Effective Lever Research Articles

State Mandatory Paid Sick Leave Associated With A Decline In Emergency Department Use In The US, 2011-19.

Paid sick leave provides workers with job-protected paid time off to address short-term illnesses or seek preventive care for themselves and their family members. We studied the impact of mandatory paid sick leave at the state level on emergency department (ED) visit rates, using all-payer, longitudinal ED data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for the period 2011-19. We found that state implementation of paid sick leave mandates was associated with a 5.6percent reduction in the total ED visit rate relative to the baseline, equivalent to 23 fewer visits per 1,000 population per year. The reduction was concentrated in Medicaid patients. Some of the largest reductions were ED visits related to adult dental conditions, adult mental health or substance use disorders, and pediatric asthma. Mandatory paid sick leave may be an effective policy lever to reduce excess ED use and costs.

A global empirical analysis on the diffusion & innovation of carbon pricing policies

There are 45 countries which have adopted a kind of carbon pricing policy – either a carbon tax or entered a cap–and–trade or both – while other countries do not have such policies implemented. As carbon pricing policies are considered as an effective lever to mitigate climate change, there is a need to understand what factors are motivating countries to adopt a carbon pricing policies and what factors might limit such endeavor. There is thus a need to examine how carbon pricing policies get adopted cross–nationally to examine pathways for climate change mitigation and incentivize other countries to follow. In this study, a model combining both internal and external diffusion factors is built (how one countries adoption of a carbon pricing policy affects another) to identify factors of adoption of carbon pricing policies. An Event History Analysis approach was used by compiling data for 127 countries running from 1990 to 2019. The findings show that the carbon pricing policies diffuse mainly through learning from neighboring countries and to a slight degree, by imitation. With a split sample analysis to account for policy heterogeneity, it was seen that both the carbon tax and the cap–and–trade system diffuse through the learning mechanism, however for the cap–and–trade, the policy can also diffuse through coercion and normative pressure if countries are part of EU. It was also found from the regressions that adoption of the carbon pricing policy by a country is motivated by a democratic political regime and from the level of coal production in the country. Among other groups, this finding is important for the international climate advocacy groups to decide which countries are more likely to adopt such policies where they can push forward this agenda.

Carpooling in times of crisis: Organizational identification as a safety belt

The purpose of this research is to understand how organizational identification and fear of Covid-19 influence individuals’ attitudes, trust, and intention to carpool. For this study, 299 participants completed an online questionnaire in which we assessed their organizational identification, fear of Covid-19, perceived risks, attitude, trust, and intention to carpool. Results show that the relationship between individuals and their organization is an effective lever to promote carpooling. Our results confirm that individuals’ trust level and attitude strongly determine carpooling intention. The results highlight a negative relationship between perceived risks and attitude, as well as trust; Covid-19 is also identified as an antecedent to perceived risks. Organizations implementing carpooling solutions should focus on developing organizational identification and address fears associated with Covid-19.

Investigation of the friction conditions of self-pierce rivets by means of a compression-torsion tribometer

Lightweight design is an effective lever for achieving fuel consumption and emission-oriented goals. Therefore micro-alloyed steels and high-strength aluminium materials are included in the multi-material mix of the car body. In this context self-pierce riveting has become established for joining in body-in-white production. For the dimensioning of the joint, numerical simulation is increasingly being used. In order to make reliable predictions about joint quality, knowledge of the friction in the joining process is necessary and needs to be identified experimentally. In previous investigations, the process parameters in the friction test were not comparable to the joining process. Therefore, a new friction test method is presented in this paper, where the process conditions are comparable between joining and friction testing especially regarding the interface pressure. The local joining process parameters between rivet and sheet are derived numerically. In the framework of the investigations, the influences of the local joining process parameters, like interface pressure, relative velocity and temperature, on the friction are investigated and mapped close to the joining process. Additionally a comparison of different rivet coatings is carried out. The rivet contact to the sheet metal HX340LAD as well with aluminium EN AW-5182 is taken into account.

Parents in couple therapy: An intervention targeting marital and coparenting relationships.

