Effective Anticancer Therapy Research Articles

The Patient-Derived Cancer Organoids: Promises and Challenges as Platforms for Cancer Discovery.

Simple SummaryThe biopharmaceutical industry increasingly focuses on the development of new anticancer drugs for effective cancer therapy. Despite these efforts, the success rate is low, and thereby, greater efficacy and better safety properties are required. The high failure rate in drug discovery may be due to limitations of preclinical cancer models that inappropriately recapitulate human cancer biology. To date, patient-derived cancer organoids (PDCOs) have emerged as a model system to recapitulate human cancer biology. In this review, we discuss the advantages and applications of PDCO as a model to investigate anticancer drug efficacy and precision medicine. We also describe the challenges that must be overcome so that PDCOs can substantially represent human cancer biology.The cancer burden is rapidly increasing in most countries, and thus, new anticancer drugs for effective cancer therapy must be developed. Cancer model systems that recapitulate the biological processes of human cancers are one of the cores of the drug development process. PDCO has emerged as a unique model that preserves the genetic, physiological, and histologic characteristics of original cancer, including inter- and intratumoral heterogeneities. Due to these advantages, the PCDO model is increasingly investigated for anticancer drug screening and efficacy testing, preclinical patient stratification, and precision medicine for selecting the most effective anticancer therapy for patients. Here, we review the prospects and limitations of PDCO compared to the conventional cancer models. With advances in culture success rates, co-culture systems with the tumor microenvironment, organoid-on-a-chip technology, and automation technology, PDCO will become the most promising model to develop anticancer drugs and precision medicine.

Tumor intracellular microenvironment-responsive nanoparticles for magnetically targeted chemotherapy

Nanoparticles (NPs) with responsive modalities in biological microenvironments and external stimuli have received great attention as highly efficient and precise cancer therapy agents. In this study, tumor intracellular microenvironment-responsive NPs co-assembled from poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartic acid) [PEG-P(Asp)] copolymer, doxorubicin (DOX), and superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs), termed as PEG-P(Asp)/DOX/SPIONs, were prepared for tumor intracellular microenvironment (enzyme and pH)-responsive and magnetically targeted chemotherapy. The NPs exhibited not only enzyme-responsive degradation in the presence of protease, but also triggered release of DOX at pH 5, which is an acidity similar to endolysosomal microenvironments in tumor cells. Furthermore, the PEG-P(Asp)/DOX/SPIONs showed a contrast effect in magnetic resonance imaging. In vitro viability assays showed that PEG-P(Asp)/DOX/SPIONs could effectively augment the cytocompatibility of DOX compared to free DOX without a change in magnetic forces. Fluorescence microscopy images indicated that the fabricated NPs efficiently increased the targeted uptake and release of DOX within cells. Overall, this hybrid NP system could be a favorable biomedical agent for effective tumor-targeted anti-cancer therapy.

The TP53 Gene and COVID-19 Virus: A Correlation Analysis

Aim: This study aimed to discover the most effective anti-cancer medicine for cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Background: The correlation between TP53 and SARS-CoV-2 was examined using biomolecular networking analysis. Objective: Cancer patients with TP53 gene mutations are more likely to be infected with the SARSCoV- 2 virus since it is the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene in human cancer. The main goal of this study is to discover the most effective and efficient anti-cancer therapy for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Materials and Methods: Topp gene analysis was used to prioritize candidate genes based on molecular function, biological process, and pathway analysis. Biomolecular networking was carried out using Cytoscape 2.8.2. The protein-protein interaction network was used to identify the functionally associated proteins. The protein-drug interaction network was used to observe the molecular therapeutic efficiency of drugs. The network was further analyzed using CytoHubba to find the hub nodes. The molecular docking was used to study the protein-ligand interaction, and the protein-ligand complex was further evaluated through molecular dynamic simulation to determine its stability. Results: Functionally relevant genes were prioritized through Toppgene analysis. Using Cytohabba, it was found that the genes UBE2N, BRCA1, BARD1, TP53, and DPP4 had a high degree and centrality score. The drugs 5-fluorouracil, Methotrexate, Temozolomide, Favipiravir, and Levofloxacin have a substantial association with the hub protein, according to protein-drug interaction analysis. Finally, a docking study revealed that 5-fluorouracil has the highest connection value and stability compared to Methotrexate, Favipiravir, and Levofloxacin. Conclusion: The biomolecular networking study was used to discover the link between TP53 and SARSCoV- 2, and it was found that 5-fluorouracil had a higher affinity for binding to TP53 and its related genes, such as UBE2N, BRCA1, RARD1, and SARS-CoV-2 specific DPP4. For cancer patients with TP53 gene mutations and Covid-19 infection, this treatment is determined to be the most effective.

