Effective Institutional Structure Research Articles

INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS AND RISKS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: WAYS TO REDUCE UNCERTAINTY FOR ECONOMIC AGENTS

In the rapidly evolving landscape of the modern world, the inexorable shift towards a digital revolution is reshaping traditional economic models across the globe, including the Republic of Uzbekistan. This article delves into the impediments posed by institutional constraints in the digital economy, elucidating how legal frameworks governing digital interactions and inefficient institutional arrangements can impede the development and optimization of digital business models. Notably, the absence of clear regulations on electronic payments, cybersecurity, and data protection can introduce unpredictability, jeopardizing security and trust within the digital environment. The abundance of data and information, coupled with unequal distribution among market participants, may lead to suboptimal decision-making, inefficient resource utilization, and disparities in access to digital opportunities. The article aims to analyze and propose strategies to overcome institutional limitations and information asymmetry, emphasizing the need for effective institutional structures and mechanisms. In conclusion, this article provides a comprehensive examination of the challenges and opportunities in optimizing the digital economy in Uzbekistan. By proposing strategies to address institutional constraints and information asymmetry, it offers a roadmap for fostering a thriving digital ecosystem that benefits all stakeholders in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Technological Challenges and Opportunities to Plastics Valorization in the Context of a Circular Economy in Europe

The transition to a fully-fledged circular economy (CE) has proven to be challenging for many industries. Despite possible competitive advantages of moving industries towards CE activities, their practical implementation is still limited. This communication article delivers ad interim an identification of technological challenges and opportunities for the European plastics industries to facilitate circularity ambitions. In applying the qualitative-empirical Gioia-method utilizing the GABEK-WinRelan tool, specific technological challenges and opportunities for plastics industries were identified. Major findings indicate that technological challenges for plastics are predominantly seen in (C1) secondary material contamination; (C2) recycling processing issues; (C3) production processing issues; (C4) production material quality issues; and (C5) end-product quality issues, while the opportunities lie in (O1) effective secondary material management; (O2) innovation for chemical recycling; (O3) innovation for production and processability; (O4) innovative materials; and (O5) innovative end-products. This article contributes to the contemporary debate of CE challenges and opportunities to plastics valorization by highlighting the promising role of chemical recycling on a monomer-level as a key facilitator to a circular plastics economy. Further, it was found that technological transitions must be coupled with compatible market incentive mechanisms guided by effective institutional structures.

The evolution of NATO policy in the conditions of the russian-Ukrainian war

Abstract. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of NATO policy within the context of the russian-Ukrainian war. The North Atlantic Alliance consistently demonstrates its commitment as a reliable guarantor of peace, security, and stability for its member countries. The foundation of NATO’s accomplishments lies in its dependable and effective institutional structure, well-regulated political consultation mechanisms geared towards consensus-building, and the aspiration to constantly maintain and improve the balance of transatlantic interests. The russian invasion of Ukraine has prompted a critical reassessment of NATO’s role and its development prospects, primarily regarding the imperative of strengthening the Alliance’s defensive potential, the expansion of its operational scope, and the refinement of its security missions. The new Strategic Concept outlined NATO’s priorities, core objectives, and approaches. It also identified the main threats to Euro-Atlantic security and proposed countermeasures for the next decade. The Alliance reacted to the kremlin’s aggressive intentions by activating its defence plans and deploying additional military formations on NATO’s eastern flank, backed by significant air and naval potential. Moreover, the Alliance enhances the reliability of nuclear forces, strengthens the operational capabilities of conventional armed forces and anti-missile defence assets, and reinforces the resilience of member countries for collective defence. An analysis of Ukraine’s relations with NATO amidst the large-scale russian aggression underscores that the heroic resistance of the Ukrainian people could facilitate a quick accession of Ukraine to the Alliance following the end of the war. An invitation to Ukraine at the 2023 Vilnius Summit opens prospects for establishing long-term sustainable peace in Europe. Keywords: NATO, russian aggression, Strategic Concept, NATO expansion, Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine.

