Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Effect Research Articles

Production and biological activities of exopolysaccharides synthesized by thermophilic bacilli isolated from hot springs in Türkiye.

Thermophilic bacteria able to produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs) have become attractive in recent years. EPSs synthesized by thermophiles are worth investigating due to their unexplored structural and biological properties. In this study, EPSs from thermophilic, Gram-positive bacterial isolates were purified and tested for their biological activities. A total of one hundred seven thermophilic bacteria were screened for their ability to produce exopolysaccharides. Nine isolates belonging to Geobacillus, Parageobacillus, Aeribacillus, and Anoxybacillus genera with highest EPS production were chosen, and purified EPSs (20, 61, 74, 76, 78, 89, 106, 134, and 261) were used for biological activity studies. EPS yields of selected thermophilic bacteria ranged between 117 and 419mg/L. Among the tested EPSs, 61, 106, and 261 showed antibacterial effect against E. faecalis JH2-2 at a final concentration of 1.5mg/mL. EPS samples had significantantioxidant capacity, especially EPS 134, with the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity of 100% at a concentration of 5mg/mL and the strongest reducing power.EPS 20 showed the highest lipid peroxidation inhibition effect at a rate of 31%. EPSs displayed weak alpha-amylase inhibition activity when compared with standard acarbose. The prebiotic indices of EPSs 20, 61, 76, 89, 134, and 261 were found to be higher than that of inulin, a representative prebiotic carbohydrate for all tested lactic acid bacteria in the study. All examined EPSs inhibited the biofilms formed by various bacteria depending on the test strain. Results indicated that thermophilic EPSs had remarkable antioxidant, prebiotic, and antibiofilm activities. Therefore, EPSs characterized in this study may have technological applications in health and food fields.

Antioxidant, Anti-Lipid Peroxidation and Antimicrobial Effect of Heracleum persicum

This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect and antimicrobial properties of Heracleum persicum plant. DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl, 1-picrylhydrazyl) method was used to determine antioxidant activity, and the Folin method was used to determine total phenolic content. Disc diffusion method was applied to determine antimicrobial activity. In the study, the antioxidant activity value of H. persicum was determined as 5.36 mg mL-1, the total phenolic content was 20.84 mg GAE mL-1 and the total flavonoid content was 12.35 mg QE mL-1. The plant's inhibition against lipid peroxidation was measured as 3.63 mg mL-1. Its antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect against lipid peroxidation were lower than butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in both analyses (p

Nitrite scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects of solvent fractions from Phragmites communis rhizome extract

Nitrite scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects of solvent fractions from <i>Phragmites communis</i> rhizome extract

Chitosan과 9-Layer 고산소차단성필름을 활용한 진공저장환경에서 한우의 품질특성 변화

The effect of chitosan on the antibacterial effect, antioxidant, color, moisture content and pH of Hanwoo stored at 10°C was investigated. The packaging film used for packaging was checked for storability by utilizing 9-Layer multi layed packaging film to maintain quality during storage of Hanwoo. All concentrations of low-viscosity chitosan not showed very strong antibacterial effect on meat spoilage bacteria at all concentrations. In this studies, rather High viscosity chitosan showed a very strong effect at 0.1% or higher. The shelf life of Hanwoo soaked in 1% of high-viscosity chitosan was extended. In terms of lipid peroxidation, cuted Hanwoo exhibited a improved lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect at all concentrations of high-viscosity chitosan. In addition, redness of Hanwoo was also stably maintained in the evaluation of color difference. In Hanwoo treated with low-molecular and high-molecular chitosan, the moisture content during the entire storage period (12 days) showed a tendency to decrease slightly as the viscosity and concentration during storage increased. As a result, it was found that the treatment was effective at 1.0% in low-viscosity and high-viscosity chitosan for the characteristics of Hanwoo.

