Effective Information Management Research Articles

Analysis and Design of Disease Diagnosis Systems and Patient Medicine Recommendations with Forward Chaining Method

Technological developments have had a significant impact on many aspects of life, one of which is patient care in hospitals. Apart from using technology in patient care, technology also provides access to effective and efficient information storage and management to record patient data for treatment purposes. In outpatient services at hospitals, there are often complaints from employees regarding the health recording system which is less than optimal. Therefore, a system that manages disease diagnoses and patient treatment recommendations is something that needs to be developed, with the hope of speeding up the performance of medical personnel, so that they can help more patients who need help. The application system design aims to help manage information related to disease diagnosis and patient drug recommendations, where this system uses Forward Chaining to assist users in identifying diseases and prescribing drugs according to the diagnosis the patient is complaining about. By using the Forward Chaining methodology, medical personnel are able to obtain patient diagnosis results more quickly. The result is an application that can help medical personnel in serving outpatients from registration, examination, to exchanging medicines. This application has been tested using black-box testing involving several respondents, where respondents can feel that this application works well and helps hospital staff in examining patients.

Pengaruh Kualitas Informasi Keuangan Terhadap Kinerja UMKM Di Kota Bandar Lampung

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are a crucial sector in economic growth. However, they often face challenges in financial management, including accurate and reliable financial reporting. Based on a research activity, it was found that a significant portion of MSMEs do not regularly manage and present financial information. This is attributed to several issues encountered by MSMEs. The main identified problem is the limitation of competent human resources. Most MSMEs lack adequate financial experts. Additionally, some MSMEs face issues such as a lack of understanding of proper financial recording for informed business decision-making. Constraints in time and knowledge of financial management also hinder effective financial information management. This research was conducted on MSMEs located in Bandar Lampung. The sampling technique employed was purposive sampling, in which the researcher specified certain criteria to filter an appropriate sample size deemed relevant to the research objectives. A questionnaire was utilized as a research tool, employing the Structural Equation Model (SEM) for data analysis, including outer model and inner model testing. The research findings indicate that the quality of financial information positively influences the performance of MSMEs in Bandar Lampung.

Management of the intellectual capital of the enterprise in times of great changes

Intellectual capital is an important element of forming the competitiveness of economic systems at all levels of management. Intellectual capital is a concept that indicates the importance of knowledge, intellectual resources and skills to achieve success in various phenomena. This includes all intangible assets that are delivered to organizations or individuals. The paper shows that the correct management of intellectual capital allows to improve technical and economic results and to compete decently in a certain segment of the market in unstable conditions. Management of intellectual capital of enterprises is reduced to effective management of data, information and intellectual tasks of the organization. This includes creating, using, protecting and maximizing the value of intellectual assets such as patents, brands, know-how, technology and of course human capital. Stimulating the creative potential of employees, active use of information and analytics for decision-making, as well as effective management of the situation within the organization helps to create a sustainable competitive advantage and promote innovation. The use of special knowledge and practical skills, the use of scientific discoveries has a positive effect on the expansion of innovative developments within the enterprise and increases the overall level of competitiveness. The concept of "intellectual capital" is considered as the acquisition of new knowledge, skills and experience that ensure the economic sustainability of the enterprise. On the basis of the studied material, management principles are highlighted regarding the movement of intellectual capital and its components during the economic instability of the functioning of enterprises. The priority directions for improving the intellectual capital management of the enterprise in conditions of strategic changes are formulated.

Development and talent management in the hr management system

An exhaustive review of strategies, methods and practices related to talent management in organizations is presented. It analyzes modern approaches to attracting, developing and retaining talented employees, and also explores key problems, challenges and trends in this area. The importance of talent management and its role in creating a competitive advantage for organizations is reviewed. Various methods of attracting talent are considered, including active search and recruitment of candidates, the use of network resources and social media, as well as building an effective employer brand. Special attention is paid to the development of talents. Learning and development strategies are analyzed, including formal training programs, mentoring, coaching and online training. Methods of assessing the potential and productivity of employees, as well as ways to develop individual development plans and career growth are also considered. An important aspect is talent retention. Strategies for creating a favorable corporate culture, developing reward and incentive systems, as well as providing a variety of opportunities for professional and personal growth are considered. Special attention is paid to maintaining motivation and effective management of career expectations of talented employees. The challenges faced by organizations in the field of talent development and management, such as globalization, rapidly changing technologies and changing expectations of the younger generation of employees, are discussed. Trends are also discussed, including the development of flexible forms of work and the use of data analytics for decision-making in the field of talent management. This paper presents a complete and comprehensive study of the topic, offering readers extensive information and recommendations for effective talent management in a modern organization.