CSA Antisense Targeting Enhances Anticancer Drug Sensitivity in Breast Cancer Cells, including the Triple-Negative Subtype.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer with the highest frequency of death among women. BC is highly heterogenic at the genetic, biological, and clinical level. Despite the significant improvements in diagnosis and treatments of BC, the high rate of cancer recurrence and resistance to treatment remains a major challenge in clinical practice. This issue is particularly relevant in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) subtype, for which chemotherapy remains the main standard therapeutic approach. Here, we observed that BC cells, belonging to different subtypes, including the TNBC, display an increased expression of Cockayne Syndrome group A (CSA) protein, which is involved in multiple functions such as DNA repair, transcription, mitochondrial homeostasis, and cell division and that recently was found to confer cell robustness when it is up-regulated. We demonstrated that CSA ablation by AntiSense Oligonucleotides (ASOs) drastically impairs tumorigenicity of BC cells by hampering their survival and proliferative capabilities without damaging normal cells. Moreover, suppression of CSA dramatically sensitizes BC cells to platinum and taxane derivatives, which are commonly used for BC first-line therapy, even at very low doses not harmful to normal cells. Finally, CSA ablation restores drug sensitivity in oxaliplatin-resistant cells. Based on these results, we conclude that CSA might be a very attractive target for the development of more effective anticancer therapies.

Combination of berberine and low glucose inhibits gastric cancer through the PP2A/GSK3β/MCL-1 signaling pathway

Intermittent fasting as an adjuvant therapy in clinical practice is an emerging treatment modality to target tumor growth by reducing glucose utilization. Berberine, an alkaloid extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Coptidis Rhizoma, has been shown to be a safe and effective antitumor agent in several cancers. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of the combination of berberine and low glucose on gastric cancer. Our results showed that the combination of berberine and low glucose effectively inhibited cell viability, promoted apoptosis, and reduced the migration ability of MGC803 cells. In addition, the combination was shown to activate the PP2A/GSK3β signaling axis, leading to the downregulation of the downstream pro-survival protein MCL-1, which leads to the death of gastric cancer cells. In addition, the inhibitor of GSK3β partially reversed the effect of this combination on MGC803 cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that berberine effectively impaired the growth of xenograft tumors, when administered during intermittent fasting (hypoglycemic conditions), and was well tolerated by nude mice without the occurrence of any adverse effects. Based on these results, we conclude that the berberine/low-glucose combination can inhibit the growth of gastric cancer through the PP2A/GSK3β/MCL-1 signaling pathway. Accordingly, this combination of drugs and lifestyle may become a new type of safe and effective anti-cancer therapy.

Short and Long-Term Toxicity in Pediatric Cancer Treatment: Central Nervous System Damage.

Simple SummaryThe purpose of this review is to describe central nervous system side effects in the treatment of pediatric cancer patients. Unfortunately, we must consider that the scarce data in the literature does not allow us to expand on some issues, especially those related to innovative immunotherapy. We have described the major neurotoxicities arising with the various types of treatment to help specialists who approach these treatments recognize them early, prevent them, and treat them promptly.Neurotoxicity caused by traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy is well known and widely described. New therapies, such as biologic therapy and immunotherapy, are associated with better outcomes in pediatric patients but are also associated with central and peripheral nervous system side effects. Nevertheless, central nervous system (CNS) toxicity is a significant source of morbidity in the treatment of cancer patients. Some CNS complications appear during treatment while others present months or even years later. Radiation, traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, and novel biologic and targeted therapies have all been recognized to cause CNS side effects; additionally, the risks of neurotoxicity can increase with combination therapy. Symptoms and complications can be varied such as edema, seizures, fatigue, psychiatric disorders, and venous thromboembolism, all of which can seriously influence the quality of life. Neurologic complications were seen in 33% of children with non-CNS solid malign tumors. The effects on the CNS are disabling and often permanent with limited treatments, thus it is important that clinicians recognize the effects of cancer therapy on the CNS. Knowledge of these conditions can help the practitioner be more vigilant for signs and symptoms of potential neurological complications during the management of pediatric cancers. As early detection and more effective anticancer therapies extend the survival of cancer patients, treatment-related CNS toxicity becomes increasingly vital. This review highlights major neurotoxicities due to pediatric cancer treatments and new therapeutic strategies; CNS primary tumors, the most frequent solid tumors in childhood, are excluded because of their intrinsic neurological morbidity.