Green synthesis of nanosized N,N'-bis(1-naphthylidene)-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane and its metal (II) complexes and evaluation of their biological activity

Condensation of ecofriendly synthesized 4,4’-methanedianiline with 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde produced a (1:1) octopus-like Schiff base mixed ligand. Reaction with Co(OAc)2⋅H2O, NiCl2⋅6H2O, Cu(OAc)2⋅H2O and Zn(OAc)2⋅2H2O metals furnished their complexes in high yield and purity. All new structures were fully characterized by various spectroscopic and spectrometric measurements. The complexes exhibited high thermal stability up to 700 °C, leaving nearly 40% of their mass as residues. Antimicrobial screening results exhibited moderate activities towards all studied microbes. Antioxidant screening was concentration dependent, and their activities were in the order Ni(II) > Zn(II) > Cu(II) > Co(II) complexes. The NO inhibitory effect revealed that the nickel complex exhibited the highest activity, whereas the cobalt complex showed the lowest inhibition. All compounds showed a significant lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect against oxidative stress. The complexes significantly diminished the TBARS level, and the nickel complex exhibited the highest inhibition at p < 0.01. Antioxidants stress the oxidative damage induced by iron, indicating that the nickel complex has the highest reducing activity. The inhibitory effect against acetylcholine esterase showed that the copper complex has the highest activity. Membrane stabilization activities clearly indicated that most compounds can improve the integrity of the cells and stability of their membrane, and this result may be related to their antioxidant capacity to protect against cytotoxicity. The nickel complex exhibited a stronger total antioxidant capacity than the other complexes. The biological and antioxidant capacities of these complexes may make them promising candidates in pharmaceutical applications.

Mechanisms and inhibitors of ferroptosis in psoriasis.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that features localized or widespread erythema, papules, and scaling. It is common worldwide and may be distributed throughout the whole body. The pathogenesis of psoriasis is quite complex and the result of the interplay of genetic, environmental and immune factors. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent programmed death that is different from cell senescence, apoptosis, pyroptosis and other forms of cell death. Ferroptosis involves three core metabolites, iron, lipids, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and it is primarily driven by lipid peroxidation. Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) is an effective inhibitor of lipid peroxidation that inhibited the changes related to ferroptosis in erastin-treated keratinocytes and blocked inflammatory responses. Therefore, it has a certain effect on the treatment of psoriatic lesions. Although ferroptosis is closely associated with a variety of human diseases, such as inflammatory diseases, no review has focused on ferroptosis in psoriasis. This mini review primarily focused on the pathogenesis of psoriasis, the mechanisms of ferroptosis, the connection between ferroptosis and psoriasis and ferroptosis inhibitors in psoriasis treatment. We discussed recent research advances and perspectives on the relationship between ferroptosis and psoriasis.

Lignans and Other Compounds From the Roots of Pandanus tonkinensis and Their Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Activity

A new phenylpropane (1) and 9 known (2-10) compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of Pandanus tonkinensis roots. Their chemical structures were determined as (7 S)-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl-7,9-propanediol-1 -O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), isorhapontigenin (2), pinoresinol-4,4′-di -O-β-D-glucoside (3), isoeucommin A (4), pinoresinol-4′ -O-β-D-glucoside (5), acanthoside B (6), eucommin A (7), urolignoside (8), benzyl O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6) -β-D-glucopyranoside (9), and (6 S,9 S)-roseoside (10) by comprehensive analysis of high-resolution electron spray ionization mass spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data, as well as by comparison of their spectral data with those reported in the literature. In addition, the stereochemistry of 1 was successfully determined by both theoretical and calculated CD spectra. All the isolates were tested for their lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects by in vitro assay. Compounds 2-7 exhibited significantly lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 21.3 ± 1.7, 61.9 ± 3.9, 57.5 ± 5.5, 10.4 ± 0.7, 28.9 ± 0.3, 54.2 ± 3.5 µM, respectively, compared to that of the positive control, trolox (31.4 ± 2.2 µM).

