Antioxidant Effects Research Articles

Limosilactobacillus fermentum CGMCC 1.7434 and Debaryomyces hansenii GDMCC 2.149 synergize with ultrasound treatment to efficiently degrade nitrite in air-dried ducks

Nitrites in meat products are important food additives with coloring, antibacterial and antioxidant effects, but excessive intake of nitrites can pose health risks, including an increased risk of cancer due to the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. In the present study, Limosilactobacillus fermentum CGMCC 1.7434 was screened and the effects of it and Debaryomyces hansenii GDMCC 2.149 and their combination on nitrite degradation were investigated. It was found that the co-culture of L. fermentum CGMCC 1.7434 and D. hansenii GDMCC 2.149 significantly enhanced nitrite degradation (99.58%). The findings on salt and ethanol tolerance suggest suitability for application in meat fermentation processes. Scanning electron microscopy and additional data indicate that D. hansenii GDMCC 2.149 facilitates the growth, acid production, adhesion, secretion of AI-2 signaling molecules, and biofilm formation of L. fermentum CGMCC 1.7434. Metabolomics analysis suggests that these microorganisms reduce nitrite levels by converting NH3 derived from nitrite into L-glutamine, which is further transformed into N-nitroso compounds and their downstream derivatives through the ABC transporter pathway, the TCA cycle, and the amino acid metabolism pathway. Microbial community analyses showed that L. fermentum CGMCC 1.7434 and D. hansenii GDMCC 2.149 were successfully inoculated into air-dried ducks, becoming dominant strains and effectively inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, during the processing of air-dried duck, the combination of ultrasonic cavitation (250 W, 4 min, 30°C, 40 kHz) with the co-fermentation of L. fermentum CGMCC 1.7434 and D. hansenii GDMCC 2.149 effectively reduced nitrite content (84.55%) and TVB-N levels in the meat, without compromising color or TBARS values. This is crucial for understanding the mechanism of nitrite degradation by LAB in synergy with yeast and for the advancement of low-nitrite air-dried duck products.

Novel europium(III), terbium(III), and gadolinium(III) Schiff base complexes: Synthesis, structural, photoluminescence, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and molecular docking studies

Three lanthanide (III) complexes, L-Eu, L-Tb, and L-Gd, were synthesized using a Schiff base ligand (H2L) composed of (2,2′-(thiophene-2,5-diylbis(methaneylyl-idene))bis(azaneylyl-idene))diphenol. Complexes with the generic formula LnL(Cl)(H2O)·xH2O, where L is the ligand, was studied using elemental analysis, spectrum analysis (IR, mass- UV–Vis), and molar conductivity. Next, the photoluminescence characteristics of the lanthanide complexes were investigated. An assessment was conducted to ascertain the antioxidant activity of the synthetic compounds compared with that of the stable free radical DPPH. The antibacterial activity of the Schiff base metal complexes was assessed against a strain of yeast as well as against a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Computational studies were also performed to elucidate the mechanisms of the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. In molecular docking, 1LL9, 6J2O, 3JPU, 2MBR, and 1HD2 crystal structures were determined as targets and the docking score values of H2L, L-Tb, L-Gd, and L-Eu compounds for these targets were calculated.

Green synthesis of carbon dots nanoparticles from edible swiftlet nest and evaluation of their antioxidant activity

