Effective International Cooperation Research Articles

“Pecunia Olet” (Sometimes): A comparative analysis of Italian and UK legislations on combating the infiltration of organised crime into the economy

This article conducts a comparative analysis of Italian and UK legislations concerning the infiltration of organised crime into the economy. Considering (among other things) the concerns about allegedly weakened cooperation between judicial authorities of Italy and the UK in a post-Brexit era, the study evaluates the alignment of legal frameworks of the compared systems in combating the integration of organised crime and economic crime. The analysis is conducted on four levels: direct criminalisation of organised crime, the use of (also) anti-terrorism legislation to tackle organised crime, measures against wealth accumulation through crime, and provisions for corporate liability. By comparing the legal systems of Italy and the UK, which represent civil and common law traditions respectively, this study aims to identify convergences and divergences in legal approaches. The findings could inform strategies for enhancing mutual trust and fostering more effective international cooperation in combating the infiltration of organised crime into legitimate businesses, particularly in the post-Brexit context.

Bridges over troubled waters: Climate clubs, alliances, and partnerships as safeguards for effective international cooperation?

AbstractDriven by the motivation to raise the ambition level of climate action and to foster the transformation of economies, current climate policy discourse revolves around ways to improve cooperation between industrialized countries and emerging economies. We identify three broad types of initiatives—multilateral-cross sectoral, multilateral, sector specific, and climate and development partnerships—and assess them for potentials to deliver on such objectives with a specific focus on industry transformation. This paper provides new reflections on the institutionalization of international climate cooperation. Specifically, we demonstrate the urgent need to understand what values, norms, and underlying principles drive a cooperation in order to draw conclusions on how to best institutionalize climate cooperation rules.in-use. We conclude that an overemphasis on a CO2 price and on carbon border adjustment mechanisms, such as in the context of the initial proposals for a cross-sectoral climate club envisaged by G7 countries, would have contributed to a further polarization of the international landscape. We find, however, that multilateral, sectoral alliances play an important role for international goal setting and the convergence on standards, metrics, and benchmarks. Based on our analysis, we recommend strengthening multilateral, sector-specific partnerships. These can be focused on sectoral topics as a connector between countries, allowing for a strategically-aligned, increasingly deep collaboration. However, for any initiative to succeed, processes of international institutionalization will be needed in order to agree on rules for implementation based on aligned interests and equity. Building such institutions may well serve as a steppingstone toward more durable cooperation structures between developed economies and emerging economies. In sum, no existing cooperation approach is perfect, but three actions may be taken to move the agenda forward: First, reform of the carbon border adjustment mechanism and removing it from the center of climate club discussions, second, coupling sectoral alliances with climate and development partnerships, and three, designing them in a way to address fears of political influence seeking and superimposition of global north agendas on the global south.

International Experience in the Use of Transboundary Water Resources and Issues of its Regulation

The article analyzes the ecological problems of regulating the use of transboundary waters and its protection. The contents of the documents accepted by the international community were studied. At the same time, the state environmental policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan regarding transboundary waters and the tasks it has set for itself have been studied, and suggestions for their improvement have been given. The methods used in this research were interviews and surveys where interviews were conducted with key stakeholders, including government officials, local activists, and the general public in Uzbekistan. Use surveys to collect quantitative data about public perception and awareness regarding changing views about the value of water. In summary, effective international cooperation, clear legal regulations, the establishment of a monitoring commission, and comprehensive protection measures are essential for the sustainable management of transboundary water resources in Central Asia.

Current trends in international organised crime combating cooperation

Organised crime is one of the most serious problems of our time, causing damage to the environment, and economy and hindering the sustainable development of modern society. The study aims to analyse the regional, historical, socio-political and other factors that affect the quality and effectiveness of international cooperation in the fight against organised crime. The study is based on an analysis of several critical factors that determine effective international cooperation in the fight against organised crime. The methodological basis of the study consists of such methods as comparative and structural-functional analysis, and formal legal methods, which were used to study the current state of organised crime, international mechanisms for combating it and their regulatory framework. The analysis was based on the experience of international cooperation in such countries as the United States, Ukraine, Japan, Australia and Cameroon. The study identified trends in the correlation between the level of organised crime and the level of corruption, regional factors, and the level of civil society development. The findings of the study confirm the view that the international legal obligations assumed by national governments only slightly affect the level of involvement of national authorities in the fight against international organised crime. The study establishes that high-quality international cooperation most often occurs between democracies, but cases of such cooperation between authoritarian and democratic governments are not an exception. The results of the study provide important conclusions for further analysis of organised crime and the possibilities of international cooperation between state authorities and other actors of international relations involved in the fight against organised crime