Antioxidant activity of some organosulfur compounds in vitro

The medicinal properties of many natural plant products are related with the antioxidant action of their constituents- oligosulfides and polyphenols. To increase the effectiveness of the antioxidant effect in lipid peroxidation and for reducing of undesirable toxic effects the combination in one molecule of several functional groups that act by various mechanisms seems one profitable. The goal of present study was to determine the antioxidant properties of synthetic sterically hindered 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-mercaptophenol (1), bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)disulfide (2) in comparison with disulfides containing in plant products: diphenyl disulfide (3), dibenzyl disulfide (4), dibutyl disulfide (5), di-tert-butyl disulfide (6), diallyl disulfide (7), methyl propyl trisulfide (8). Antioxidant properties were investigated by various assays including DPPH radical scavenging, Cu2+ ion reduction (CUPRAC-test), model reactions of peroxidation of cis-9-octadecenoic (oleic) acid and lipids from the liver of Russian sturgeon in vitro as well as metal chelating activity. It was found that bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) disulfide demonstrated both high DPPH radical scavenging activity and TEACCUPRAC value and significantly decreased the level of primary products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) - lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) as well as secondary products - carbonyl compounds which form colored complexes with thiobarbituric acid (TBARS). All sulfur compounds demonstrated the inhibitory activity in oleic acid peroxidation except dibutyl disulfide. The maximum decrease of LOOH and TBARS in lipid peroxidation was detected for bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) disulfide. In the case of long-term LPO of liver lipids the antioxidant activity of all sulfur-containing compounds except diphenyl disulfide that exhibit pro-oxidant activity was ascertained. The efficiency of the antioxidant action of most compounds was decreased with time. Compound 2 was the only exception for which the increase in the efficiency of antioxidant action over time was discovered due to the presence of both 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol- and -S-S- fragments providing the prolonged antioxidant action. The high antioxidant efficiency let one to consider compound 2 for practical use as an effective inhibitor of lipid peroxidation in biological substrates and cytoprotector.

Antioxidant, Anti-tyrosinase, Anti-α-amylase, and Cytotoxic Potentials of the Invasive Weed Andropogon virginicus.

Andropogon virginicus is an invasive weed that seriously threatens agricultural production and economics worldwide. In this research, dried aerial parts of A. virginicus were extracted, applying Soxhlet and liquid-liquid phase methods to acquire the total crude (T-Anvi), hexane (H-Anvi), ethyl acetate (E-Anvi), butanol (B-Anvi), and water (W-Anvi) extracts, respectively. In which, T-Anvi contains the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents (24.80 mg gallic acid and 37.40 mg rutin equivalents per g dry weight, respectively). Via anti-radical (ABTS and DPPH), and reducing power assays, E-Anvi exhibits the most potent activities (IC50 = 13.96, 43.59 and 124.11 µg/mL, respectively), stronger than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a standard antioxidant, while the lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect of E-Anvi (LPI = 90.85% at the concentration of 500 µg/mL) is close to BHT. E-Anvi shows the most substantial inhibition (IC50 = 2.58 mg/mL) on tyrosinase. Notably, α-amylase is significantly suppressed by H-Anvi (IC50 = 0.72 mg/mL), over twice stronger than the positive control, palmitic acid. In the cytotoxic assay, E-Anvi is the strongest extract inhibiting K562 cells (IC50 = 112.01 µg/mL). Meanwhile, T-Anvi shows the highest prevention on Meg-01 expansion (IC50 = 91.40 µg/mL). Dominant compounds detected in E-Anvi by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) are identified as flavonoids. However, among four major compounds identified in H-Anvi by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), palmitic acid and phytol are the most abundant compounds with peak areas of 27.97% and 16.42%, respectively. In essence, this is the first report describing that A. virginicus is a potential natural source of antioxidants, tyrosinase and α-amylase inhibitors, and anti-chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) agents which may be useful in future therapeutics as promising alternative medicines.