Constraints in Organizations of Agricultural Knowledge Creation, Information Management and Technology Delivery System in Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study was conducted to delineate the various constraints faced by the institutions doing agricultural knowledge, information management, and technology delivery. The Bundelkhand Region of U.P. was purposively chosen for this study because of the presence of major institutes such as the Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute (IGFRI), Central Agroforestry Research Institute and agricultural universities located in Banda and Jhansi, ICAR KVKs, state government line departments, ATMA and many related NGOs. Secondary data were collected through the study of extant literature. Identified major constraints were sorted out with the help of experts. Primary data was collected from officials of every organization through direct personal interviews and focussed group discussions. The total sample size was 50. The constraints were grouped into three categories; that is, constraints in knowledge creation, information management, and technology delivery. Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) method was used to quantify the responses, in order to establish the major constraints with severe effects. Findings revealed there is a need for knowledge experts to periodically train the work-force of the sampled organizations to update the skill of the scientists. Such up scaling of employees’ knowledge would increase digitalization, improve effective management of information; enhance coordination among different organizations while reducing duplicative efforts or misplaced efforts.

A novel approach to estimate the weight of food items based on features extracted from an image using boosting algorithms

Managing daily nutrition is a prominent concern among individuals in contemporary society. The advancement of dietary assessment systems and applications utilizing images has facilitated the effective management of individuals' nutritional information and dietary habits over time. The determination of food weight or volume is a vital part in these systems for assessing food quantities and nutritional information. This study presents a novel methodology for evaluating the weight of food by utilizing extracted features from images and training them through advanced boosting regression algorithms. Α unique dataset of 23,052 annotated food images of Mediterranean cuisine, including 226 different dishes with a reference object placed next to the dish, was used to train the proposed pipeline. Then, using extracted features from the annotated images, such as food area, reference object area, food id, food category, and food weight, we built a dataframe with 24,996 records. Finally, we trained the weight estimation model by applying cross validation, hyperparameter tuning, and boosting regression algorithms such as XGBoost, CatBoost, and LightGBM. Between the predicted and actual weight values for each food in the proposed dataset, the proposed model achieves a mean weight absolute error 3.93 g, a mean absolute percentage error 3.73% and a root mean square error 6.05 g for the 226 food items of the Mediterranean Greek Food database (MedGRFood), setting new perspectives in food image-based weight and nutrition estimate models and systems.

Management Information System in Public Service: A Review of Literature

This research aims to present the implications of management information systems in public services through literature review analysis. The method used in this research is to use a descriptive qualitative method which refers to a literature review study, where the author conducted research by analyzing various literature sources that discuss the same topic, starting from scientific journal articles, books, various other relevant literature to be used. reference. The results of this research show that management information systems have an important role in producing quality public services. Through an optimal and effective management information system, it will indirectly influence the realization of quality public services in an organization.

Provenance Analysis of Yellow River Terraces Highlights Causes of Siltation and Natural Hazards in the North China Plain

AbstractThe avulsion and overflow of river courses during floods, a result of channel siltation above the alluvial plain, is a cause of major natural disasters, including huge property damage and destruction of farmlands. The most sensitive to such risks is the very densely populated area of the Yellow River lower reaches, one of China's most important grain‐producing regions. Problems caused by excessive siltation are a critical issue that should be addressed with full knowledge of sediment‐generation processes, and provenance studies are essential to provide fundamental information for effective environmental management. The Sanmen Gorge is the key region where the great sediment mass produced upstream is conveyed from the middle reaches of the Yellow River to its lower reaches. This study of the terrace sequence exposed along the Sanmen Gorge combines geomorphological observations and provenance analysis based on U‐Pb zircon geochronology and heavy minerals to provide a history of sediment transport through time. The combination of previous research and the outcome of the present study demonstrate that before the Yellow River was formed as an integrated sediment‐routing system, sediments fed into the North China Plain were largely derived from local sources. Instead, after the formation of the Sanmen Gorge, huge quantities of sediment, also derived from the Qinling mountains and stored in the Fenwei basin, were flushed into the North China lowlands by the Yellow River. Such an event took place at 1.2 Ma and has since then impacted severely on floodplain landscape and eventually profoundly affected human activities in the region.