РОЗВИТОК КООПЕРАЦІЙНИХ ВІДНОСИН АВІАТРАНСПОРТНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В СИСТЕМІ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ РИНКУ АВІАЦІЙНИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ

The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of the construction and functioning of modern cooperation mechanisms of air transport enterprises, to substantiate the advantages and risks of cooperation based on the analysis of key trends of international cooperative relations in the global infrastructure system of the air transportation market. Scientific theories of international division of labour, international specialization and internationalization of cooperative relations form the methodological basis of the research. Both general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge were used – historical-logical, descriptive-analytical, analysis and synthesis, methods of quantitative and qualitative comparisons. The informational basis of the article is monographic studies and periodical publications of domestic and foreign economists, analytical reports of international organizations, international consulting companies and analytical centres. The article examines the global experience of implementing international cooperative relations of air transport enterprises, highlights the main forms of airline cooperation. It was established that the degree and conditions of involvement of airlines in cooperative relations differ in the markets of domestic and international transportation, intercontinental air transportation. The most common mechanisms of interaction between airlines are the conclusion of interline agreements and codeshare agreements. It was revealed that global aviation alliances occupy a dominant position in the structure of the world air transport market. It is also stated that the highest level of cooperation between airlines is the creation of joint ventures, which makes it possible to avoid mergers and acquisitions. Within the framework of the study, the advantages and risks of various forms of cooperation for both air passengers and subjects of international aviation business are substantiated. Research results can be used for scientific substantiation and further creation of proper conditions for effective international cooperation of domestic air transport enterprises during the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine.

Formation and development of the idea of freedom as a principle of law

It is indicated that the extraordinary importance of the researched issue is also confirmed by the content of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, which enshrines the importance of joint management of freedom of movement (migration flows) between territories and a comprehensive dialogue on all issues in the field of migration, in particular illegal migration, legal migration, illegal transportation of persons across the state border and human trafficking, as well as the inclusion of problematic issues in the field of migration in the national strategies of economic and social development of the regions where migrants come from. The special importance of the problems of freedom of movement within the framework of migration control is also reflected in national legislation by the fact that, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, the principles of regulation of demographic and migration processes, as well as the procedure for the formation and functioning of free and other special zones with economic or a migration regime different from the general one.
 The authors note that the formation and development of the ideas of freedom as a principle of law is a constant process that reflects the challenges of different eras. The modern world requires not only the maintenance of these ideas, but also their active improvement in accordance with the new realities and progress of society. Ensuring freedom remains the main task for human rights defenders, legislators and citizens. Paying attention to new challenges, such as global problems, technological progress, socio-cultural transformations, allows improving existing concepts of freedom and adapting them to new conditions.
 Joint efforts, effective international cooperation and mutual respect for human rights are key elements for the development of ideas of freedom. The global community should actively work on creating inclusive and effective human rights protection mechanisms at all levels.
 In the light of the new challenges facing humanity, the preservation and development of the ideas of freedom become not only the task of legislators, but also a matter of public consciousness and the active participation of every member of society. Only a joint effort and a constant willingness to improve our understanding of freedom can ensure the permanence of this important principle of law in the present and future world.

Legal principles of international cooperation of the National Police of Ukraine with foreign law enforcement agencies

Rapid integration processes require the establishment of effective cooperation both between governments and between their individual bodies, institutions and organisations in all spheres of society. Law enforcement activity is no exception, since its effective implementation is a guarantee for ensuring the formation of a security space both on the territory of the state and on its borders.
 The central place in the system of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine is occupied by the National Police of Ukraine, which is entrusted with many functions, including effective international cooperation with the bodies and organisations of neighbouring States, partner countries and international organisations. Based on the analysis of the legal literature, it is established that Ukrainian scholars have made attempts to outline the main aspects of international cooperation of the National Police of Ukraine, but insufficient attention has been paid to the legal framework. Therefore, based on a synthesis of theoretical developments of scholars in the context of studying the issues related to international cooperation between the National Police of Ukraine and other States, and an analysis of the provisions of the legal acts regulating the activities and procedure for interaction between the National Police and bodies, institutions and organisations of other countries, this article defines the legal framework for interaction between these entities. It has been stated that any form of international cooperation should be carried out in compliance with the following principles: legality, rule of law, partnership, efficiency, coherence of actions and means used, effective communication, and competence. It has been emphasised that it is fundamental to bring the provisions of national legislative acts in line with international legal treaties, which are the legal basis for international cooperation, in order to prevent any legal conflicts in this area. The article outlines the prospects for further research.