Edible swiftlet nest (ESN) confers various health benefits to humans, including immune system enhancement, anti-inflammatory properties, bone strengthening, and antioxidative effect. ESN is notably rich in protein and minerals, with its proteins serving as non-enzymatic antioxidants capable of binding free radicals. However, the antioxidant capacity of ESN is comparatively lower than that of other free radical scavengers, such as carbon dots nanoparticles (CNPs). CNPs features charged ligands on their surface that act as electron donors for free radical binding. The presence of the carbon chain forming proteins in ESN suggests their potential as the primary source for CNPs formation. The enhancement of hydroxyl groups and delocalized electrons is imperative for enhancing the antioxidant activity of ESN. This study aims to enhance the antioxidant activity of ESN by converting it into CNPs nanoparticles. The results demonstrated the effective synthesis of CNPs from the ESN solution using microwave methods. This was evidenced by XRD patterns indicating CNPs formation, and an average particle size of 4.86 nm as indicated by TEM analysis. The optimal microwave heating duration of 30 min yielded CNPs with a prominent emission spectrum peak at 425 nm and significantly high intensity. Absorbance data revealed the presence of C=C bonds, consistent with aromatic CNPs bonds observed in FTIR studies. CNPs possessed hydroxyl and carboxyl linkages, suggesting their potential as antioxidants. The percent inhibition results indicated that CNPs exhibited a substantial percentage (62.5%) at a concentration of 50 mg ml−1. The free radical scavenging activity of the CNPs significantly elevated compared to ESN.

Troxerutin effect on gastric ulcers induced by ketorolac in rats: Relation with oxidative stress

Gastric ulcers are an essential side effect associated with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Free radicals are one of the important mechanisms contributing to the development of gastric ulcers caused by NSAIDs. This prompted us to choose troxerutin, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, especially with a lack of studies investigating the preventive effect of troxerutin on gastric ulcers. Twenty-nine rats were divided into five groups: A Vehicle group, a Keto group (30 mg/kg of ketorolac), and two troxerutin groups (150 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg of troxerutin, respectively). A Miso group was used as a reference with (100 μg/kg of misoprostol). Troxerutin and misoprostol were administered orally 1 h before ketorolac. The ulcer index was determined considering the numbers and severity of ulcerations. Gastric tissue inflammation was evaluation microscopically. Both thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels and catalase activity were measured as markers of oxidative stress in gastric tissue. Our data showed an improvement in ulcer indices with troxerutin and misoprostol compared with ketorolac, with improvement in gastric inflammation observed with misoprostol but not with troxerutin. These results were accompanied by a reduction in gastric oxidative stress induced by ketorolac with both troxerutin and misoprostol. This study highlights, for the first time, the antioxidant effect of troxerutin on gastric ulcers. This effect may contribute to the good prevention of ketorolac-induced gastric ulcers.

Unveiling the antibacterial potential of anthocyanins - a comprehensive review on this natural plant extract.

With the gradual prohibition of antibiotic fungicides, it is of great significance to develop high-efficient, nontoxic and environmental-friendly antimicrobial agents. Anthocyanin is a natural plant polyphenol pigment which shows antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell wall, interfering bacterial respiratory metabolism, and inducing bacterial autolysis. As a typical antibacterial agent, anthocyanins have been widely used in various fields, including biological pesticides or feed additives in agricultural production, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial wound dressings in medicine, etc. However, the structure of anthocyanins is unstable, which limits its practical application. In this article, the biological activity, antibacterial mechanism and stabilization strategy of anthocyanins as antibacterial agents were reviewed. The safety, application scope and methods of anthocyanins were discussed. In addition, the challenges and development prospects of anthocyanin extract antibacterial technology were also prospected. This will be the direction for researchers to further explore and better apply anthocyanins to practical production and application.

Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acids Delivery of Pirfenidone for Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative Effects to Treat Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and irreversible lung disease, and developing an effective treatment remains a challenge. The limited therapeutic options are primarily delivered by the oral route, among which pirfenidone (PFD) improves pulmonary dysfunction and patient quality of life. However, its high dose and severe side effects (dyspepsia and systemic photosensitivity) limit its clinical value. Intratracheal aerosolization is an excellent alternative method for treating lung diseases because it increases the concentration of the drug needed to reach the focal site. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA) is a drug delivery system with exceptional delivery capabilities. Therefore, we synthesized a PFD-tFNA (Pt) complex using tFNA as the delivery vehicle and achieved quantitative nebulized drug delivery to the lungs via micronebulizer for lung fibrosis treatment. In vivo, Pt exhibited excellent immunomodulatory capacity and antioxidant effects. Furthermore, Pt reduced mortality, gradually restored body weight and improved lung tissue structure. Similarly, Pt also exhibited superior fibrosis inhibition in an in vitro fibrosis model, as shown by the suppression of excessive fibroblast activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in epithelial cells exposed to TGF-β1. Conclusively, Pt, a complex with tFNA as a transport system, could enrich the therapeutic regimen for IPF via intratracheal aerosolization inhalation.