Engineered Cell‐Derived Vesicles Displaying Targeting Peptide and Functionalized with Nanocarriers for Therapeutic microRNA Delivery to Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer in Mice (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 5/2022)

Extracellular Vesicles — A Versatile Biomaterial In article number 2101387 Rajendran J. C. Bose and co-workers demonstrate an effective anticancer therapy by developing PLGA-nanocarriers loaded with antimiRNA-21 or antimiRNA-10b using engineered tumor cell derived extracellular vesicles (eEVs) that display tumor specific receptor targeting peptide to achieve therapeutic effect by reprogramming cancer cells.

PH-Sensitive Bioprobe for Multichannel Mitochondrial Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy.

Tumor targeting therapy and photodynamic therapy are effective anti-cancer therapies. Their research progress has attracted wide attention and is one of the focuses of anti-cancer drug research and development. The design and synthesis of multifunctional organic phototheranostic agents for superior image-guided diagnosis and phototherapy play an increasingly positive role in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Herein, F16M and CyM were obtained through functional design from cyanine and F16. Physicochemical characterization and biological application results showed that CyM is a multifunctional organic biological probe, which can realize intracellular multichannel (green, yellow, red, and NIR) imaging, pH detection, and mitochondrial-targeted photodynamic therapy. As an organic phototheranostic agent, it could not only realize near-infrared imaging and photodynamic therapy in vivo and in vitro but also has excellent biocompatibility and good guiding significance for the development of multichannel imaging and mitochondrial-targeting photodynamic therapy.

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in 860 cancer patients with a combined screening procedure including triage, molecular nasopharyngeal swabs and rapid serological test. A report from the first epidemic wave.

IntroductionEven if now we have available the weapon of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, the patients with cancer remains a very frail population in which frequently the immunologic response to vaccination may be impaired. In this setting, the SARS-CoV-2 infection screening retains a great value. However, there are still limited data on the feasibility and efficacy of combined screening procedures to assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (including asymptomatic cases) in cancer outpatients undergoing antineoplastic therapy.Patients and resultsFrom May 1, 2020, to June 15, 2020, during the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, 860 consecutive patients, undergoing active anticancer therapy, were evaluated and tested for SARS-CoV-2 with a combined screening procedure, including a self-report questionnaire, a molecular nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) and a rapid serological immunoassay (for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM antibodies). The primary endpoint of the study was to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (including asymptomatic cases) in consecutive and unselected cancer outpatients by a combined screening modality. A total of 2955 SARS-CoV-2 NPS and 860 serological tests, in 475 patients with hematologic cancers and in 386 with solid tumors, were performed. A total of 112 (13%) patients self-reported symptoms potentially COVID-19 related. In 1/860 cases (< 1%) SARS-CoV-2 NPS was positive and in 14 cases (1.62%) the specific serological test was positive (overall prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection 1.62%). Of the 112 cases who declared symptoms potentially COVID-19-related, only 2.7% (3/112) were found SARS-CoV-2 positive.ConclusionsThis is the largest study reporting the feasibility of a combined screening procedure (including triage, NPS and serologic test) to evaluate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients receiving active therapy, during the first epidemic wave and under the restrictive lockdown measures, in one of the active areas of the SARS-CoV-2 circulation. Lacking specific recommendations for the detection of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 cases, a combined diagnostic screening might be more effective to detect the exact prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in neoplastic patient population. The prevalence can obviously change according to the territorial context, the entity of the restrictive measures adopted and the phase of the epidemic curve. However, its exact and real-time knowledge could be important to balance risks/benefits of oncologic treatments, avoiding (if the prevalence is low) the reduction of dose intensity or the selection of less intensive (but also less effective) anti-cancer therapies.

Effective Anticancer Therapy by Combination of Nanoparticles Encapsulating Chemotherapeutic Agents and Weak Electric Current.