Research on Tourism English Translation System Based on Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm

The emergence of economic globalization and the Internet have precipitated extensive and profound international exchanges and collaborations. Language barriers have surfaced as the primary impediment to effective international communication and cooperation. This study is dedicated to the development of a tourism English translation system utilizing the fuzzy clustering algorithm. The system's functionalities undergo testing and validation through black box testing. Key performance indicators like response time and throughput are scrutinized to evaluate the system's effectiveness. The performance evaluation involves monitoring specific checkpoints in test cases to ascertain whether the system aligns with the essential performance criteria. The system's response time and throughput take the forefront in this educational system assessment. Use-cases are categorized based on the number of online users, with the client's response time being assessed in each scenario. Successful completion of the criteria deems a use case qualified; conversely, failure designates it as unqualified, with any system deficiencies recorded within the testing framework. Data analysis reveals that the integration of the enhanced PCM algorithm elevates C-FCA's clustering data accuracy to 95%. Consequently, the findings signify that the fuzzy clustering algorithm significantly amplifies the precision of the tourism English translation system.

Cooperation with third countries in combating money laundering in the face of modern challenges

Abstract The study is devoted to the issue of international cooperation in combating money laundering as a transnational crime. It is an original scientific article, the purpose of which is to highlight the difficulties that, in the current global situation, are posed by cooperation with third countries, i.e., those that are not members of the European Union. The analysis covers several thematic areas that are of key importance in this regard (using the formal dogmatic method). The specificity of the regulations in force in other countries was also indicated, particularly in the context of modern technologies and threats of cyber-laundering (incorporating elements of the legal and comparative method). As a result, conclusions were drawn regarding the challenges that the fight against laundering raises on the international arena, extending beyond the structures of the EU. The conclusion suggests directions for actions that would be desirable to undertake in order to ensure effective international cooperation with third countries in the field of combating money laundering.

Information security: international legal aspect

The article highlights the international legal aspects of information security. The results of the analysis of international legal norms in the field of information security, as well as foreign experience in this field, are presented. The importance of the experience of certain foreign countries in the field of information security for Ukraine is emphasized. Given the global nature of communication networks, it is concluded that information security should be ensured only through effective international cooperation between states. During the research, priorities and issues related to information security in Eastern European countries are determined. Prioritized directions for legal support of information security in Ukraine have been identified.

Environmental rights protection in the European Court of Human Rights

A relevant issue of environmental law in Ukraine is the total violation of environmental human rights and the lack of guarantees for their restoration, as well as the imperfection of the procedure for bringing violators to justice. Since Ukraine is an active participant in international relations in the field of environmental protection, and the basic principles of foreign policy are enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine, an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights may be a way to defend the violated rights to a clean environment. The study aims to examine the issue of environmental rights protection in the European Court of Justice. The study is based on the following methods of scientific cognition: formal legal, dogmatic, and comparative legal. The author analyses international legislation in the field of environmental rights protection. The author notes that environmental problems are borderless, and therefore, their overcoming requires all countries to join forces and share experiences. As stated, the issue of environmental protection and environmental security is becoming geopolitical in nature, given the international cooperation in the field of environmental protection which began more than 100 years ago. The author shows the signs of ensuring the implementation of the environmental rights of citizens both in Ukraine and abroad. Examples of effective international cooperation in the field of environmental protection are given. The author analyses the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in cases related to the subject matter of the study. It is determined that when making a decision, national courts should adhere to the criteria set out by the European Court of Human Rights; find out how a certain situation arose; whether the State knew and should have known that the danger or harmful effect would affect the applicant’s private life; to what extent the applicant contributed to the deterioration of the situation and was able to remedy it without excessive costs. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using its results in specialised classes, as well as in the preparation of scientific texts

Impact Investing in the Hospitality Industry: Social Responsibility and Economic Benefits

This research investigates the intricacies of impact investing in the hospitality industry and its potential implications for fostering corporate responsibility. The study highlights the pivotal role of impact investing policies in promoting regional economic development and environmental betterment. In the face of pressing global environmental challenges, such as climate change and energy resource scarcity, the study underscores the need for effective measures that positively shape state policy formation. The primary goal of such policy initiatives is to bolster human capital development and ensure the long-term realization of strategic objectives. This holds particular significance for nations with substantial potential in the tourism industry, where the hospitality sector acts as a linchpin for tourism recovery and presents compelling opportunities for impactful investments. As energy shortages and dependence took center stage in 2022, the research calls for the exploration of alternative renewable energy sources and the development of new commodity markets to invigorate energy sector growth. Against the backdrop of the hospitality industry’s post-pandemic resurgence, the integration of impact investing emerges as vital for both developing and developed nations. Given the prevailing global environmental crisis, the study underscores the imperative of effective international cooperation mechanisms to tackle environmental challenges, positioning impact investing as a catalyst for achieving sustainable economic development goals, advancing eco-friendly practices, and addressing global environmental imperatives.