This article describes the treatment framework and core therapeutic principles of the integrative brief systemic intervention (IBSI), a manualized six‐session intervention intended for parents seeking couple therapy. IBSI aims to work on the couple's presenting problem, considering its specific impact in the marital and coparenting domains. The basic premise of IBSI is to consider that, when working with couples who have children, therapeutic work on their coparenting alliance may be used as a lever, as both parents may be particularly motivated to improve their relationship for their children's benefit. Increasing the coparenting alliance may then facilitate work on deeper conflicts within the marital relationship. The core therapeutic principles of IBSI are: (1) joining with the couple as romantic partners and a coparenting team from the start of the therapeutic process; (2) supporting the parents in increasing their awareness regarding their children's behavior and emotional experiences when facing their parents’ conflicts; and (3) working on the spill‐ and cross‐over effects between marital and coparenting relationships (i.e., exploring how conflict or positivity spills over from one relationship to the other or crosses over from one partner to the other). Therapeutic work following these main therapeutic principles is expected to improve the quality of both relationships. A clinical case is provided to illustrate the core therapeutic principles of IBSI.

COMMERCIALIZATION OF INNOVATIONS IN UKRAINE: CURRENT STATUS

Commercialization of innovations is a fundamental condition for the development of both micro- and macroeconomic aspects in the context of their impact on the creation of competitive advantages and economic development. Moreover, the commercialization of innovation is perhaps the most important challenge that all companies face. innovation goes beyond science or technology; it is something that is able to create value through the commercialization process. Commercialization acts as an important "intermediary" between scientific and technical development and the object of purchase and sale and is an effective lever thanks to which the newly created innovative development brings profit. The topic of commercialization of innovations has obviously received increased attention recently, but this subject of research is quite fragmented and distributed among different fields of research and disciplines. As a result, a variety of theoretical and empirical findings need to be explored, organized, and aggregated. The purpose of the article is to study the level of commercialization of innovations in Ukraine compared to world trends and to identify the problems of reducing the number of innovators-enterprises. Commercialization is a basic condition for the successful implementation of the results of innovative activities of high-tech enterprises in any country, therefore the article examines the rating of Ukraine according to the Global Innovation Index and identifies world leaders. The dynamics of the introduction of innovations at industrial enterprises of Ukraine in 2014-2020 were formed. The rating of the Top 5 most innovative companies of Ukraine in 2021 was analyzed. The result of the study was the identification of problems that significantly weaken the place of innovators-companies of Ukraine among world leaders. The article will be useful for specialists and scientists in the field of innovative marketing, management, logistics, teachers and students of higher educational institutions. For those who are interested in deepening their knowledge in the field of innovative development of Ukrainian enterprises in the context of product commercialization.

COMMERCIALIZATION OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES AS A STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT PROCESS FOR THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE AND ITS BUSINESS SUBJECTS

The article examines the theoretical approaches of scientists to the definition of the concept of "commercialization of innovations" by individual scientists and researchers. It has been established that a single approach to the interpretation of the concept of "commercialization of innovations" has not yet been formed in the scientific literature, therefore this problem has not lost its relevance and as of today requires research and generalization. The fact that the commercialization of innovative products is one of the most important stages of innovative activity is emphasized, as due to the competent commercialization the innovations enter the market. It is emphasized that the commercialization of innovations acts as an important "intermediary" between scientific and technical development and the object of purchase and sale and is an effective lever with assistance of which the newly created innovative development brings the profit. Therefore, the commercialization of innovations is a kind of intermediary activity that connects scientific and technical and commercial activities. Despite the fact that the commercialization of innovative products is a complex and time-consuming process, its main advantage is the fact that it brings significant profits to the enterprise and improves its competitive capabilities. On the basis of the analyzed works, the factors that directly affect the commercialization of innovations are identified, namely: factors of direct influence (legislative changes; changes that occurred in the tax or budget systems; the growth of corruption, etc.); mediated factors (aggravation of political or military situations; environmental and natural disasters, etc.). Based on the conducted research, the following was confirmed: the commercialization of innovations is the most important element of the innovation process, as it represents the process of transforming the results of scientific and technical activities into products and their further effective implementation on an industrial scale. It has been established that commercialization takes the form of a kind of intermediary activity that connects scientific, technical and commercial activities and ensures the development of market relations and reflects their state as a catalyst. It was concluded that despite the significant complications of domestic economic development, the commercialization of innovations is able to provide the outlined tasks regarding the course of Ukraine to participate in the highly competitive environment of the European Union and other countries of the world.