울릉도산 식물의 HepG2 세포에서 지질 축적 및 산화 스트레스 개선 효과

Oxidative stress can directly damage lipids, proteins, and DNA, which promotes the progression from steatosis to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This study aimed to determine the antioxidative effects of Campanula takesimana Nakai, Ilex integra THUNB., Indigofera pseudotinctoria Matsum., Rubus takesimensis Nakai, and Tsuga sieboldii from Ulleung Island and their ability to inhibit lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. The total phenolics (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents of extracts of the five plants were determined, and their antioxidative activities were analyzed using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability, Fe2+ reducing capacity (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and thiobarbituric acid assays. Lipid accumulation was evaluated by Oil Red O staining and intracellular triglyceride (TG) assays. Rubus takesimensis Nakai had the highest TPC among the five plants. The antioxidant activity of R. Nakai was DPPH (IC50=0.30 mg/mL), ABTS (IC50=0.33 mg/mL), FRAP (318.61 μmol FeSO4/g), and ORAC (1.74 μmol TE/g). The lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect of R. Nakai was reduced to 52.51% at 1 mg/mL. Incubating HepG2 cells with extracts of the five plants reduced lipid and TG accumulation by &gt;50%, and inhibited lipid peroxidation by ~19%. These results provided evidence for the development of functional foods based on these five plants from Ulleung Island, due to their antioxidant activities and ability to reduce lipid accumulation.

Garcinia kola extract (kolaviron) delays accelerated oxidation of linoleic acid

Accelerated lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects of garcinia kola extract (kolaviron) on linoleic acid was experimented. Linoleic acid was oxidized at 60 0C in the dark for 14 days in the absence and presence of garcinia kola extract (kolaviron) 0.025%, 0.05% and 0.1% as compared with α-tocopherol. The peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and p-anisidine value were determined. Garcinia kola extract (kolaviron) significantly (p

Consumption of the Syrian mesquite plant (Prosopis farcta) fruit and seed lyophilized extracts may have both protective and toxic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats

The aim of study was to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from dried Prosopis farcta fruit and seeds against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. According to the results, glucose, haemoglobin A1c, α-glycosidase activity, liver and kidney damage biomarkers, and malondialdehyde contents of all of the diabetic groups were found to have increased significantly according to the control group. Furthermore, the insulin and C-peptide secretions increased, and liver malondialdehyde level decreased, which were determined as the result of fluctuations in the antioxidant enzyme activities with a dose of 400 mg/kg fruit extract, while seed extract dosages of 100 and 400 mg/kg caused an increase in hepatic demage biomarkers. It was concluded that fruit extract may have insulin secretion stimulating and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects, whereas seed extract might have caused hepatocyte damage changes to the transport functions and membrane permeability of these cells, thus causing enzymes to leak.

Effect of temperature on chemical properties and antioxidant activities of abalone viscera subcritical water extract

The effect of temperature on the main components and antioxidant activities of abalone viscera subcritical water extract (AVSWE) was investigated. With the increase in temperature from 110 °C to 230 °C, the protein content in AVSWE increased from 57.4% to 68.5%, while the carbohydrate content decreased from 17.9% to 0.8%. The highest percentage of 1000–5000 Da peptide fraction and total essential amino acid content was found in the AVSWE extracted at 170 °C. The transformation rate of arsenobetaine into dimethylarsinic acid in AVSWE increased dramatically with the increase subcritical water temperature from 170 °C to 200 °C. The results of DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition effect showed that AVSWE with the highest antioxidant activities was extracted at 170 °C. However, the subcritical water temperature for AVSWE extraction should not exceed 140 °C according to arsenic speciation.