Delivery of medicines using nanoparticles via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is a common strategy for anticancer chemotherapy. However, the extensive heterogeneity of tumors affects the applicability of the EPR effect, which needs to overcome for effective anticancer therapy. Previously, we succeeded in the noninvasive transdermal delivery of nanoparticles by weak electric current (WEC) and confirmed that WEC regulates the intercellular junctions in the skin by activating cell signaling pathways (J. Biol. Chem., 289, 2014, Hama et al.). In this study, we applied WEC to tumors and investigated the EPR effect with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified doxorubicin (DOX) encapsulated nanoparticles (DOX-NP) administered via intravenous injection into melanoma-bearing mice. The application of WEC resulted in a 2.3-fold higher intratumor accumulation of nanoparticles. WEC decreased the amount of connexin 43 in tumors while increasing its phosphorylation; therefore, the enhancing of intratumor delivery of DOX-NP is likely due to the opening of gap junctions. Furthermore, WEC combined with DOX-NP induced a significant suppression of tumor growth, which was stronger than with DOX-NP alone. In addition, WEC alone showed tumor growth inhibition, although it was not significant compared with non-treated group. These results are the first to demonstrate that effective anticancer therapy by combination of nanoparticles encapsulating chemotherapeutic agents and WEC.

Single-cell transcriptomics reveals a low CD8+ T cell infiltrating state mediated by fibroblasts in recurrent renal cell carcinoma

PurposeRecurrent renal cell carcinoma(reRCC) is associated with poor prognosis and the underlying mechanism is not yet clear. A comprehensive understanding of tumor microenvironment (TME) of reRCC may aid in designing...

Cardiac toxicities of fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy: A literature review and evaluation of current practice at a large U.K. cancer center.

72 Background: Fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy is a mainstay of the adjuvant and palliative management of colorectal cancer. Cardiac toxicities—including angina, myocardial infarction and arrhythmias—are uncommon complications thought to be mediated by coronary vasospasm. Although potentially life-threatening, they remain poorly described and consensus guidelines regarding patient selection are lacking. To assess current understanding of this toxicity, we performed a literature review of the topic. We then evaluated fluoropyrimidine use at a large UK cancer center to investigate current practice. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane central register of controlled trials were searched to March 1 2021 using the search terms (fluorouracil OR capecitabine) AND—separately—cardiotoxicity, heart disease, and rechallenge*. Original research articles in English were included and their findings summarised. The case notes of all patients who underwent surgery for pathological stage III colon cancer between January 1 2017 and December 31 2019 at Leeds Cancer Centre were reviewed. The proportion of patients who experienced cardiac toxicity during adjuvant chemotherapy was assessed. The proportion of patients who were not offered adjuvant chemotherapy due to cardiac risk was identified. Results: The three search strategies identified 582, 55 and 21 citations respectively, of which 28, 7 and 7 full texts were retrieved for further evaluation following review of titles and abstracts. The reported incidence of fluoropyrimidine cardiotoxicity varied widely, as did its definition. Over half of toxicity cases described were ischaemic. Reported risk factors included those for coronary artery disease, although this was not a consistent finding. 125 patients underwent surgery for stage III colon cancer in the study period of whom 81 (65%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. 2 (2.5%) patients failed to complete adjuvant treatment due to cardiac toxicity (angina; cardiac arrest). Pre-existing cardiovascular disease was cited as a reason for not offering adjuvant chemotherapy in 13 of 44 cases (30%). Conclusions: Review of the literature revealed a poor evidence base to guide treatment decisions regarding fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy and cardiac risk. Rates of cardiac toxicity at our center were within expected limits. A number of patients were denied adjuvant chemotherapy due to perceived cardiac risk. A clearer understanding of the pathophysiology and management of fluoropyrimidine cardiotoxicity is urgently required to avoid unnecessarily denying patients effective anti-cancer therapy.

Using immunogenetics to inform immunotherapy of lymphoid malignancies

Immunotherapy is changing perspectives in haematological and solid tumours. Advancements in this field are being made quickly, with a large body of related literature, including high-level supporting evidence. A rapidly growing number of putative targets, the development of innovative pharmacodynamics, and the design of agents with low off-target effects will result in a vast choice of effective and safe anti-cancer therapies. Rapid drug developments require equally important progresses in the knowledge of mechanisms of action, resistance, and patient selection.

Chemotherapy Side-Effects: Not All DNA Damage Is Equal.

