Effective Microorganisms Research Articles

Impact of cultivation methods and fertilization by EM (Effective microorganisms) and /or compost on Productivity and water use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Impact of cultivation methods and fertilization by EM (Effective microorganisms) and /or compost on Productivity and water use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Utilization of banana and cassava peel as local microorganism materials in household organic waste composting by takakura method

This research compares household organic waste compost results with the addition of local microorganism activators from banana peel and cassava peel waste with Effective Microorganisms (EM4). The composting method used is aerobic composting with the Takakura composting technique. This composting is carried out in 5 variations consisting of variation 1 (50% organic waste: 50% finished compost), variation 2 (50% organic waste: 50% finished compost: EM4), variation 3 (50% organic waste: 50% finished compost: local microorganism banana peel), variation 4 (50% organic waste: 50% compost made: local microorganism cassava peel), variation 5 (50% organic waste: 50% finished compost: local microorganism banana peel and cassava peel). The results showed that all variations of composting had met the maturity standard for parameters of temperature, pH, material reduction, texture, color, and smell and had met the SNI 19-7030-2004 standards. Analysis of all compost quality, including C-organic, nitrogen, C / N ratio, phosphorus, and potassium, has met SNI 19-7030-2004 standards. From 4 kg of raw material produced, solid compost ranges at 2.7-3 kg. The use of activators in the composting process can speed up the composting time by 8-12 days. Compost variations by scoring results in the compost consisting of 50% organic waste and 50% finished compost with 5 ml of local microorganism activator banana peel, and cassava peel is the best variation in compost maturity quality.

Thauera sp. for efficient nitrate removal in continuous denitrifying moving bed biofilm reactor.

Thauera is the most widely found dominant denitrifying genus in wastewater. In earlier study, MBBR augmented with a specially developed denitrifying five-membered bacterial consortium (DC5) where Thauera was found to be the most abundant and persistent genus. Therefore, to check the functional potential of Thauera in the removal of nitrate-containing wastewater in the present study Thauera sp.V14 one of the member of the consortium DC5 was used as the model organism. Thauera sp.V14 exhibited strong hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation ability, biofilm formation and denitrification ability, which indicated its robust adaptability short colonization and nitrate removal efficiency. Continuous reactor studies with Thauera sp.V14 in 10 L dMBBR showed 91% of denitrification efficiency with an initial nitrate concentration of 620 mg L-1 within 3 h of HRT. Thus, it revealed that Thauera can be employed as an effective microorganism for nitrate removal from wastewater based on its performance in the present studies.

Effect of micronutrients, rhizobium, salicylic acid, and effective microorganisms in plant growth and yield characteristics of green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in Rupandehi, Nepal

Nepal has a very diverse topography and ecosystem, with mountains in the north and lush plains in the south. Despite the diverse ecology, the production of green gram is still in its minority. This experiment was conducted to assess the effect of micronutrients (Zn, B, Mo, Co, and Mn), rhizobium, effective micro-organisms, and salicylic acid in plant growth, yield, and yield attributes of green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in Rupandehi district of Nepal in March 2021. Pratikshya variety of green gram was used as a test crop. Different levels of ZnSO4 and Borax, Ammonium Molybdate, Cobalt Nitrate, MnSO4, effective microorganism, Mixture, Salicylic acid, and Rhizobia along with control constituted treatments. Various application methods were used for applying treatments including soil incorporation, seed priming, inoculation, and foliar application. The results revealed that leaf area index, number of branches, number of pods per plant, and yield were significantly different (P < 0.05). Among various treatments, the mixture was found most effective in the case of grain yield (1048.1 kg ha−1), stover yield (2472.7 kg ha−1), biological yield (3520.8 kg ha−1), harvest index (31.2%), and the number of primary branches (4.9). Likewise, the number of secondary branches (6.86) was better with Borax@10 kg ha−1. There was no significant difference in the plant height, number of pods per plant, pod length, pod weight, number of grains per pod, and test weight between different treatments. ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha−1 was found to have an impact on the number of mature, immature, and total pods per plant. Overall, the study concluded that the mixture of all micronutrients performed better in terms of grain yield while zinc sulphate had great potential for plant growth parameters which could improve the farmers’ livelihood. It is recommended to conduct multi-location trials in a larger domain.