Analisis Kebutuhan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia Di Kabupaten Bandung

Civil Servants (CS) are still often associated with negative views such as corruption, collusion, nepotism, lack of discipline, lack of competence, lengthy bureaucracy, and inefficiency. Several factors are suspected of having an influence on the performance of civil servants, including education and training, discussing the study of the Development Analysis of Technical Human Resources for General Administration of CS Groups II and III. The research method used is an associative method with a quantitative approach. The research sample consisted of 113 people who were determined using a disproportionate stratified random sampling technique based on educational level strata. The conclusion of this study is that the general administration competence of civil servants class II and III needs to be improved through educational and training interventions (training) as well as non-training interventions. This study identifies the competencies that need to be mastered by CS class II and III and provides suggestions for the Regional Government of Bandung Regency to improve the performance of civil servant general administration. Competency enhancement can be carried out through relevant technical training, such as effective communication, information management, problem solving, computer applications, and effective team building. In addition, non-training interventions such as monitoring the implementation of organizational strategic plans, fostering conducive working relationships, and encouraging a spirit of learning are also needed.

Market share improvement strategy formulation through application digital platform in Sharia Bank of Indonesia

The digital platform brings changes in the competitive advantage-building strategy for companies. In this regard, digital platforms have a crucial role in providing added value to companies by providing opportunities to improve effective information management. The research aims to determine the utilization of the digital platform of Bank Syariah Indonesia in improving market share and know the strategy of Bank Syariah Indonesia in improving market share through the utilization of the digital platform. This research method is a qualitative-research using SWOT analysis. The results of this study indicate that the utilization of the digital platform Bank Syariah Indonesia in improving market share with ease in opening an account online, digital service improvement, convenience and accessibility, cost efficiency and operational benefits, enhanced customer experience, increased customer base and market reach, increased security and improved BSI performance. Bank Syariah Indonesia's strategy for increasing market share through the utilization of digital platform based on swot analysis there are 20 alternative strategies that can be carried out namely 5 (five), SO Strategy (Strengths-Opportunities), 5 (four) WO strategies (Weaknesses-Opportunities), 5 (five) ST Strategy (Strengths-Threats) and 5 (five) WT Strategies (Weaknesses-Threats).

Stepping Toward Business Excellence: Building an Integrated and Efficient Enterprise Architecture System

In today's digital era, businesses face increasingly complex challenges. To achieve business excellence, organizations need to build integrated and efficient systems. Enterprise architecture (EA) is a comprehensive approach to designing and managing information technology and business structures in organizations. This journal aims to investigate the importance of building an integrated and efficient EA in achieving business excellence. We use a research methodology approach to analyze case studies and results related to EA implementation in several organizations. Our findings show that an integrated and efficient EA can provide benefits such as improved operational efficiency, cost savings, increased flexibility, and better decision-making. In this journal, we describe the methods used in building EAs, the results of EA implementation in organizations, and a discussion of the implications and resulting benefits. We conclude that building an integrated and efficient EA is an important step for organizations that want to achieve business excellence. An integrated and efficient EA in achieving business excellence. An integrated EA involves a comprehensive planning and design process, integration of systems and applications, effective data and information management, and necessary organizational changes. An integrated and efficient EA implementation can provide a number of benefits to an organization, including improved operational efficiency, reduced costs, increased visibility and accessibility of information, and better decision-making. However, the challenges and complexities associated with EA implementation need to be addressed through a holistic approach, stakeholder engagement, effective communication, and proactive change management.