Shisandra Decoction Alleviates Parkinson's Disease Symptoms in a Mouse Model Through PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signalling Pathway.

The present study aimed to characterize neuroprotective effects of Schisandra Decoction (Sch D) treatment in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD), and to explore underlying mechanisms focused on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. 50 male C57 BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to either control (n = 10) or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model (n = 40) groups. PD mice were further divided into four groups of ten mice each: MPTP group, LY294002 group, Sch D group, and LY2940002 + Sch D group. Mice from each group were assessed in pole climbing, rotary rod and open field tests. Brain Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein was observed using immunohistochemistry. mRNA levels of PTEN, PI3K and LC3 in brain tissue were measured using RT-PCR. Protein levels of PTEN, PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, p-mTOR, p70s6K, p62, LC3II / I, α-synuclein (α-syn), TH in brain tissue were assessed by Western blotting (WB). In behavioral tests, PD mice treated with Sch D showed reduced pole climbing time, longer rotarod duration, and greater distance traveled. In terms of neuroprotection, PD mice in the Sch D group exhibited higher levels of TH protein and enhanced α-syn clearance. Regarding autophagy, compared to the control group, mice in the MPTP group had elevated PTEN protein expression, which inhibited PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, and p-mTOR/mTOR protein levels, decreased LC3II/I protein expression, and increased P62 protein expression. Treatment with Sch D reversed these effects. Sch D reduces α-syn aggregation in the brains of MPTP-induced PD model mice, exerts neuroprotective effects, and improves motor function. Additionally, Sch D inhibits autophagy through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The neuroprotective effect of Sch D may involve the suppression of abnormal autophagy and its antioxidant properties, which indirectly reduces α-syn accumulation. Future studies should assess the impact of Sch D on oxidative stress markers to evaluate its antioxidant effects.

Polyphenols from unconventional fruit by-products protect human epithelial intestinal cells from oxidative damage

Polyphenols from discards of unconventional fruits, namely guava (Psidium guajava L.), jerivá (Syagrus romanzoffiana), butiá (Butia catarinensis), and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoids L.) have shown in vitro capacity to ameliorate risk factors associated with chronic diseases. To verify their effects in models simulating human physiology, human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells can be used to reproduce the small intestine's brush border. Therefore, differentiated Caco-2 cells were treated with phenolic extracts from guava processing discards and jerivá, butiá, and sea buckthorn seeds. Cells were assessed for cytotoxicity through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) by fluorescence decline of treated cells mixed with a free radical. Selected extract concentrations induced Caco-2 cytotoxicity mostly in the 100–150 μg/mL range. For CAA, extracts from guava, jerivá, and butiá by-products displayed a hormetic-like behavior, showing antioxidant effect at low concentrations while becoming prooxidants at higher concentrations. In some instances, restoration of the antioxidant effect followed, possibly due to cellular adaptative mechanisms. Sea buckthorn seeds extract showed the most consistent CAA response among all samples. Hence, polyphenols from fruit by-products showed antioxidant activity in Caco-2 cells, although future research should concentrate on assessing their absorption and evaluating their effects in other cell models.

AKR7A5 knockout promote acute liver injury by inducing inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis in mice.