Functionalism of Municipal Laws and Good Governance in Pakistan

The main objective of this research is to make a case for good governance as the only solution for Pakistan’s multitude of problems. There is a need for goodwill to be restored among the people, if there was any, to begin with, given that Pakistan has always struggled with governance issues since its origin. What Pakistan needs now is the implementation of policies that can be a catalyst for dynamic and long-lasting social change. Categorically, the current nature of existing problems rooted within halted development, social disorder, and a state of anarchy, can only be combated through effective institutional structures and effective models of government that are able to act upon actionable items in the interest of the public. Today’s dilemmas are rooted in archaic practices that need to be re-evaluated to meet the needs of the hour. Obsolete, ineffective modes of practice need to be reconfigured through a process of intense scrutiny and amendments. Political reform is the ultimate solution for the way forward. In this era of rapid globalization, and the visibility of other nations thriving across the globe, there is an urgent need to act swiftly to bring forth positive change within the existing system that is not failing, but in fact, has already failed.

KURUMSAL YAPI GÖSTERGELERİNİN YEREL EKONOMİK KALKINMA GÖSTERGELERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: ERZURUM VE BATMAN ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA

Bu çalışmanın amacı, kurumsal yapının Batman ve Erzurum illerindeki yerel ekonomik kalkınma (YEK) sürecine olan etkisini tespit etmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda 2017 yılında her iki ilde 810 işletmeye uygulanan anket verileri kullanılarak çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, genel olarak kurumsal yapının her iki ilde YEK`e olan etkisi pozitiftir. Katsayıların toplamı itibariyle Erzurum için sırasıyla ifade özgürlüğü ve hesap verebilirlik, düzenlemelerin kaliteli olması ve yönetimin etkinliği en etkili üç kurumsal yapı göstergesi iken, Batman için yolsuzluğun önlenmesi, hukukun üstünlüğü ve yönetimin etkinliği en etkili üç kurumsal yapı göstergesi olduğu belirlenmiştir.

The Role of Leadership and Strategic Decision on Regional Development in Developing Countries

Purpose: This research paper is focusing on the role of leadership and strategic approach for the best institutional model toward balanced regional economic development (RED) in developing countries. The research paper examines the cohesion among leadership models and decision making structures toward strategic model for regional economic development in Kosovo. Final purpose is setting up the suitable decision making structure across all regions in the country that through proactive and authentic leadership, as well effective institutional structures creates capacity in each region for better utilization of the resources. Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper methodology used a mixed-methodological approach including both qualitative and quantitative data collection and appraisal, which included desk review covering existing literature at national and international level, semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, relevant reports and other related documents. Findings: The research paper has finded that there are significant relationships among leadership role, organizational structures and regional development. Acording to the paper a suitable leadership model followed by responsible institutional framework and decision making structures is usualy the most important factor influencing growth at the regions. Actually in Kosovo regions and municipalities lack the capacities to create an effective environment for private sector development and job creation for all communities. The paper analysis shows that both-leaderhsip and decision making structure amplifies the institutional structure and institutional resources‘ effect on the better performance of regions. Practical Implications: The practical implications deriving from this research concludes that future approach to RED should be based on balanced distribution of responsibilities between different governmental levels with clear vision and leadership, as well as with much more advanced institutional structures and detailed work design. This means that creative leadership will ensure not only better performance in economical development aspects but meanwhile will adjust better to external changes and work more efficiently. Originality/Value: The research paper shows its originality in a specific case study and the value of this is finalized with the regional economic development model that will serve as one stop shop at different regions supporting the economic and overall development.

Analysis of Current Trends and a First Assessment of the New Package

With three waves of internal energy market legislation already adopted and a fourth just tabled, a key question is “do we have an institutional structure that can effectively deliver the ambitious goals of the EU energy and climate change policy?”. To answer this question, the chapter employs a benchmark comparison, using general EU competition law as a benchmark for an effectively enforced EU policy. It compares the current as well as the emerging institutional structure of EU energy market regulation with that of EU competition law, to assess the extent to which there is a ‘competition law-ization’ of energy market institutions. The chapter finds that the Third Package of 2009 created an institutional structure that shares a number of features with competition law, hence laying the grounds for an effective institutional structure. The new ‘Winter’ package unveiled in November 2016 builds on the institutional acquis. However, there are also new trends – in particular a shift to relying on tools that require more Member State co-operation with the Commission. This trend might limit the effectiveness of competition law-ization unless such co-operation concerns aspects that are complementary to the core subject matter of competition law.