Effect of Effective Microorganisms in Fermentation of Rice Husk and Anchovy Head Using Lab-scale Treatment

The rice husk and anchovy filet industry is one of the world’s most successful industries and generates many biowastes with valuable bioproducts. Combining effective microorganisms (EM) with anchovy head (AH) and rice husk (RH) will produce a beneficial fertilizer and make nutrients more valuable to the plant. Thus, this study aims to determine the most effective anchovy head and rice husk treatment ratio for agricultural applications to reduce waste disposal from anchovy heads and rice husks worldwide, which may cause environmental problems. In this study, rice husk and anchovy head were fermented at five different ratios of treatment weight for 25 days: Treatment A with 100% AH, treatment B with 100% RH, treatment C with 50% AH:50% RH, treatment D with 70% AH:30% RH, and treatment E with 30% AH:70% RH. The pH, temperature, and number of colonies of every treatment were measured every 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days. This study shows that treatment D with a ratio of 70% AH: 30% RH is the most suitable based on pH range within 6–8.5, consistently increasing temperature and the highest number of colonies to be applied to plants. The ratio of rice husk and anchovy head of treatment D in this study can be used further by other researchers to discover their potential, especially for the agricultural industry.

Analysis of the problem of molecular identification of wild (wtCT), plasmidless (p-CT) and Swedish (SE-nvCT) variants of Chlamydia trachomatis in Belarus

To date, it is known that the population of Chlamydia trachomatis is genetically heterogeneous. Along with the originally described wild type (wtCT), mutant variants (mtCT) have been found in the world: plasmidless (p-CT), Swedish (SE-nvCT), Mexican (MX-nvCT), Finnish (FI-nvCT), with different virulence and tropicity to various organs and tissues. These variants may escape PCR diagnostics due to the absence of targets or the occurrence of changes in them, which makes it ineffective to use a number of diagnostic test systems for pathogen detection.Isolates of C. trachomatis collected on the territory of the Republic of Belarus during the period 2013–2022 in reproductive age persons with inflammatory urogenital tract diseases were analyzed. It was found that the dominant pathogen genovariant is the wild type wtCT ‒, approximately 93 %. Mutant strains that make up about 7 % of the pathogen population are represented by p-CT and SE-nvCT genovariants. There were no cases of identification of MX-nvCT and FI-nvCT genovariants in the analyzed sample of C. trachomatis isolates.It is necessary to further optimize the tactics of molecular biological identification of various C. trachomatis genovariants for effective microorganism detection and study of the chlamydial urogenital infection pathogenesis.

Harnessing the photocatalytic potential of bismuth ferrite-activated carbon nanocomposite (BFO-AC) for Staphylococcus aureus decontamination under visible light.

In response to the escalating global issue of microbial contamination, this study introduces a breakthrough photocatalyst: bismuth ferrite-activated carbon (BFO-AC) for visible light-driven disinfection, specifically targeting the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Employing an ultrasonication method, we synthesized various BFO-AC ratios and subjected them to comprehensive characterization. Remarkably, the bismuth ferrite-activated carbon 1:1.5 ratio (BA 1:1.5) nanocomposite exhibited the narrowest band gap of 1.86 eV. Notably, BA (1:1.5) demonstrated an exceptional BET surface area of 862.99 m2/g, a remarkable improvement compared to pristine BFO with only 27.61 m2/g. Further investigation through FE-SEM unveiled the presence of BFO nanoparticles on the activated carbon surface. Crucially, the photocatalytic efficacy of BA (1:1.5) towards S. aureus reached its zenith, achieving complete inactivation in just 60 min. TEM analysis revealed severe damage and rupture of bacterial cells, affirming the potent disinfection capabilities of BA (1:1.5). This exceptional disinfection efficiency underscores the promising potential of BA (1:1.5) for the treatment of contaminated water sources. Importantly, our results underscore the enhanced photocatalytic performance with an increased content of activated carbon, suggesting a promising avenue for more effective microorganism inactivation.