Alcohol liver disease has become a worldwide critical health problem. The ingested alcohol could be converted into acetaldehyde or combined with free fatty acids to induce the endoplasmic reticulum oxidative stress in the liver. Coincidentally, AKR7A5 has both aldehyde detoxification and antioxidant effects. Therefore, we discuss the possible role and mechanism of AKR7A5 in the acute alcohol injury of mice liver. There were four experiment groups, the C57BL/6 mice of wild-type mice (WT) or AKR7A5-/- mice (KO) were intragastrically administrated with saline or 50% ethanol at 14 mL/kg, respectively. Compared to the WT + alcohol group, abnormal liver function, disordered hepatic cord, severe congestion in the hepatic sinus and the space of the hepatic cord, occurrence of oxidative stress, DNA damage and different expressions of apoptosis-related proteins were detected in the KO + alcohol group. Meanwhile, the biological process enrichment analysis showed that the down-regulated proteins were related to the metabolism of fatty acid, the up-regulated proteins positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process, negative regulation of coagulation and haemostasis. In conclusion, single ethanol binge combined with the absence of AKR7A5 caused more severe inflammatory response, oxidative stress, apoptosis of endogenous pathways, abnormal lipids metabolism and disordered coagulation in mice liver.

Antioxidant Effect of Naringin Demonstrated Through a Bayes' Theorem Driven Multidisciplinary Approach Reveals its Prophylactic Potential as a Dietary Supplement for Ischemic Stroke.

Naringin (NAR), a flavanone glycoside, occurs widely in citrus fruits, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages. Despite evidence of the neuroprotective effects of NAR on animal models of ischemic stroke, brain cell-type-specific data about the antioxidant efficacy of NAR and possible protein targets of such beneficial effects are limited. Here, we demonstrate the brain cell type-specific prophylactic role of NAR, an FDA-listed food additive, in an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model of cerebral ischemia using MTT and DCFDA assays. Using Bayes' theorem-based predictive model, we first ranked the top-10 protein targets (ALDH2, ACAT1, CTSB, FASN, LDHA, PTGS1, CTSD, LGALS1, TARDBP, and CDK1) from a curated list of 289 NAR-interacting proteins in neurons that might be mediating its antioxidant effect in the OGD model. When preincubated with NAR for 2days, N2a and CTX-TNA2 cells could withstand up to 8h of OGD without a noticeable decrease in cell viability. This cerebroprotective effect is partly mediated by reducing intracellular ROS production in the above two brain cell types. The antioxidant effect of NAR was comparable with the equimolar (50µM) concentration of clinically used ROS-scavenger and neuroprotective edaravone. Molecular docking of NAR with the top-10 protein targets from Bayes' analysis showed the lowest binding energy for CDK1 (- 8.8kcal/M). Molecular dynamics simulation analysis showed that NAR acts by inhibiting CDK1 by stably occupying its ATP-binding cavity. Considering diet has been listed as a risk factor for stroke, NAR may be explored as a component of functional food for stroke or related neurological disorders.

Effects of DBDS and DBPC antioxidants on the corrosion of copper strips immersed in transformer oil

Effects of DBDS and DBPC antioxidants on the corrosion of copper strips immersed in transformer oil

Anti-viral Effects of Pavetta indica Methanolic Extract and Acyclovir on Behavioral and Biochemical Parameters in Streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's Disease in Rats.

Alzheimer's disease is a neurological dysfunction of the brain caused by neurodegeneration and oxidative stress. Some viruses, such as herpes viruses, HSV-1, and HSV-2, are causative agents of Alzheimer's disease and result in β-amyloid peptide and tau protein accumulation in the brain. Some antiviral drugs, such as valacyclovir, acyclovir, and foscarnet, reduce amyloid-beta and P-tau. Pavetta indica leaves are also reported for their antiviral properties. The current study aimed to find out the significance of using Pavetta indica methanolic extract and acyclovir against Alzheimer's disease induced by streptozotocin. Wistar rats received acyclovir and Pavetta indica methanolic extract orally at different dose ranges (50, 150, 450 mg/kg) and (125, 250, 500 mg/kg), respectively. The standard therapy, Rivastigmine (2 mg/kg), was given orally. Intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin produced significant alternations in behavioral assessments, including locomotor activity test, Morris water maze test, and elevated plus maze test. Moreover, intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin ameliorated the antioxidant defense activity by decreasing levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione while enhancing the oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde, and total nitrite levels. Finally, the main findings showed that intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin significantly increased the inflammatory marker, tumor necrosis factor-α, and disturbed neurotransmitter mediators, including levels of acetylcholinesterase, glutamate, and γ-amino butyric acid. In a dose-dependent manner, acyclovir and Pavetta indica methanolic extract treatments abrogated the streptozotocin-induced behavioral and neurological abnormalities in rats. The potential therapeutic effects of PIME and acyclovir administration in intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin-treated rats may be attributed to its potential antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. The current study suggests that Pavetta indica methanolic extract and acyclovir are promising therapeutic targets against Alzheimer's disease.