Learning from the past

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a historical analysis of the disaster management structure, policies and institutions in Pakistan between 1947 and 2005, and highlights the contemporary challenges in view of the learning from the past.Design/methodology/approach– The paper uses a historic-integrative case study approach to disaster management and risk reduction policy, planning and practice. Qualitative data were collected through purposive sampling and a case study design was adopted. A broad range of actors was recruited as research participants. In total, 22 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted in relation to this study in six different districts of Pakistan to achieve insight into the role of different institutions and stakeholders.Findings– Overall, the post-colonial flood-centric policy framework and fragmented responsibilities of different disaster management institutions show the lack of an effective institutional structure for disaster management and mitigation in Pakistan, particularly at the local level. Until the event of the 2005 earthquake, policies heavily relied on attaining immediate and short-term goals of response and relief while ignoring the long-term objectives of strategic planning for prevention and preparedness as well as capacity building and empowerment of local institutions and communities.Practical implications– The analysis explains, in part, why disaster planning and management needs to be given due attention in the developing countries at different policy scales (from local to national) especially in the face of limited resources, and what measures should be taken to improve effectiveness at different phases of the disaster management cycle.Originality/value– The paper advances the importance of a historical case study approach to disaster management and mitigation. The empirical work provides original research evidence about the approaches to dealing with disasters in Pakistan and thus enriches existing knowledge of disaster management policy and planning about the country.

Study of the Development of Institutionalism in Electric-Power Industry

Object of research - the institutional environment of power industry. The article considers the institutional aspects of the development of the electric power industry. The undertaken large-scale transformations in the Russian electric power industry are not perfect yet. There should be conducted a tedious research and practical work on the creation of an effective institutional structure. The creation of electric power industry based on a new institutional structure will allow smoothing unstable condition of the national economy. Research methods: system and institutional approach, analysis and comparison of these various researches, use of empirical materials. The results show that, now in world economy it is necessary to pay attention to creation of the effective institutional environment of power. Institutional environment energy sphere is an integrated system of institutional support activities, development of human and social capital, industrial and economic growth. Reliability, quality, convenience, efficiency and availability of energy products and services, fast and cheap connection to power grids, the establishment of the institutional framework for consumers should be an important priority in the country's economic policy. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s2p562

Decentralisation and School Autonomy Impact on the Quality of Education: The Case of Two MENA Countries

An effective institutional structure is a crucial tool for having a highly functioning education system and consequently, economic growth and development. We analyse the effects of decentralisation and school autonomy on the quality of education in two MENA countries (Jordan and Tunisia), by using the OECD PISA 2009 database. Results reveal that decentralisation has a positive impact on the quality of education in some decision-making areas, whereas most autonomy related variables are not significant. Accordingly, schools with more autonomy management and facing more competition do not lead to different results than others, while (public) ownership is positively significant only in Tunisia. However, private funding and accountability measures are positively associated with student achievement.

Capacity and Constraint: Governance Through International and Transnational Law

Transboundary problems have provided serious challenges for states’ governance capacity for long. As a result, the modern state has not only begun to adapt its own administrative and regulatory structures; it has also come to rely increasingly on effective institutional structures for cooperation and governance on a regional and global scale. The classical instrument for international cooperation, international law, can only provide such structures under certain conditions and within strict limits. Governments have therefore turned to alternative forms of transnational ordering, which in some cases have indeed led to more effective decision-making – key among them formal international institutions, informal government networks, extraterritorial regulation, and links with private forms of regulation. However, all of these tools come with drawbacks – some are more effective than others, and the more they are effective, the more they tend to entail a loss of control for national governments, regulators and administrators. Domestic authorities have sought to readjust and develop new forms of influence in transnational regulatory contexts, some of them resulting in asymmetrical structures that increase the capacity of some countries’ institutions while constraining those of others. In this paper, I analyze the different forms of transnational law- and rule-making with respect to their varying impacts on, and links with, domestic governance institutions, and I place a particular focus on the most prominent example – the rise of informal institutions and transgovernmental networks in global regulation.