Simple SummaryThe number of children and adults with cancer that are completely cured is still increasing thanks to effective anti-cancer therapy, but they may be confronted with the negative lasting effects of the treatment later in life. In this review, we provide an overview of major clinical symptoms and toxic side-effects observed in cancer survivors. We describe which types of anti-cancer treatments—primarily DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics—might cause these toxicities and what the (potential) underlying mechanisms are. These treatments not only damage cancer cells in their attempt at tumor killing but also harm healthy cells and tissues. Observations of side-effects in cancer patients and survivors strengthen the hypothesis that the primary induced DNA damage can lead to varying toxicities while also accelerating features of aging, depending on type and dose of chemotherapeutic, clearing method, and affected organ.Recent advances have increased survival rates of children and adults suffering from cancer thanks to effective anti-cancer therapy, such as chemotherapy. However, during treatment and later in life they are frequently confronted with the severe negative side-effects of their life-saving treatment. The occurrence of numerous features of accelerated aging, seriously affecting quality of life, has now become one of the most pressing problems associated with (pediatric) cancer treatment. Chemotherapies frequently target and damage the DNA, causing mutations or genome instability, a major hallmark of both cancer and aging. However, there are numerous types of chemotherapeutic drugs that are genotoxic and interfere with DNA metabolism in different ways, each with their own biodistribution, kinetics, and biological fate. Depending on the type of DNA lesion produced (e.g., interference with DNA replication or RNA transcription), the organ or cell type inflicted (e.g., cell cycle or differentiation status, metabolic state, activity of clearance and detoxification mechanisms, the cellular condition or micro-environment), and the degree of exposure, outcomes of cancer treatment can largely differ. These considerations provide a conceptual framework in which different classes of chemotherapeutics contribute to the development of toxicities and accelerated aging of different organ systems. Here, we summarize frequently observed side-effects in (pediatric) ex-cancer patients and discuss which types of DNA damage might be responsible.

Dissecting the heterogeneity of the microenvironment in primary and recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinomas using single-cell RNA sequencing

ABSTRACT Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a 10–15% recurrence rate, while no long term or durable treatment options are currently available. Single-cell profiling in recurrent NPC (rNPC) may aid in designing effective anticancer therapies, including immunotherapies. For the first time, we profiled the transcriptomes of ∼60,000 cells from four primary NPC and two rNPC cases to provide deeper insights into the dynamic changes in rNPC within radiation fields. Heterogeneity of both immune cells (T, natural killer, B, and myeloid cells) and tumor cells was characterized. Recurrent samples showed increased infiltration of regulatory T cells in a highly immunosuppressive state and CD8+ T cells in a highly cytotoxic and dysfunctional state. Enrichment of M2-polarized macrophages and LAMP3+ dendritic cells conferred enhanced immune suppression to rNPC. Furthermore, malignant cells showed enhanced immune-related features, such as antigen presentation. Elevated regulatory T cell levels were associated with a worse prognosis, with certain receptor-ligand communication pairs identified in rNPC. Even with relatively limited samples, our study provides important clues to complement the exploitation of rNPC immune environment and will help advance targeted immunotherapy of rNPC.

A review on breast cancer in Iraq and future therapies insights

Cancer is one of the most common diseases around the world and the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular disease. Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer type among Iraqi women, as it represents the highest percentage of malignant tumors in women until 2018. Therefore, women should be aware of the aggravation of this disease, the importance of the periodic examination for early detection for breast cancer, and following the most appropriate means for the treatment to get recovered and, thus, to reduce mortality. To fight cancer, there is an urgent need to search for new effective anticancer therapies that alter the molecular biology of tumor cells, stimulate the immune system, or specifically deliver chemotherapy factors directly to cancer cells without affecting normal cells and reducing the side effects of treatments. In this context, this paper aimed to highlight the therapeutic approaches used in the current researches of breast cancer treatment. Accumulated evidence showed that medicinal plants extracts, virotherapies, and nanomaterials can serve as anticancer agents. The proposed mechanisms were discussed and presented in this review.

A peptide-derived strategy for specifically targeting the mitochondria and ER of cancer cells: a new approach in fighting cancer.

An effective anti-cancer therapy should exclusively target cancer cells and trigger in them a broad spectrum of cell death pathways that will prevent avoidance. Here, we present a new approach in cancer therapy that specifically targets the mitochondria and ER of cancer cells. We developed a peptide derived from the flexible and transmembrane domains of the human protein NAF-1/CISD2. This peptide (NAF-144-67) specifically permeates through the plasma membranes of human epithelial breast cancer cells, abolishes their mitochondria and ER, and triggers cell death with characteristics of apoptosis, ferroptosis and necroptosis. In vivo analysis revealed that the peptide significantly decreases tumor growth in mice carrying xenograft human tumors. Computational simulations of cancer vs. normal cell membranes reveal that the specificity of the peptide to cancer cells is due to its selective recognition of their membrane composition. NAF-144-67 represents a promising anti-cancer lead compound that acts via a unique mechanism.