Characterization, phylogeny and pathogenicity of Fusarium solani causing quinoa basal stem rot in Shanxi Province, China

AbstractA new emerging disease of quinoa, quinoa basal stem rot (QBSR), has been recorded in Shanxi Province, China. Observed during the inflorescence emergence stage, the pathogen causes wilting, foliar chlorosis, leaf abscission and eventual death of quinoa. In this study, isolates were identified as Fusarium solani using morphology, molecular and phylogenetic analysis (using sequences of calmodulin, rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, RNA polymerase II B‐subunits RPB1 RPB1 and RPB2 RPB2, and translation elongation factor 1‐α), and pathogenicity analysis. Twenty‐seven isolates were classified into two different groups according to their morphological characteristics, and the mycelial growth rate of Group 2 was higher than that of Group 1 on six different media. The optimum growth temperature for both groups was 30°C and the highest mycelial growth rates were 9.2 and 10.0 mm/day, for Groups 1 and 2, respectively. The sporodochial conidia (SC) and aerial conidia (AC) germinated normally at 15–25°C and 10–40°C, respectively, and the width of SC and AC germ tubes were 1.4 and 2.2 μm. The lethal temperature for AC was 51°C for 20 min, and SC stopped germinating at 45°C. Pathogenicity tests of representative isolates showed that mycelia or conidia caused typical symptoms of QBSR on wounded basal stems of Chenopodium quinoa at 6 days postinoculation. The optimum temperature for the onset of QBSR was 30°C for both groups of isolates, and lesion lengths ranged from 5.4 to 5.9 cm. Knowledge of this pathogen will provide useful information for effective disease management to prevent its spread.

The use of GIS in renewable energy specialist’s learning

In recent years, the global trend has been to gradually shift from traditional energy sources to renewable ones, with the aim of improving the environment and preventing climate change. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are technologies that enhance the efficiency of these renewable energy resources (RER). Modern GIS provides a wide range of functionalities for the entire decision-making process. For instance, in solar power generation, GIS can address challenges such as remote monitoring of sites designated for solar power plants and evaluating their suitability. It also enables effective management of information on station operations, real-time electricity production and distribution, and planning and management of energy production resources. As GIS continues to evolve, scientists and energy professionals are discovering more applications in the RER field. However, it’s crucial to focus on training highly skilled specialists in RER to ensure GIS becomes a truly effective management tool in their professional activities. Research indicates that most student training programs in RER worldwide do not sufficiently cover GIS studies, particularly open-source software. To address this gap, the authors have developed a targeted plan for incorporating GIS into RER specialist training. The goal of this course is to familiarize future engineers with the theoretical, methodological, and technological foundations of GIS creation and operation. It also aims to help students understand the general principles of operation and acquire practical skills in using GIS to solve applied problems. The authors emphasize the importance of laboratory work, particularly using SagaGIS, to develop skills in working with raster and vector images, geospatial data analysis and decision-making, working with cartographic models and remote sensing data, and applying geoinformation methods to create structural, parametric, and thematic digital maps. The authors suggest using open GIS in training to facilitate a quality understanding for future RER specialists on the processes of creating, operating, and using GIS for real-world applications.

RIVERINE LITTER ASSESSMENT AND RECYCLING POTENTIAL ALONG SUNGAI KELANTAN AT KAMPUNG PASIR ERA, KELANTAN, MALAYSIA

Nowadays in Malaysia, riverine litter has become a major environmental problem. Knowledge of solid waste generation, composition and recyclability is necessary for accurate decision making in the management strategy of municipal solid waste. This study is conducted to assess riverine litter and its recycling potential along Sungai Kelantan at Kampung Pasir Era Kelantan. The objectives are to determine the generation and composition of riverine litter and to evaluate the recycling potential of the litter. The waste samples are collected over a 14-day period at three different zones within the study area. Through quantification method, composition, proportion and the average daily total weight of the litter were determined. Findings show that the total weight of waste collected for all zones throughout the 14 days operation was found to be 70.912 kg out of which the upper-bank generated 25.9 kg. The result also shows that plastic has the highest contribution to riverine litter with 68.20%. Additionally, estimated revenue from potentially recyclable litter generated in 14 days was RM33.96. This study provides the local authority and relevant agencies with baseline information for effective management of riverine litter based on recycling potentials.