Institution Building for Macroeconomic and Financial Cooperation in East Asia

This paper discusses institution building for macroeconomic and financial cooperation in East Asia. The issues covered include the Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization (CMIM); the regional safety net mechanism that evolved from regional cooperation initiatives started after the 1997 financial crisis. A number of proposals are put forward to make the liquidity support role of the CMIM more effective. Other issues covered are regional economic surveillance; the role of the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic Research Office (AMRO), which will support CMIM; how AMRO may evolve to become the Asian Monetary Organization; and how the Finance Ministers’ process can be integrated with the Central Banks’ process to create a more effective institutional structure for the region. JEL codes: E02, E44, F33, F36, F55

The Albright-Cohen Report: From Realpolitik Fantasy to Realist Ethics

The Genocide Prevention Task Force’s Preventing Genocide: A Blueprint for U.S. Policy Makers (the Albright-Cohen Report) has been touted as a comprehensive proposal for significantly improving the United States’ response to genocide and other mass violence in foreign regions. The report recommends various new initiatives, committees and groups, procedures, and resource allocations to support this goal. It also calls for increased attention to genocide at every level of the US government, from the president on down. The assumption is that if our leaders and others in government take genocide more seriously as an ongoing threat, and if effective institutional structures, processes, and resources are put in place, these will be used to prevent or intervene against genocide and other mass atrocities. At its most basic level, the report seeks to change the practical details and conceptual elements of the United States’ relationship to genocide, from what the report presents as relative indifference to active, productive engagement.

Leadership And Conflict Management In Nigeria: Some Reflections

This paper examines the relationship between leadership and conflict management in Nigeria. Accepting the fact that conflict is an expected dynamics in modern society especially in plural societies, the paper tasks leadership on the quest for effective conflict management mechanism. However, the paper strikes a delicate balance between participatory leadership and conflict management using the Cohen and Uphoff's model of participation in development which penetrates a theoretical exposition of what kind of participation in leadership/governance; who participates?; and how the participation (quality) the ‘what' question is as important as the “Who” and “how” questions, as it illuminates how leadership is able to effectively mold consensus in a plural society to manage conflicts. It concludes by examining the effect of participatory leadership in building and sustaining effective institutional structure for conflict management. JORIND Vol. 4 (2) 2006: pp. 39-42

A városi térségek a közigazgatási struktúra és a „governance” keresztmetszetében

A városi térségek a fejlődés, a gazdasági növekedés fontos helyeiként ismét az Európai Unió és a nemzetállamok érdeklődésének homlokterébe kerültek. A globalizáció, a jóléti állam meggyengülése, a versenyképességi kihívások a városi vonzáskörzetek, agglomerációk és városhálózatok egységes térként való kezelése érdekében a kooperációhoz új intézményesülési formákat, új szereplőket és módszereket rendelnek. A városi térségek regionális dimenzióba kerültek, közös tervezési-fejlesztési tevékenység kereteivé váltak. S tapasztalható, nem szükségszerű megoldása a problémának a mélyreható intézményi változás vagy a fennálló közigazgatási szerkezet szétfeszítése, de sikeres kormányzás valósítható meg az urbánus terekben a „governance" alkalmazásával és hálózati struktúrák megteremtésével is.

Integrative strategies or functional interface?: Emerging trends in land administration in contemporary Enugu, Nigeria

Because of its historical antecedents, the bulk of land available for conversion from rural to urban uses in Enugu, Nigeria, is held by indigenous landowning communities. Customary tenure and land management practices have persisted in these communities at the same time as a market in land has developed. As urban growth pressures have mounted, the need for effective institutional structures to guide urban land management has become more pronounced. It is in this context that this paper analyses the roles of government and customary groups in delivering land for urban development. It finds that a close relationship has existed from an early stage between formal and informal land delivery and management processes in the city. These integrative strategies have blossomed over time into a functional interface characterised by mutual adaptation and accommodation. This interface gives some insight into what a pragmatic, innovative and effective approach to land administration might look like, not just in Enugu b...