Naming and shaming as a strategy for enforcing the Paris Agreement: The role of political institutions and public concern

Enforcement is a challenge for effective international cooperation. In human rights and environmental law, along with many other domains of international cooperation, "naming and shaming" is often used as an enforcement mechanism in the absence of stronger alternatives. Naming and shaming hinges on the ability to identify countries whose efforts are inadequate and effectively shame them toward better behavior. Research on this approach has struggled to identify factors that explain when it influences state behavior in ways that lead to more cooperation. Via survey of a large (N = 910) novel sample of experienced diplomats involved in the design of the Paris Agreement, we find support for the proposition that naming and shaming is most accepted and effective in influencing the behavior of countries that have high-quality political institutions, strong internal concern about climate change, and ambitious and credible international climate commitments. Naming and shaming appears less effective in other countries, so further enforcement mechanisms will be needed for truly global cooperation. We also find that the climate diplomacy experts favor a process of naming and shaming that relies on official intergovernmental actors, in contrast with studies suggesting that NGOs, media, and other private actors are more effective at naming and shaming. We suggest that these tensions-the inability for naming and shaming to work effectively within the countries least motivated for climate action and the preference for namers and shamers that seem least likely to be effective-will become central policy debates around making cooperation on climate change more enforceable.

MAPPING INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH COOPERATION AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT IN THE FIELD OF MATERIALS SCIENCE: AN EXPLORATION OF STRATEGIES, AGREEMENTS, AND HURDLES

This research paper explores the dynamic landscape of international research cooperation and intellectual property (IP) management within materials science. It delves into collaborative models, IP management strategies, legal and ethical considerations, challenges, and emerging trends. The study emphasizes the critical role of effective international research cooperation and IP management in advancing materials science and offers stakeholder recommendations. The findings underscore the importance of these practices and advocate for continued exploration and improvement to meet the evolving demands of the scientific community
 Keywords: International Research Cooperation, Intellectual Property Management, Materials Science, Technology Transfer, Legal Frameworks, Innovation, Global Research Networks, Sustainability.

International Cooperation, Criminal Justice and Human Rights: The Missing Link

Abstract International society has recently witnessed the emergence of two interrelated trends: on the one hand, the significant rise in transnational crimes, which constitute a serious challenge to States’ traditional security capabilities, and the noticeable increase in the number of international instruments put in place to bring that challenge to acceptable levels, on the other hand. The great emphasis the international community has put on the principle “aut dedere aut judicare” to strengthen the universal legal regime against serious crimes and to deny safe haven to their perpetrators is challenged not only by political, legislative and practical considerations pertaining to the lack of ratification and incorporation of international conventions and the wide disparity between States as to their implementation capacity, but also by the inherent differences between States’ differing legal systems. This is an area that, despite its relevance to international cooperation and human rights, has long been ignored by criminal justice comparative studies. Based on actual cases such as the Ramda and El Guerbouzi cases, this article examines and assesses the impact of the differences between civil law and common law systems on the effectiveness of international cooperation and human rights. It argues that, unless these differences are acknowledged and properly dealt with, perpetrators of serious crime will continue to constitute a serious threat to our peace and security.

International Legal Cooperation in the Field Of Criminal Justice: New Challenges and Ways to Overcome Them

Purpose: Nowadays, international legal cooperation in criminal justice is one of the most important components of each country's legal system. Due to the growing number of international crimes, such as terrorism, cybercrime, cross-border crime and others that have become transnational, the need for effective international cooperation is becoming increasingly important. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the principles, forms and instruments of international cooperation in criminal matters. Method: The article uses general and special scientific methods. Results: The article emphasizes the importance of trust, mutual responsibility and cooperation, mutual legal assistance and protection of human rights as key principles of international cooperation. The article also considers various instruments of international cooperation, such as Interpol, Europol, the Hague Conference on Private International Law and others. Conclusions: The article argues that these instruments play a crucial role in facilitating cross-border cooperation and improving the effectiveness of criminal justice systems around the world. The article is a valuable contribution to understanding the importance of international cooperation in criminal justice and its impact on national legal systems. The article provides a clear explanation of the concepts and principles of international cooperation in criminal justice, its current problems, challenges, work currently underway to overcome them, and future plans to improve international cooperation in the field of criminal justice.