The content of amino acids in worker bees against the background of stimulating additives

Stimulating additives with protein fillers in the beekeeping where use frames can become an effective biological and technological lever not only in increasing the productivity of bee colonies, but also in the cultivation of complete off spring in subsequent generations of bees. The purpose of the research was to study the amino acid content of working individuals in bee families against the background of stimulating additives in combination with cobalt sulfate and a mixture of “Nanny 2 with prebiotics”. The experiment has been carried out in the educational and experimental apiary of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev and the Association of beekeepers in the Samarkand region. The object of the research was the bee families of Carpathian breed, which were kept in 16-frame beehives, beds on frames measuring 435×300 mm. It has been found as the result of the research that in order to ensure the secretory function of the pharyngeal glands in the hemolymph of 9-day-old worker bees, which are nurse bees, the level of lysine should be 2,37–2,79 times higher compared to overwintered workers bees, histidine – 2,47–2,85 times, glycine – 2,32–2,46 times, aspartic amino acid – 1,81–1,94 times. The most intensive increase in the level of essential and interchangeable amino acids occured in the hemolymph of working individuals of the spring generation, compared with overwintered bees of the autumn generation. This happened against the background of stimulating additives with honey soap, containing the milk mixture “Nanny 2 with prebiotic” or with cobalt sulfate.

Methods of evaluating the economic efficiency of the introduction of the environmental management system in enterprises

The concept of sustainable development, adopted by the world community morethan 20 years ago, refers to the combination of economic growth and environmental protection. Environmental aspects of economic activity are regulated by national institutions and international organizations. Direct directive influence without economic methods is not an effective control lever. Understanding the limited and low efficiency of the command methods used in Russia appeared in the 1990s. The concepts of environmental management of the 20th century allow the direct impact of responsibility for the quality of the environment, the balanced growth of economic results and the reduction of negative impact on the environment. Implementation of the system environmental management (EMS) in Russian enterprises significantly lags behind world practice. EMS is a voluntary policy and does not come for certification.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONALIZATION OF STATE SERVICE IN UKRAINE AND SYSTEM OF PROVIDING PROPOSALS

In modern conditions the high quality of public administration and services is a critical aspect of state competitiveness. One of the foundations of ensuring high quality of public administration and services is the professionalization of public service. The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of development of the institute of professionalization of public service in Ukraine and to formulate proposals on the system of prerequisites of its provision. The article considers the peculiarities of the development of the institute of professionalization of public service in modern Ukrainian realities. Based on analysis of structural peculiarities of staff composition of local authorities of a separate region, taken from previous studies, the author has formed several conclusions of applied character on the direction of focus of tasks of professionalization of public service. The importance of a systemic approach in the task of developing the institute of professionalization of public service was noted, and it was proposed to implement a comprehensive program designed to promote the systemic and sustainable development of the institute of professionalization. A separate focus is aimed at the role of stakeholders in the effective development of the professionalization institute and the provider system. The importance of attracting the support of key stakeholder groups for the effective implementation of a comprehensive change program is noted. Special attention was paid to the importance of involvement of civil servants of various levels as one of the stakeholder groups to reduce the risk of non-acceptance of changes or their sabotage. The importance of formation of public coalitions as an effective lever to accelerate the introduction of changes, acceptance of their results, advocacy of changes among broad groups of stakeholders was noted. The aspect of permanence of changes in the context of development of the institute of professionalization of public service during the transit of power is highlighted separately.