Characterization, biological activity, and anticancer effect of green-synthesized gold nanoparticles using Nasturtium officinale L.

BackgroundNanostructured materials used have unique properties and many uses in nanotechnology. The most striking of these is using herbal compounds for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Among the nanoparticle types used for green synthesis, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used for cancer therapy due to their stable structure and non-cytotoxic. Lung cancer is the most common and most dangerous cancer worldwide in terms of survival and prognosis. In this study, Nasturtium officinale (L.) extract (NO), which contains biomolecules with antioxidant and anticancer effects, was used to biosynthesize AuNPs, and after their characterization, the effect of the green-synthesized AuNPs against lung cancer was evaluated in vitro.MethodsUltraviolet‒visible (UV‒Vis) spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), multiple analysis platform (MAP), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analyses were performed to characterize the AuNPs prepared from the N. officinale plant extract. Moreover, the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and DNA interactions were examined. Additionally, A549 lung cancer cells were treated with 2–48 µg/mL Nasturtium officinale gold nanoparticles (NOAuNPs) for 24 and 48 h to determine the effects on cell viability. The toxicity of the synthesized NOAuNPs to lung cancer cells was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-il)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the anticancer effect of the NOAuNPs was evaluated by apoptosis and cell cycle analyses using flow cytometry.ResultsThe average size of the NPs was 56.4 nm. The intensities of the Au peaks from EDS analysis indicated that the AuNPs were synthesized successfully. Moreover, the in vitro antioxidant activities of the NO and NOAuNPs were evaluated; these materials gave values of 31.78 ± 1.71% and 31.62 ± 0.46%, respectively, in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay at 200 g/mL and values of 25.89 ± 1.90% and 33.81 ± 0.62%, respectively, in the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The NO and NOAuNPs gave values of 0.389 ± 0.027 and 0.308 ± 0.005, respectively, in the ferrous ion reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP) assay and values of 0.078 ± 0.009 and 0.172 ± 0.027, respectively, in the copper ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay. When the DNA cleavage activities of NO and the NOAuNPs were evaluated via hydrolysis, both samples cleaved DNA starting at a concentration of 25 g/mL in the cell culture analysis, while the nanoformulation of the NO components gave greater therapeutic and anticancer effects. We determined that the Au nanoparticles were not toxic to A549 cells. Moreover, after treatment with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), determined by the MTT assay with A549 cells, we found that at 24 and 48 h, while the necrosis rates were high in cells treated with NO, the rates of apoptosis were greater in cells treated with NOAuNPs. Notably, for anticancer treatment, activating apoptotic pathways that do not cause inflammation is preferred. We believe that these results will pave the way for the use of NOAuNPs in in vitro studies of other types of cancer.ConclusionIn this study, AuNPs were successfully synthesized from N. officinale extract. The biosynthesized AuNPs exhibited toxicity to and apoptotic effects on A549 lung cancer cells. Based on these findings, we suggest that green-synthesized AuNPs are promising new therapeutic agents for lung cancer treatment. However, since this was an in vitro study, further research should be performed in in vivo lung cancer models to support our findings and to explain the mechanism of action at the molecular level.

Exploring the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rhoifolin Isolated from Teucrium Polium on Rats' Lungs Exposed to Tobacco Smoke.