Importance of T, NK, CAR T and CAR NK Cell Metabolic Fitness for Effective Anti-Cancer Therapy: A Continuous Learning Process Allowing the Optimization of T, NK and CAR-Based Anti-Cancer Therapies.

Simple SummaryCancer treatments are evolving at a very rapid pace. Some of the most novel anti-cancer medicines under development rely on the modification of immune cells in order to transform them into potent tumor-killing cells. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is competing for nutrients with these harnessed immune cells and therefore paralyzes their metabolic effective and active anti-cancer activities. Here we describe strategies to overcome these hurdles imposed on immune cell activity, which lead to therapeutic approaches to enhance metabolic fitness of the patient’s immune system with the objective to improve their anti-cancer capacity.Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T and CAR NK cell therapies opened new avenues for cancer treatment. Although original successes of CAR T and CAR NK cells for the treatment of hematological malignancies were extraordinary, several obstacles have since been revealed, in particular their use for the treatment of solid cancers. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is competing for nutrients with T and NK cells and their CAR-expressing counterparts, paralyzing their metabolic effective and active states. Consequently, this can lead to alterations in their anti-tumoral capacity and persistence in vivo. High glucose uptake and the depletion of key amino acids by the TME can deprive T and NK cells of energy and building blocks, which turns them into a state of anergy, where they are unable to exert cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. This is especially true in the context of an immune-suppressive TME. In order to re-invigorate the T, NK, CAR T and CAR NK cell-mediated antitumor response, the field is now attempting to understand how metabolic pathways might change T and NK responses and functions, as well as those from their CAR-expressing partners. This revealed ways to metabolically rewire these cells by using metabolic enhancers or optimizing pre-infusion in vitro cultures of these cells. Importantly, next-generation CAR T and CAR NK products might include in the future the necessary metabolic requirements by improving their design, manufacturing process and other parameters. This will allow the overcoming of current limitations due to their interaction with the suppressive TME. In a clinical setting, this might improve their anti-cancer effector activity in synergy with immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss how the tumor cells and TME interfere with T and NK cell metabolic requirements. This may potentially lead to therapeutic approaches that enhance the metabolic fitness of CAR T and CAR NK cells, with the objective to improve their anti-cancer capacity.

Aesthetic Treatments in Cancer Patients.

Cancer patients are experiencing an increase in overall survival as a consequence of earlier diagnosis and newer effective anticancer therapies. However, cancer survivors often face long-term consequences from their original cancer diagnosis and long-term sequelae of anticancer treatment. Maintaining patients’ quality of life is of paramount importance and this can be accomplished by a multidisciplinary treatment approach, including aesthetic treatments to improve patients’ body image and positively impact their quality of life. In this perspective, we will discuss the importance of aesthetic treatments in cancer patients. In addition, we will summarise the data available regarding the use of several aesthetic treatments such as fillers, botulinum toxin and laser use in cancer patients, their safety, their efficacy, and the specific precautions that need to be implemented in this particular subset of cancer patients.

Effects and mechanisms of dietary bioactive compounds on breast cancer prevention

Breast cancer (BC) is the most often diagnosed cancer among females globally and has become an increasing global health issue over the last decades. Despite the substantial improvement in screening methods for initial diagnosis, effective therapy remains lacking. Still, there has been high recurrence and disease progression after treatment of surgery, endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Considering this view, there is a crucial requirement to develop safe, freely accessible, and effective anticancer therapy for BC. The dietary bioactive compounds as auspicious anticancer agents have been recognized to be active and their implications in the treatment of BC with negligible side effects. Hence, this review focused on various dietary bioactive compounds as potential therapeutic agents in the prevention and treatment of BC with the mechanisms of action. Bioactive compounds have chemo-preventive properties as they inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, downregulate the expression of estrogen receptors, and cell cycle arrest by inducing apoptotic settings in tumor cells. Therapeutic drugs or natural compounds generally incorporate engineered nanoparticles with ideal sizes, shapes, and enhance their solubility, circulatory half-life, and biodistribution. All data of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies of dietary bioactive compounds and their impact on BC were collected from Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The data of chemopreventive and anticancer activity of dietary bioactive compounds were collected and orchestrated in a suitable place in the review. These shreds of data will be extremely beneficial to recognize a series of additional diet-derived bioactive compounds to treat BC with the lowest side effects.