Multiphysics-informed DeepONet of a lithium-ion battery to predict thermal runaway

This study proposes a multiphysics-informed deep operator network (MPI-DeepONet) to predict the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) under a variety of thermal operational and abuse conditions. Specifically, this study aims to address the functional mapping from a heating curve to predict the evolution of the temperature of a LIB and dimensionless concentration of dominant components of the LIB including an anode, cathode, electrolyte, and solid electrolyte interphase. The proposed method has two key characteristics. First, the MPI-DeepONet is supervised by using ordinary and partial differential equations, which govern highly complex and nonlinear phenomena of thermal runaway of a LIB, including the chemical reaction degradation of the dominant four components and thermodynamics. This feature enables to train of the proposed neural network with a small amount of data available, suggesting that the proposed neural network is accurate and robust even though the proposed method is trained even with limited data. Second, the proposed neural network is trained with the data that is generated from high-fidelity finite element analysis under a variety of thermal operational and abuse conditions because measurements for the thermal runaway of a LIB are limitedly available. Hence, the MPIDeepONet does not require actual measurements, which is extremely difficult in field experiments. Finally, the accuracy and robustness of the proposed architecture are verified through actual measurements and other scenarios, which are different from the data trained. The analysis of results reveals that the MPI-DeepONet secures higher accuracy and robustness than purely data-driven DeepONet. The proposed surrogate model, which is faster than existing surrogate models, suggesting that this model contributes to developing a digital twin model of a LIB, which can be deployed on a battery thermal management system and provides sufficient information for effective power and energy management.

Enabling Resiliency Through Outage Management and Data-Driven Real-Time Aggregated DERs

The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) has revolutionized the power distribution grids, transitioning them into a decentralized mode. While DERs bring numerous advantages, they also introduce the complexity and uncertainties to the distribution system operation, necessitating adaptable operational strategies to enhance system resilience. This paper presents a pioneering approach that exploits the load and DERs in outage managements to enhance the distribution grid restoration. The proposed network equivalent model aggregates DERs and loads, preserving controllability information for effective real-time system outage management and restoration. A data-driven load model that combines an artificial neural network-based short-term load forecasting model and a delay exponential cold load pickup (CLPU) model is developed to compute the reliable safety margin for restoration and pick up the maximum number of loads during the restoration. Furthermore, an optimal restoration strategy is presented, encompassing restored network topology, controllable utility loads, and DERs set-point determination.

Enhancing Company Productivity through Information Sharing in Supply Chain Implementation

The lack of accuracy and slow information flow within the supply chain poses significant challenges to the sustainability of the manufacturing process. Effective information management is essential for enhancing supply chain competitiveness, encompassing increased product yield, improved product quality, cost reduction, and enhanced productivity for quicker product distribution. This research investigates the impact of information sharing on supply chain management to bolster company productivity. Additionally, it delves into the detrimental consequences of insufficient information sharing and offers solutions to ensure efficient information exchange within the organization. To achieve these research objectives, we employ a quantitative approach utilizing the Structural Equation Model (SEM)-Amos and six questionnaire variables: information sharing, information quality, information technology, supply chain management implementation, productivity, and customer satisfaction. Our findings underscore the adverse effects of limited information sharing on supply chain management performance, leading to reduced productivity. The enhancement of supply chain management hinges on effective and transparent information sharing, facilitated by disseminating clear and sustainable information throughout the company. Furthermore, ensuring employees understand supply chain management practices comprehensively is crucial. These measures are poised to contribute to increased productivity and the achievement of customer satisfaction goals.

Emergence and Prevalence of an African Swine Fever Virus Variant in Wild Boar Populations in South Korea from 2019 to 2022.

African swine fever (ASF), a viral disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is associated with high mortality rates in domestic pigs and wild boars. ASF has been spreading since its discovery in wild boars in Korea in October 2019. Genomic analyses have provided insights into the genetic diversity of the ASFV isolated from various regions, enabling a better understanding of the virus origin and transmission patterns. We conducted a genome analysis to evaluate the diversity and mutations of ASFV spreading among wild boars in Korea during 2019-2022. We compared the genomes of ASFV strains isolated from Korean wild boars and publicly available ASFV genomes. Genomic analysis revealed several single-nucleotide polymorphisms within multigene families (MGFs) 360-1La and 360-4L in Korean ASFV. MGF 360-1La and 360-4L variations were not observed in other ASFV strains, including those of genotype II. Finally, we partially analyzed MGFs 360-1La and 360-4L in ASFV-positive samples between 2019 and 2022, confirming the geographical distribution of the variants. Our findings can help identify new genetic markers for epidemiological ASFV analysis and provide essential information for effective disease management.