NATURAL RESERVE FUND AND ECOLOGICAL NETWORK OF THE CITY OF KHMELNYTSKYI AND THEIR ROLE IN PRESERVING BIOTIC AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY

History, quantitative and qualitative indicators of the natural reserve fund of the city of Khmelnytskyi have been studied. As of January 1, 2022, the natural reserve fund of the city of Khmelnytskyi includes 22 natural reserves territories with a total area of 191,7558 hectares, which is 2,06 % of the city’s area. Among the categories of the natural reserve fund in the city of Khmelnytskyi there are 16 botanical monuments of nature, 3 parks-monuments of horticultural art: «Mykhailo Chekman Park», «T.H. Shevchenko Square», «Zarichchia»; dendrological parks «Podillia» and «Yunnativskyi» and the Botanical Garden of the Khmelnytskyi National University. According to the status of natural reserved territories and objects of the city of Khmelnytskyi, they belong only to local importance. Among all natural reserve territories of the city of Khmelnytskyi, the largest area is occupied by parks-monuments of horticultural art: «Mykhailo Chekman Park», «Zarichchia», «T.H. Shevchenko Square». Of them, the area of «Mykhailo Chekman Park» is 75,5 % of the total area of the city’s natural reserve fund. The park is not only the largest natural reserve territory of the city of Khmelnytskyi, but also the largest park-monument of horticultural art in the Khmelnytskyi region. The city’s parks play a major role in preserving its biodiversity, primarily cultivated dendroflora and avifauna. The botanical garden of the Khmelnytskyi National University, the dendrological parks «Podillia» and «Yunnativskyi» are centers of botanical collections of cultivated flora. In terms of number (16 units), the natural reserve fund of the city of Khmelnytskyi is dominated by botanical monuments of nature. Among them there are 7 parks, 4 biogroups of trees and 5 individual over-aged trees. The territories and the objects of the natural reserve fund of the city of Khmelnytskyi have important scientific (dendrological, introductory, ornithological), nature conservation, historical-cultural, aesthetic, sanitary-hygienic, recreational, educational, ecological-educational, cognitive significance and value inheritance. «Mykhailo Chekman Park», dendrological park «Podillia», the botanical garden of the Khmelnytskyi National University are key territories of the ecological network of the city of Khmelnytskyi. The role of the regional eco-network of the city of Khmelnytskyi is decisive for the preservation of biotic and landscape diversity. The ecological network is an effective lever for maintaining the balance of the use of natural resource potential and ensuring the preservation of the biota of the Khmelnytskyi urban ecosystem, and therefore the guarantee of the balanced ecological and socio-economic development of the city.

Influence of sex and knee joint rotation on patellofemoral joint stress

Purpose Females are two times as likely to experience patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) than males; however, the reason for this sex difference remains unclear. Patellofemoral joint (PFJ) stress is believed to contribute to PFPS alterations through knee joint rotation alignment, but the influence of knee joint rotation conditions on PFJ stress is unclear. We aimed to investigate the influence of sex and knee joint rotation alignment on PFJ stress. Methods Simulation ranges were set to knee joint flexion angles of 10°-45° (common to both sexes) and extension moments of 0-240 Nm (males) and 0-220 Nm (females). The quadriceps force and effective lever arm length at the quadriceps muscle were determined as a function of the knee joint flexion angle and extension moment. The PFJ contact area, which is specific to sex, and knee joint rotation was calculated from cadaver data, and PFJ stress was estimated. Results In all knee joint rotation conditions, PFJ stress was higher in females than in males. Additionally, PFJ stress in males and females was the largest under neutral conditions compared with other rotation conditions. Conclusions The results may be useful for understanding the underlying mechanisms contributing to the differences in PFPS in males and females.

Biological indicators of bee families against the background of stimulating additives