Use of Zeolite (Chabazite) Supplemented with Effective Microorganisms for Wastewater Mitigation of a Marine Fish Farm

A study was conducted to assess the efficacy of chabazite zeolite in mitigating ammonia levels in wastewater from a land-based marine fish farm in southern Tuscany (Italy). The fish farm discharges effluent into a lagoon, constituting an important eutrophication source. The experimental setup involved a pond/canal that received wastewater from three sea bream tanks (40 L/s). A 50 m canal section was divided into two parallel halves (T and B), each about 3 m wide. In T, a chabazite bed (granules about 3 cm ϕ) was placed that was about 6 cm thick; B was untreated and used as a control. Five sampling trials were conducted in both T and B to determine N-NH4, N-NO3, and P-PO4 levels, in surface and near-bottom waters at both input and output. Prior to the zeolite addition, T and B sediments were sampled for TN and TP determination. Results indicated the not-managed canal system released nutrients and the output values were higher than the input, overshadowing the zeolite effects. Significant zeolite effects were observed by comparing B and T for differences between input and output: in T, nitrate increased (p = 0.05), demonstrating a resumption of nitrification, and ammonium (p = 0.07) and SRP (p = 0.06) decreased, in contrast to B.

Degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commercial effective microorganisms.

The study focused on the contribution of effective microorganisms (EM) and their consortia, used in commercial biological preparations and formulations for soil revitalization, to the degradation of a mixture of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) commonly found in the soil environment. PAHs, diverse forms of which are present in the environment, never occur individually but always as a part of a chemical mixture. Therefore, the research presented in this article, focusing on the EM impact on the mixture of PAHs, reflects the conditions most similar to natural ones. On Day 35 of the experiment, PAH levels decreased by 75.5-95.5%. The highest PAHs degradation efficiency was achieved for fluorene, with a preparation containing eight bacteria strains from the Bacillus genus: B. coagulans, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. laterosporus, B. licheniformis, B. mucilaginosus, B. megaterium, B. polymyxa, and B. pumilus. All tested preparations containing bacterial consortia and a preparation with the yeast S. cerevisiae intensified the PAHs degradation more effectively than formulations including only the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica or a mixture of Debaryomyces hansenii and Bacillus. The designed and proposed research will contribute to the development of biotechnological methods - bioremediation by microorganisms that are safe for the human and environment health.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Effective Microorganisms in the Reclamation of Degraded Soils

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Effective Microorganisms in the Reclamation of Degraded Soils

Characterization of Leachate and Evaluation of Groundwater Pollution in the Vicinity of the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill in Srinagar, Jammu &amp; Kashmir