Ganoderma lucidumas a cosmeceutical: Antiradical potential and inhibitory effect on hyperpigmentation and skin extracellular matrix degradation enzymes

Three different polysaccharide extracts of a wild European source of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum were screened for their free radical-blocking potential, which could strengthen the skin?s barrier function, and provide a skinlightening effect via potential inhibition of tyrosinase. The anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities, which can help to restore skin elasticity and tensile strength, were also evaluated for the three extracts. Carbohydrates were the most abundant components of the extracts, followed by smaller quantities of proteins, phenols and flavonoids. The glucan fraction represented between 48% and 61% of carbohydrate content in all three extracts. None of the analyzed extracts showed overt toxicity to spontaneously-transformed immortal human keratinocytes (HaCaT) at concentrations up to 2 mg/mL, and displayed superior scavenging ability on 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The hot water crude polysaccharide extract (HWCP) and partially purified fraction (HWPP) were found to be effective inhibitors of lipid peroxidation (LPx), with an almost two-fold increased inhibition of LPx compared with ascorbic acid (EC50=1.65?}0.08 mg/mL), a common additive in cosmeceutical formulations and used at mg levels. Among the investigated extracts, HWCP showed the strongest inhibition potential on tyrosinase and skin extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation enzymes. These diverse functionalities indicate that G. lucidum may represent a promising source of natural cosmeceutical ingredients.

Characterization of Polysaccharides with Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities from the Edible Mushroom Oudemansiella radicata.

The preliminary structure, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activities of water-soluble polysaccharides (ORWP) and alkali-soluble polysaccharides (ORAP), prepared from the mushroom Oudemansiella radicata, were investigated. Both ORWP and ORAP were heteropolysaccharides with mannose, glucose and galactose being the main monosaccharide components. Regarding the antioxidant activities, ORWP and ORAP showed effective 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects, as well as moderate reducing power and Fe2+ chelating activity. For the hepatoprotective activity, administration of ORWP and ORAP prevented the increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in a carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage model, suppressed hepatic malondialdehyde formation and stimulated the activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Thus, we speculate that ORWP and ORAP may protect the liver from CCl4-induced hepatic damage via antioxidant mechanisms.

In vitro antioxidative and cholinesterase inhibitory properties of Thunbergia grandiflora leaf extract

AbstractAmong the pathologic hypotheses of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), cholinergic deficit and oxidative stress have been implicated as two major hallmarks. Therefore, inhibition of cholinesterase and oxidation are the two promising strategies in the development of a drug for AD. Thunbergia grandiflora leaf extract (TGEx) is used in this research to investigate its anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials. Anticholinesterase activity was measured by modified Ellman method. Antioxidant potentials were evaluated by the assay of reducing power, radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The Methanolic extract showed strong anticholinesterase effect. Additionally, the extract exhibited pronounced reducing capacity, radical scavenging ability, and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect. The IC50 values of the extract for DPPH and hydroxyl free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation were 10.50 ± 0.68, 24.98 ± 1.39 and 21.84 ± 0.91 μg/ml, respectively. Phytochemical screening of the extract rev...

Characterization of Microwave Extracted Essential Oil from Taxus cuspidata Stem and Determination of Its Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities

This study was outlined to probe chemical composition, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Taxus cuspidata stem essential oil (TCEO) using different antioxidant models followed by determination of its total phenolic content. The TCEO was obtained by hydrodistillation of stem material using a microwave-assisted extraction technique. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis of the TCEO resulted in the determination of 87 different compounds, representing 92.3% of total oil. The oil contained monoand sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoand sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, phenolics, hydroxy derivatives, steroids, indole derivatives, and fatty acids as its major constituents. The TCEO showed antioxidant capacity as the inhibition of DPPH radical by 92.8%. Also the TCEO had potent inhibitory effect on nitric oxide, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals by 80.0%, 71.7%, and 73.7%, respectively. Moreover, the TCEO displayed concentration-dependent reducing power ability and remarkable ferric ion-induced lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect in bovine brain extract. In addition, the TCEO yielded 6.5 ± 0.5 mg GAE/g sample equivalent phenolic content. These findings confirm the biological efficacy of T. cuspidata stem as a potential source of natural antioxidant.