Cigarette smoking exacerbates respiratory diseases, while plant-derived polyphenols offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. This study exploresd the effects of Rhoifolin (ROF), a polyphenol from Jordanian Teucrium polium, on lung health in rats exposed to tobacco smoke. Male rats were divided into two groups: one exposed to cigarette smoke (CS), and the other to ROF treatment alongside smoke exposure (CS/ROF). ROF was administered orally for 21 days before smoke exposure. Results showed smoke-induced lung inflammation and oxidative stress, mitigated by ROF treatment. Histological examination revealed smoke-related morphological changes in lung tissue. ROF treatment reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, as evidenced by decreased proinflammatory cytokines. In silico docking demonstrated ROF's potential as an inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokines. This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of ROF and similar polyphenols in mitigating the harmful effects of cigarette smoke on lung health.

A Narrative Review on the Potential of Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa) in the Management of West Nile Virus Infection

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) infection is a mosquito-borne illness that is endemic to Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Australia, and Europe. WNV-infected individuals can only be managed with symptomatic therapy and supportive care at this point of time. Thus, we have analyzed the possible beneficial effects of black seeds (N. sativa) in this literature review. To find relevant articles, various online databases, such as the Web of Science, Medline, PMC, PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and reference lists were searched. The antiviral, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of black seeds (N. sativa) have been established by numerous clinical, animal, in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. It has been found that black seeds (N. sativa) have the potential to be included as adjuvant therapy in addition to symptomatic treatment and supportive care in the early stages of WNV infection once randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) affirm the safety and efficacy of black seeds (N. sativa) in WNV infection management as they have been considered the gold standard of treatment in clinical studies.

Biochemical characterization of green zinc nanoparticles fabricated by Stevia rebaudiana aqueous extract and its nephroprotective effects against streptozotocin-induced nephropathy in mice: A histopathological study

The development and creation of novel therapeutic supplements and medications with exceptional efficacy in treating nephropathy is a top priority for both developed and developing nations. The antioxidant, nephroprotective, and cytotoxicity effects of green synthesized zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) containing Stevia rebaudiana aqueous extract were assessed in this study. The combination of Stevia rebaudiana aqueous extract with Zn nitrate solution resulted in the Zn nanoparticles production. The characteristics of Zn nanoparticles were determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray crystallography (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The synthesized nanoparticles typically ranged in size from 20 to 30 nm. These nanoparticles displayed a crystalline structure and maintained a uniform shape. To induce diabetes, 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally in 50 mice (n = 10). The treatment groups received glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg) and 100 and 200 μg/kg of Zn nanoparticles through gavage for 25 days. Additionally, there was a positive control group for comparison (treated-diabetic). On the final day, serum levels of creatinine, urea, and blood glucose were determined in the samples. Following tissue processing, 5 μm sections of kidneys were stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) for subsequent stereological and histopathological analysis. The groups treated with ZnNPs exhibited a notable reduction (p < 0.05) in urea and blood glucose levels (about 190 mg/dL) when compared to the diabetic group (about 500 mg/dL) that did not receive treatment. Furthermore, the treatment with a high dose of ZnNPs resulted in a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in kidney weight and volume (including vessels, interstitial tissues, collecting ducts, loop of Henle, and distal and proximal tubules), and kidney structures length (including vessels, collecting ducts, loop of Henle, and distal and proximal tubules) (p > 0.05). Based on the findings, ZnNPs can control urea and blood glucose levels while preventing kidney damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals. This research proposes utilizing zinc nanoparticles synthesized from Stevia rebaudiana as a supplementary treatment for diabetes and kidney protection in developing nations.