Abstract: The most popular way for disposing of municipal solid waste (MSW) throughout India, including Kashmir, is through landfills. However, the discharge of leachate from these facilities has seriously contaminated groundwater. An evaluation was conducted on the groundwater quality near the Srinagar landfill site (Achan). In order to investigate the potential effects of leachate percolation on groundwater quality, samples of leachate and groundwater were taken from the Srinagar dump site and its surrounding areas. Groundwater and leachate samples were used to measure the concentration of various physio-chemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, COD, BOD, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, PO43-, Phenol), as well as microbiological parameters (total coliform and faecal coliform) and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg). The relatively elevated levels of NH4+, EC, TDS, BOD, phenol, Cd, and Mg, Cr were above the limits of Indian standard and WHO for drinking water. In addition to this , these also represent heavy pollutant indicators as per the Single Point Pollution Index as well by the Nemero index, as these elements crossed the upper most limit for both these pollution indeces. Assessing the water contamination in depth and distance wise, closer to landfill and shallow wells were characterized as the most polluted and had some additive contaminants ( Cl- ,SO4, Ca , Ni ). This is an indication of pollution transfer and the leachate movement. The presence of total coliform and faecal coliform although in small counts warns for the groundwater quality and thus renders the associated aquifer unreliable for domestic water supply. There is no natural or other possible reason for high concentration of these pollutants, thus it can be concluded that leachate has significant impact on groundwater quality in the area. In the present study, also an attempt has been made to investigate physico-chemical properties, fertilizing potential and heavy metal polluting potentials of the three types of composts including municipal soild waste compost, green waste compost and mixed waste compost. Each of these types were given a treatment with effective micro organisms (EM) to understand the quality of compost so formed by the composting process by its analysis (Laboratory as well as statistical) and the quality of composts was found out using Quality control Indices such as Fertilizing Index and Clean Index. Parameters like, pH, EC, TOC, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total potassium, C/N ratio, and heavy metals like zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel, lead, and chromium were analyzed and it was found that all the parameters were within the permissible limits prescribed by FCO-2000. Further Fertility Index and Clean Index were determined for the samples and it was found that proper segregation of the solid waste is important from composting point of view because mixed waste affects the quality of compost. From the calculated values for the compost prepared from untreated MSW, FI (3.40) and CI (2.8), for the treated MSW Compost, FI as 3.47 and CI as 3.0, for the untreated mixed waste FI (3.27) and CI (3.0) and for the treated mixed waste FI (3.47), CI (3.2) The determined values indicates that all these compost types belongs to marketable Class D (medium fertilizing potential and medium heavy metal content).The fertility index value was estimated as 2.0 and the Clean Index value as 3.06 for the untreated green waste while for treated green waste FI(2.73) and CI(3.7), which indicates that both compost types belongs to restricted use Class RU-1 (Should not be allowed to market due to low fertilizing potential. However, these can be used as soil conditioner)

The Effect of VP3 Biofertilizer and Compost Application on Red Spinach (Amaranthus dubius) and Green Spinach (Amaranthus viridis) Yield and Quality

VP3 biofertilizer is a biological agent that has been formulated in previous research. It was applied once with compost and has been tested on red spinach and green spinach in the greenhouse to see its effect on yield and quality (chlorophyll content, anthocyanins, and shelf life at room temperature). Red spinach and green spinach had shown a significantly different growth response to applying biological fertilizers. VP3 biofertilizer with compost had the highest yield effect but was not significantly different from the recommended Nitrogen Phosphate Potassium (NPK) and Effective Microorganism4(EM4) treatment with compost. The application of VP3 Biofertilizer with NPK fertilizer showed a darker color (higher chlorophyll and anthocyanin content) than the application of biological fertilizers, but the values ​​were not significantly different. The application of VP3 biofertilizer with compost affected the shelf life of both red spinach and green spinach. Spinach plants remained fresh at room temperature for three days of storage, while the other treatments lost freshness on the 3rd day after harvesting and even loosened the leaf on the 4th day after harvesting. Therefore, VP3 biofertilizer has potential to increase the yield and quality of spinach and other vegetable crops. The addition of the application period of VP3 biofertilizer needs to be carried out and observed to increase the yield and quality of plants further. Canonical Variate Analyses (CVA) can distinguish the grouping of treatments based on the selected parameter. Biplot assessment provides information on the strong relationship between the yield of green spinach and red spinach and a number of leaves, leaf area, and plant height. The application of VP3 biofertilizer with compost had a significant effect on the yield and quality and produced different effects between treatments, both in the case of green spinach and red spinach.

The Effect of Using Elements of Sustainable Agrotechnology in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Monoculture

In sustainable cultivation technologies, the method of managing crop residues and the microbiological activity of the soil, supported by the application of effective microorganisms, is of particular importance. Unfortunately, wheat monocultures are still common. Therefore, there is also a need to introduce elements of sustainable agrotechnics to such crops. The aim of the research was to compare the effect of 18 spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation technologies in a monoculture. Therefore, a four-year two-factor experiment was carried out with a spring wheat monoculture. Six ways managing the organic matter before sowing and tillage (first factor) and the application of microbiological preparations (second factor) were tested, leasing to a total of 18 experimental objects. The parameterized weed infestation, chlorophyll index, and leaf area index, elements of the yield structure, and spring wheat yield were determined through tillage technology. In most cases, the application of biopreparations was not found to have a significant impact on the tested features. The highest yields of spring wheat were obtained through the following technologies: application of EM or UGmax microbiological preparations on the shredded straw of the forecrop; mixing the forecrop with the soil using a grubber immediately after harvest; sowing the white mustard catch crop; winter plowing.

