forest regeneration besides those minimum requirements, allied to the protection of forest areas.

Conservation Agriculture: Analysis and prioritization of socio-ecological factors operating at farm levels in Ohio, USA

Conservation Agriculture (CA) has got the huge potential to address the issue of global food security with ecological resilience and replenishment. The present study was conducted across 40 counties of the state of Ohio in the United States of America to assess and prioritize the social-ecological factors operating at CA farms, using both qualitative and quantitative methods. It has been elucidated from the study that selected owner-farmers of the study area (n = 230) have no hesitation to consider CA as the future of farming to address food security in response to mitigate climate change effects. They have been applying the combination of the CA principles on their farms: 60% of the respondents do not till their field, 80% leave crop residues on the soil surface, and 97% follow crop rotations. Finally, the CA farmers have achieved 10 to > 40% fuel savings during farm operations, having farm soil salinity reduced in the case of 70% of respondents. Apart from this, grazing animals are also integrated to CA systems, adding animal manure to their farms. However, the study indicates that there is a need to encourage the use of CA, which can minimize the negative impacts of dry spells in order to maximize crop production, and polish the strategies and policies in each and every sphere.