Flemingia Strobilifera– An Updated Review on its Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Properties

Background: Our health care system greatly benefits from the use of old medical techniques. In Ayurvedic medicine to improve manhood, Flemingia strobilifera (Lam.) is utilized as an herb. The Fabaceae family, which includes Flemingia strobilifera (Palas), is widely cultivated throughout India. There are more than forty species of Flemingia throughout the globe; out of which 15 species of this genus are in India. Objective: To learn more details about this plant and various species of Flemingia, specifically the chemical makeup of the plant, its species, and/or its elements, traditional and medical uses for the plant. This review article also focuses on the origin, history, classification, phytochemistry, morphology, microscopy, and pharmacological aspects. Methods: A detailed and extensive literature survey through research findings, review articles, Google sources, database etc was done to explore the aspect of Flemingia species for its various physical, chemical, pharmacological, phytochemistry and related fields. Results: Our findings report that several representatives of this genus have been employed as vermifuges and remedies for fever, diarrhea, indigestion in traditional medicine. The plant's anthelmintic, anticancer, antirheumatic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antihistaminic effects are well documented. According to literature reports, the chemical constituents of this genus' are flavonoids, glycosides, chalcones, epoxy chromenes, and pterocarpans. Rural and ethnic people regularly use this plant to treat a range of diseases. Conclusion: Research on Flemingia strobilifera has a bright future thanks to its strong natural origin. The uniqueness and usefulness of Flemingia strobilifera was obscured. In future, many more potential of Flemingia could be investigated in combination with other herbs.

An Insight into the Promising Therapeutic Potential of Chicoric Acid.

The pharmacological treatments that are now recommended for the therapy of chronic illnesses are examined in a great number of studies to determine whether or not they are both safe and effective. Therefore, it is important to investigate various alternative therapeutic assistance, such as natural remedies derived from medicinal plants. In this context, chicoric acid, classified as a hydroxycinnamic acid, has been documented to exhibit a range of health advantages. These include antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, obesity-preventing, and neuroprotective effects. Due to its considerable pharmacological properties, chicoric acid has found extensive applications in food, pharmaceuticals, animal husbandry, and various other commercial sectors. This article provides a comprehensive overview of in vitro and in vivo investigations on chicoric acid, highlighting its beneficial effects and therapeutic activity when used as a preventative and management aid for public health conditions, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hepatic illnesses like non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Moreover, further investigation of this compound can lead to its development as a potential phytopharmaceutical candidate.

Bioactive Compounds in Citrus Species with Potential for the Treatment of Chronic Venous Disease: A Review.

Chronic venous disease (CVD) significantly impacts global health, presenting a complex challenge in medical management. Despite its prevalence and the burden it places on healthcare systems, CVD remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the bioactive compounds in the Citrus genus, exploring their therapeutic potential in CVD treatment and addressing the gap in current treatment modalities. A narrative review methodology was adopted, focusing on the pharmacological effects of Citrus-derived bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and terpenes. Additionally, the review introduced the DBsimilarity method for analyzing the chemical space and structural similarities among Citrus compounds. The review highlights the Citrus genus as a rich source of pharmacologically active compounds, notably flavonoids and terpenes, which exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and veno-protective properties. Some of these compounds have been integrated into existing therapies, underscoring their potential for CVD management. The DBsimilarity analysis further identified many clusters of compounds with more than 85% structural similarity. Citrus-derived bioactive compounds offer promising therapeutic potential for managing CVD, showcasing significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and veno-protective effects. The need for further comparative studies, as well as safety and efficacy investigations specific to CVD treatment, is evident. This review underlines the importance of advancing our understanding of these natural compounds and encouraging the development of novel treatments and formulations for effective CVD management. The DBsimilarity method's introduction provides a novel approach to exploring the chemical diversity within the Citrus genus, opening new pathways for pharmacological research.

Azelaic Acid: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Applications.

AZA is a non-phenolic, saturated dicarboxylic acid with nine carbon atoms, naturally produced by the yeast Malassezia. It has diverse physiological activities, including antibacterial, anti-keratinizing, antimelanogenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. AZA is widely used in dermatology and is FDA-approved for treating papulopustular rosacea. It also shows significant efficacy in acne vulgaris and melasma. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action and clinical applications of AZA, aiming to provide theoretical support for its clinical and cosmetic use and to facilitate further research.