Modeling of hive buildings with the architectonics of cells close to the natural sample against the background of stimulating additives can become an effective biological and technological lever not only in increasing the productivity of bee families, but also in rearing complete offspring in bee generations. This is especially relevant in association to the reproduction of the spring generation of honey bees. A characteristic feature of this period is that bee colonies should show high nesting activity and increase their strength. At the same time, the amino acids of honey bees play an important role in the detoxification of poisons, which is especially characteristic of histidine. The importance of tyrosine in the metabolism of honey bees as a class of insects is difficult to overestimate, because its derivatives play the important role not only in the formation of the exoskeleton of insects, but also in the creation of body color, they are also part of protective secretions and probably serve as chemical mediators of the nervous system. It has been proved that the spring-summer development of bee families was most active after wintering against the background of stimulating additives with inverted sugar syrup with the addition of cobalt chloride or drug Apinik, or in combination with 10 % bee bread and the construction of new-generation wax honeycombs, which compared with the control group, ensured the achievement of the maximum parameters of the growth indices of strength and construction activity for the construction of honeycombs – in 3,0, 4,26, 4,52 and in 0,86, 1,0 and 1,0 (in the control group – 2,61 and 0,57) and increased the live weight of bee individuals of the summer generation by 4,18, 4,6 and 4,7 %. It has been found that minerals, essential amino acids of the drug Apinik, associated with str. Fasium microorganisms, and 10 % bee bread as part of stimulating additives top dressing against the background of the renewal of new-generation wax combs before the main honey collection, increase the volume of hemolymph in inactive worker bees by 6,76–7,63 %, the degree of development of the fat body by 10,0 %, and in nectar-collecting bees by 6,75–8,16 % and 5,56–7,88 %, respectively. At the same time, the increase in the level of the amino acids histidine and tyrosine was recorded in inactive worker bees by 0,76–1,56 % and by 16,56–17,72 %, in nectar-collecting bees by 2,53–3,19 % and 28,68–30,08 %, respectively. This indicates the receipt of the complete generation of working bees of the summer generation, which will actively work on the main honey collection, providing economically useful traits of bee families.

Shoulderless Friction Stir Welding: a low-force solid state keyhole joining technique for deep welding of labile structures

This paper reports on the possibility of performing Friction Stir Welding (FSW) without the usual immanent shoulder to enable FS processing to deep welding of narrow and labile structures and applications where backing is not possible. Requirements and prerequisites, advantages and limitations for Shoulderless Friction Stir Welding (SLFSW) are discussed and an industrial application of the joining technology is presented. For leaving the shoulder out, its central functions in FSW have to be transferred to the pin. The resulting tool design of SLFSW is comparably small and slim and so reduces contact area and effective lever and in turn forces and heat input during processing. SLFSW allows welding paths almost at the edge of components and enables a complete and gap-free joining while a deformation of overhanging structures can be avoided. Compared to standard FSW processes, force reductions of about 80–85 % and power reductions of about 75–80 % were found in this study for a 6.5 mm deep weld opening up additional potential for integration with other spindle processes like milling. The locally very limited process impact of SLFSW resulted in comparably low distortion with a part precision reached of +/− 0.05 mm.

Association of Hospital Public Quality Reporting With Electronic Health Record Medication Safety Performance

Despite billions spent in public investment, electronic health records (EHRs) have not delivered on the promise of large quality and safety improvement. Simultaneously, there is debate on whether public quality reporting is a useful tool to incentivize quality improvement. To evaluate whether publicly reported feedback was associated with hospital improvement in an evaluation of medication-related clinical decision support (CDS) safety performance. This nonrandomized controlled trial included US hospitals that participated in the Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) Evaluation Tool in the Leapfrog Hospital Survey, a national quality reporting program that evaluates safety performance of hospital CDS using simulated orders and patients, in 2017 to 2018. A sharp regression discontinuity design was used to identify the association of receiving negative feedback with hospital performance improvement in the subsequent year. Data were analyzed from January through September 2020. Publicly reported quality feedback. The main outcome was improvement from 2017 to 2018 on the Leapfrog CPOE Evaluation Tool, using regression discontinuity model estimates of the association of receiving negative publicly reported feedback with quality improvement. A total of 1183 hospitals were included, with a mean (SD) CPOE score of 59.3% (16.3%) at baseline. Hospitals receiving negative feedback improved 8.44 (95% CI, 0.09 to 16.80) percentage points more in the subsequent year compared with hospitals that received positive feedback on the same evaluation. This change was driven by differences in improvement in basic CDS capabilities (β = 8.71 [95%CI, 1.67 to 18.73]) rather than advanced CDS (β = 6.15 [95% CI, -9.11 to 26.83]). In this nonrandomized controlled trial, publicly reported feedback was associated with quality improvement, suggesting targeted measurement and reporting of process quality may be an effective policy lever to encourage improvement in specific areas. Clinical decision support represents an important tool in ensuring patient safety and decreasing adverse drug events, especially for complex patients and those with multiple chronic conditions who often receive several different drugs during an episode of care.