The Evolution of Defense Policies: Trends and Factors Shaping National Strategies

This study examines the evolution of defense policies in different countries and identifies the common trends and factors that have influenced their development over time. By analyzing changes in the global security landscape, advancements in military technology, the role of relationships between countries, and the driving forces of national interests, regional stability, and sovereignty protection, this research offers valuable insights into the dynamic nature of defense policies. Understanding these underlying factors is essential for comprehending the complexities of defense strategies, anticipating future challenges, and fostering effective international cooperation to address shared security concerns.

Challenges and Prospects of International Cooperation in the Field of Financial Monitoring

The article is devoted to international cooperation’s main challenges and prospects in financial monitoring. In the context of the growth of transactions that have a transnational nature, the issue of financial monitoring on a global scale is actualised using the latest technologies. Financial monitoring is a process of identifying, assessing, and reducing the risks of financial crime. The author emphasises that it is efficient and effective international cooperation that can become the basis and help in creating more effective systems of verification and control of financial transactions, as well as contribute to the faster detection and termination of criminal actions related to the legalisation of criminal proceeds, corrupt actions, and financing of terrorism. In the article, the author focuses on one of the challenges of international cooperation, which can become an obstacle – the need to ensure mutual trust and cooperation between different countries and their financial institutions and the creation of common standards and protocols. International cooperation can also contribute to more transparent and regulated financial markets, increasing investor confidence and promoting economic growth. However, the author also emphasised that for the successful implementation of international cooperation in financial monitoring, it is also necessary to consider the different cultural, legal, and economic realities of different countries and regions. International cooperation in financial monitoring can provide more effective methods and tools to detect and stop financial crime. The author noted that successful international cooperation in financial monitoring depends on many factors, such as the effectiveness of legislation, the availability of technical means for information exchange, the standardisation of processes, and others.

The mechanism of cooperation of states in combating crimes in the field of information technologies

The article examines the mechanism of cooperation between states in combating crimes in the field of information technologies. The research used general scientific methods of cognition - formal-logical, systemic-structural, as well as private scientific methods - formal-legal and comparative-legal. International cooperation in combating crimes in the field of information and communication technologies is relevant for Ukraine, which is actively advocating for the strengthening of interstate cooperation in the field under consideration. The study of the contribution of the United Nations to the development of legal and institutional frameworks for countering crimes in the field of information technologies is important for all spheres of public life. It indicated that the problems of combating crimes in the field of information technologies are complex, and in connection with this, specialists in various fields of science actively study them. At the same time, a number of key aspects of the international legal regulation of cooperation between states in combating crimes in the field of information technologies remained without a comprehensive international legal assessment. The functioning of the UN institutional mechanism for countering crimes in the field of information technologies carried out taking into account the growing need to implement effective international cooperation, increasing the role of regulatory and legal bases of interstate cooperation. The activity of structural divisions of the United Nations Organization, which carry out countermeasures against crime in the field of information technologies, is considered. Special attention paid to the activities of the International Telecommunication Union and its contribution to the protection of children from the destructive influence of the Internet and the implementation of measures aimed at countering crime in the field of information technologies. The activities of the Congresses of the United Nations Organization on crime prevention and criminal justice and their influence on the formation of regulatory and legal protection against crime in the field of information technologies are considered. The trends that directly affect the state of cybercrime identified and the measures taken by international organizations within the UN to combat crime in the field of information technologies disclosed.

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN PREVENTING AND ADDRESSING HUMAN TRAFFICKING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY UNDER ICCPR

This research aims to explore the regulations and principles of human rights and the role of International Law in preventing and addressing trafficking in persons, with a specific focus on the Right to Privacy outlined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Furthermore, the study seeks to analyze the contribution of International Law to combat trafficking in persons from an ICCPR perspective. The act of trafficking violates various principles of international human rights, including the Right to Privacy as stipulated in Article 17 of the ICCPR. However, Article 17 also acknowledges that the right to privacy may be limited in cases of public interest or to safeguard the rights of others. The challenge lies in determining appropriate limitations on the right to privacy in specific situations, leading to norm vagueness. This research adopts a normative legal research method, incorporating a statutory approach relevant to the legal domain under examination, as well as conceptual and analytical approaches. The findings revealed that effective international cooperation is crucial in combating human trafficking. Nations must ensure that their domestic laws align with international legal standards for prevention and intervention in human trafficking. Adoption and implementation of pertinent international instruments such as the Palermo Protocol, an adjunct to the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the Protocol on Combating Trafficking in Persons are recommended for this purpose.