Assessing Meteorological and Anthropogenic Factors on Streamflow Trends in the Ramganga River Basin in North India

The analysis of stream flow trends of hydro-climatic variables such as stream flow, rainfall, and temperature provides useful information for effective water resource planning, design, and management. Trends in observed stream flow at seven gauging stations in the Ramganga river basin of North India were examined from 1981 to 2012 using the Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope. Lag 1 autocorrelation analyses were used to investigate the relationships between trends in stream flow and rainfall. Annual, monsoonal, and winter seasonal stream flow (p0.05) decreased gradually from upstream to downstream of the river, as did crop seasonal and decadal moving averaged standardized anomalies of streamflow for the entire basin. The streamflow's declining trend was partly attributed to higher water withdrawal, higher air temperature, and higher population, and partly to a significantly declining post-monsoon rainfall trend, particularly upstream and downstream. The changing monsoon rainfall pattern and the growing population both contributed significantly to the development of this trend. The significant decreasing trend in stream flow at the upstream gauging station (-0.39 m3/s/year) was attributed to the significant decreasing trend in catchment rainfall (-8.40 mm/year). This study shows a strong positive correlation between stream flow and catchment rainfall (r=0.60). The Ramganga River basin is showing signs of drying up, as evidenced by the declining stream flow, post-monsoon rainfall, especially in the downstream area, and concurrently rising temperature trends. The Ramganga River basin's sustainable water management planning will be aided and made possible by the study's findings and recommendations, which will help stakeholders design strategies for stream flow restoration. This study thus highlights the urgent need for comprehensive water management planning in this basin by implementing procedures at various spatial scales that may be able to halt the trend of drying by improving river water use efficiency in a variety of sectors.

DEVELOPMENT TENDENCIES OF TROOP MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH SUFFICIENT LEVEL OF USEFULNESS OF INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION FOR CREATING INTERACTIVE THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISUALIZATION OF COMBAT EPISODES

As evidenced by the practice of the russian-ukrainian war, the basis for achieving a successful outcome of hostilities by units and units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is: early or operative modeling of the scenario (tactics) of future hostilities; their early and reasonable forecasting of material and technical costs, losses among personnel and weapons and military equipment; determination of the material and technical infrastructure of the enemy to the full depth of the tactical and operational construction of his battle orders, which requires a fire impact; manifestation of full initiative in direct contact with the enemy in all types of combat operations. For convenience and objectivity, the process of predicting the actions of the enemy and simulating the actions of one’s troops on the ground in advance or in real time is achieved by visualizing them using programs with 3D technologies. Visualization (computer animation) allows you to depict in detail the terrain (landscape) of the area of future hostilities and contributes to the competent construction of battle orders of units (subunits) of your troops in relation to the location of the enemy up to a tactical unit: a gun, a tank, a soldier, etc. As a result, the process of making an effective decision, determining a sufficient number of forces and means to be used, and choosing a scenario (tactics) of combat operations taking into account a specific situation is simplified. In addition, it is advisable to create a visualization of combat episodes in the area of hostilities that have already taken place in order to professionally analyze the actions of the opposing parties, to identify shortcomings (or positive, useful points) in the actions of our troops or the enemy. In the educational process, the visualization of combat episodes contributes to the acquisition of combat experience, taking it into account in the further actions of the relevant officials of units (units) and subordinate units (units). The results of hostilities depend on the ability of the appropriate control system in the conditions of an extremely complex and highly dynamic network-centric war to ensure the conduct of complex military, aerospace intelligence and the processing of this intelligence with sufficient speed. Level of reliability and usefulness for obtaining effective management information and bringing it to the relevant management bodies (headquarters or decision-making centers) for the purpose of early planning and making informed decisions regarding the combat use of the specified forces and means. Therefore, the study of the specifics of the content of intelligence-management information (IMinf), which enters management systems through interactive three- dimensional visualization of scenarios and combat episodes, and the determination of trends in the development of such systems is extremely relevant.