Influence of Environmental Factors and Impact on Financing Innovation of SMEs

The article is devoted to the development and financing of innovations of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is recognized in the world as an effective lever for ensuring the country's economic growth, since the main part of Kazakhstan's budget revenues is tax revenues from businesses and citizens: it is through them that expenses are financed state (along with borrowed funds). Particular attention is paid to the creation of SMEs around new innovative enterprises using various types of business cooperation and areas of activity in the field of ecology.

What are the consequences of caring for older people and what interventions are effective for supporting unpaid carers? A rapid review of systematic reviews

ObjectivesTo identify and map evidence about the consequences of unpaid caring for all carers of older people, and effective interventions to support this carer population.DesignA rapid review of systematic reviews,...

The role of non-cognitive skills in farmers' adoption of climate change mitigation measures

Farmers' adoption of climate change mitigation measures is key to successfully reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. This article investigates the role of non-cognitive skills, namely self-efficacy and locus of control, in farmers' uptake of mitigation measures. The study is based on a combination of survey and census data from 105 farmers in Switzerland. Almost all farmers in our sample already adopt some of the considered measures to reduce greenhouse gases on their farm. On average, 37% of the mitigation measures available to the specific farm type are adopted. We find that a one standard deviation increase in non-cognitive skills is associated with a 20 to 40% higher share of adopted mitigation measures. This relationship is robust to the inclusion of a comprehensive vector of controls, inspired both from the agricultural economics and the psychology literature. Additionally, we find that omitted variable bias would need to be implausibly large to refute our findings. Finally, we explore potential mechanisms. The suggested pathway through which non-cognitive skills are associated with the adoption of climate change mitigation measures is the innovativeness of the farmers. Fostering farmers' non-cognitive skills could be an effective policy lever to accelerate the diffusion of climate change mitigation measures.

Believe to go the extra mile: the influence of internal CSR initiatives on service employee organizational citizenship behaviors

PurposeLeveraging the power of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is strategically important to corporations. Although various studies have explored the positive effects of CSR, few have been devoted to the investigation of CSR related to service employees from the internal marketing perspective. Therefore, this study fills this research gap by developing a conceptual model based on social influence theory to explain how internal CSR initiatives affect service employees' attitudes and behaviors.Design/methodology/approachThis study develops and empirically tests a theoretical model examining the impact of internal CSR initiatives (i.e. internal dissemination of and management support for CSR) on service employees' attitudes toward an organization (i.e. employee–company identification and value congruence), which ultimately enhance their organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) toward customers, other employees and the organization. Survey data from 271 frontline employees of service firms actively involved in CSR-related activities were examined with structural equation modeling.FindingsThe results suggest that perceived internal dissemination of and management support for CSR affect service employees' citizenship behaviors toward customers, other employees and the organization through the mediation of employee–company identification and value congruence.Practical implicationsInternal CSR initiatives are highly related to service employees' various OCBs that are beneficial to improving the service performance of firms. Therefore, it is imperative for companies to devote attention to internal marketing dissemination while promoting CSR. In addition, as managers' attitudes and behaviors trickle down to employees, service supervisors' support of CSR activities plays a significant role in forming employee perceptions of a firm's CSR dedication.Originality/valueThis study represents one of the first to view internal CSR initiatives as an effective internal marketing lever. Moreover, the relationship between internal CSR initiatives and service employees' OCBs – OCB toward customers, other employees and the organization – is proposed and tested with an empirical model, providing significant contributions.

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURIST AND RECREATION COMPLEX AS AN EFFECTIVE LEVER FOR THE RESTORATION OF THE TOURIST INDUSTRY IN UZBEKISTAN AFTER THE PANDEMIC

The article scientifically substantiates the proposal for the development of a tourist and recreational complex as an effective lever for the restoration of the tourism sector in Uzbekistan after the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the analysis of the development of the sanatorium-resort complex in the regions of Uzbekistan, a largely pronounced differentiation of regional units and the concentration of demand for the development of the activities of sanatorium-resort institutions and recreation organizations were revealed. An econometric model has been developed that reflects the positive impact of the development of the sanatorium and resort complex and the infrastructure of recreation organizations on the indicator of the share of tourism in the country’s GDP.