In vitro neuroprotective potentials of aqueous and methanol extracts from Heinsia crinita leaves

This study was designed to determine the neuroprotective potentials of aqueous and methanol extracts from Heinsia crinita leaves in vitro. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined using colorimetric method while phenolic characterization of the leaf was analyzed via high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The effects of the extracts on Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in rats’ brain homogenate, monoamine oxidase (MAO), Na+/K+-ATPase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities were also assessed. The aqueous extract had higher total phenol and flavonoid contents than the methanol extract. HPLC-DAD revealed that quercetin ellagic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids were the most abundant phenolic compounds in the leaves. The aqueous extract had higher inhibitory effects on MAO, AChE and BChE activities while there was no significant difference between their Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects. Furthermore, both extracts stimulated Na+/K+-ATPase activity; however, methanol extract had higher stimulatory effect. The neuroprotective properties of H. crinita leaves could be associated with its inhibitory effects on Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation and modulation of MAO, Na+/K+-ATPase, AChE, and BChE activities. Therefore, H. crinita leaves could be used as a functional food and dietary intervention for the management of some neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, the aqueous extracts exhibited better neuroprotective properties.

Protective effects of Nymphaea lotus Linn. (Nymphaeaceae) aqueous extract against chronic unpredictable mild stress induced testicular lipid peroxidation

Stress has been associated with various diseases such as harms the heart system, nervous system, affect the level of hormone, but also morphology and function of testis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate protective properties of Nymphaea lotus ( N. lotus ), against deleterious effects induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress (CMS) on testes of albino male rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into five groups as one non-stressed group and four stressed groups (n = 5 in each group). The stressed groups were exposed to 14 days of CMS, receiving concomitantly and respectively, distilled water (10 mL/kg), Yohimbine (2 mg/kg) and N. lotus at the level of 75 and 200 mg/kg. The reproductive organs weight, oxidative stress markers, and histoarchitecture of the testis were examined. Exposition to CMS to the male rats caused no significant changes in the relative weight of testis, but affects its histoarchitecture, that is preserved in stressed rats treated with N. lotus . Further CMS significantly declined the amount of Nitrites (P<0.05), GSH (P<0.05) and SOD (P<0.001) levels and increase up to 16.25% the level of testicular lipid peroxidation when compared to unstressed rats. N. lotus at the both doses significantly reduced (P<0.001 for 75 mg/kg and P<0.01 for 200 mg/kg) MDA levels in comparison to stressed rats, suggesting an lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect of our plant. The unpredictable chronic mild stress paradigm used in our study enhanced oxidative stress in testis and causes histological damages that N. lotus treatment significantly minimize.

Synthesis, electronic properties, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of some new benzimidazoles

Two groups of benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized using as precursors 5(6)-substituted 2-mercapto-benzimidazol-thiols and their antioxidant activity was investigated using TBA–MDA test.In the group of 1,3-disubstituted-benzimidazol-2-imines the highest lipid peroxidation inhibition effect 74.04% (IC50=141.89μg/mL) revealed ethyl [3-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-2-imino-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimdazol-1-yl]acetate 12 while in the group of 2-substituted-1,3-thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazolones the highest inhibition effect showed 2-(4-fluorobenzylidene)-7-(phenylcarbonyl)[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazol-3(2H)-one 17 90.76% (IC50=53.70μg/mL). In order to estimate the capability of the studied benzimidazoles to act as radical scavengers the structure of the most active derivative within the both subseries was optimized at B3LYP/6-311++G∗∗ level and the respective bond dissociation enthalpies were calculated. The appropriate models for the HAT and SET-mechanism of the antioxidant activity were proposed.The antibacterial activity of the compounds was evaluated against two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538) and three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Salmonella abony NCTC 6017). 1,3-Diphenylpropyl-5-methyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-imine 14 exhibited significant activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. abony and E. coli (with MIC values of 0.125, 0.016, 0.50 and 0.50mg/mL, respectively). The group of thiazolobenzimidazolones did not reveal antibacterial activity against the tested strains.