Production of Biogas From a Mixture of Chicken Litter and Cow Manure and Its Effect on the Resulting Volume and C/N Ratio

The livestock sector's waste is a potential raw material for producing biogas because it is abundantly available. This experiment aimed to understand the potential of two types of livestock waste to produce biogas. The two sources of raw material were mixed with different variations. The results showed that the volume of fermentation gas produced from livestock waste varied depending on the type and composition of the raw material used. Mixing was done to determine the best variation in producing biogas from chicken litter and cow manure. The volume ratio of litter to cow manure used was (0%:100%), (25%:75%), (50%:50%), (75%:25%), (and 100%:0%), with a total volume of 2 liters. In addition, 10% of EM-4 (effective microorganism) was added to the mixture of livestock waste that had previously been given 2 liters of water. The waste mixture was then fermented for 30 days. The fermentation process was carried out under mesophilic conditions at room temperature and pressure. This study showed that the higher the concentration of chicken litter in the mixture, the higher the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio value. On the other hand, if there is a higher composition of cow manure in the mixture, the substrate pH value will be higher. Furthermore, a 50%:50% composition of chicken litter and cow manure produced a high volume of biogas. Similarly, the biogas formation rate in this composition showed the best performance. These results prove that the balance of carbon and nitrogen composition, temperature, and substrate acidity significantly affect biogas production.

Effective microorganisms input efficiently improves the vegetation and microbial community of degraded alpine grassland.

Soil beneficial microorganism deficiency in the degraded grasslands have emerged as the major factors negatively impacting soil quality and vegetation productivity. EM (effective microorganisms) has been regarded as a good ameliorant in improving microbial communities and restoring degraded soil of agricultural systems. However, knowledge was inadequate regarding the effects of adding EM on the degraded alpine grassland. Four levels of EM addition (0, 150, 200, 250 mL m-2) were conducted to investigate the effects of EM addition on soil properties and microorganisms of degraded alpine grassland. The addition of EM increased aboveground biomass, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and microbial biomass, but decreased soil electric conductivity. Meanwhile, the relative biomasses of gram-negative bacteria decreased, while the ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased after EM addition. The relationship between microbial communities and environmental factors has been changed. The restore effect of EM increased with the increase of addition time. These results indicated that EM addition could be a good practice to restore the health of the degraded alpine grassland ecosystem.

Skrining dan Uji Efektivitas Reduksi Merkuri Oleh Isolat Bakteri Mangrove

A poor metal waste disposal system increases the concentration of heavy metals in the environment, causing pollution. Reducing the concentration of heavy metal pollution can be done one way by bioremediation using bacteria. Exploratory research on mangrove bacteria shows that bacterial isolates have been successfully isolated and have the ability to grow on media containing mercury. In this research, further tests will be carried out in the form of screening and testing the effectiveness of mercury metal reduction. This research aims to find isolates that have a high ability to grow in environments containing mercury, and the effectiveness of reducing mercury metal by these bacteria. This basic research will be the beginning of the development of effective microorganisms as bioremediation agents. This research consisted of two stages, namely screening the best bacterial isolates and testing the effectiveness of mercury metal reduction. The research results showed that isolates B27, S04 and S23 were the best isolates in being able to remove mercury concentrations of up to 99.99%. This research is ongoing research which has the output as a first step in obtaining Effective Microorganisms which can later become products and can be applied as a method to improve environmental quality.

Brown sugar as a carbon source can make agricultural organic waste compost enter the secondary thermophilic stage and promote compost decomposition.

To enhance the efficiency of composting agricultural organic waste (AOW), this study aimed to examine the impact of inoculating tomato straw compost with two distinct microbial agents: ZymoZone (ZZ), a composite microbial agent derived from the straw compost and Effective Microorganisms (EM), a commercial microbial agent. Furthermore, in order to reactivate the microorganisms within the compost during the initial high temperature phase, 10% brown sugar was introduced as a carbon source. The objective of this addition was to assess its influence on the composting process. The findings revealed that compared to the control (CK) group, the ZZ and EM treatments extended the first high-temperature phase by 2 and 1day, respectively. Furthermore, with the addition of 10% brown sugar, the ZZ and EM treatments remained in the second high-temperature phase for 8 and 7days, respectively, while the CK treatment had already entered the cooling stage by then. Notably, the inoculation of microbial agents and the addition of brown sugar substantially augmented the activity of lignocellulose-related hydrolases, thereby promoting the degradation of lignocellulose in the ZZ and EM treatment groups. This was confirmed by FTIR analysis, which demonstrated that the addition of microbial agents facilitated the degradation of specific substances, leading to reduced absorbance in the corresponding spectra. XRD analysis further indicated a notable reduction in cellulose crystallinity for both the ZZ (8.00%) and EM (7.73%) treatments. Hence, the incorporation of microbial agents and brown sugar in tomato straw compost effectively enhances the composting process and improves the quality of compost products.

Treatment of high strength domestic sewage on filters fi lled with polyurethane foam with addition of effective microorganisms

Treatment of high strength domestic sewage on filters fi lled with polyurethane foam with addition of effective microorganisms

The EM4 Addition Affect Water Absorption Time and Compost Quality in Biopore Infiltration Hole

A biopore infiltration hole can handle organic household waste for the composting process. It can be optimized by adding an Effective Microorganism 4 (EM4) activator. This study aims to determine the effect of EM4 addition on water adsorption time, compost weight, and compost quality, according to SNI 19-7030-2004. Lamongan Islamic University's Laboratory of Environmental and Health Science determined the compost test's nutrient content. A cylindrical hole was drilled into the ground using a BIH drill with a diameter of 10 cm and a depth of 50, 75, and 100 cm, with a distance of 100 cm for each hole. The materials used in this study included domestic organic waste, leaves explicitly, and kitchen waste, a 50-ml liquid EM4 "Agriculture" activator diluted with 100 ml of distilled water, and 10 grams of granulated sugar. The experiment was conducted for 15, 30, and 45 days. To measure the water absorption time, a 2x1x1 m barrier is needed to accommodate 2 m3. The difference in BIH diameter can affect the infiltration rate at the Biopores Infiltration Hole (BIH). The measurement's highest water absorption occurred at the beginning of the 15th day. The addition of EM4 affects the decomposition process and can increase the water absorption rate for 45 days. The EM4 additions affect the decomposition process's timing. Additionally, the addition of EM4 impacts the nutrients in the compost. The addition of EM4 increased the value of C-organic, nitrogen, phosphorus, and total potassium in the BIH compost.

Tempe Wastewater Treatment Using Effective Microorganisms Made from Kepok Banana Peel Waste

Wastewater produced by the tempeh industry contains a high organic content, so it requires serious handling so as not to cause pollution in water bodies. One method that can accelerate the decomposition of the organic substance process is to use Lactobacillus sp. bacteria as effective microorganisms (EM). The material used to manufacture EM is sourced from kepok banana peel waste, which has a carbohydrate content of 9.8%. This study aims to examine the effect of EM concentration and residence time on reducing pollutants in tempeh wastewater using EM made from kepok banana peel waste. The EM concentrations were 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% successively, with residence times of 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 days. The researchers used a batch system in a 5-litre plastic tube reactor with an aeration system. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of adding EM from kepok banana peel waste in reducing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels. Specifically, a 20% dose of EM resulted in a 78.13% removal, a 30% dose of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) led to a 78.01% reduction, and a 10% dose of Total Suspended Solid (TSS) resulted in a 66.81% removal over an optimum residence time of 16 days.