Effect Of Whey Protein Concentrate Research Articles

The Effect of Whey Protein Concentrate, Soy Protein Isolate, and Xanthan Gum on Textural and Rheological Characteristics of Gluten-Free Batter and Cake

The market of gluten-free food products has been growing exponentially in recent years. Consequently, it is necessary to conduct research on the effects of various compounds to enhance the quality of these products. The present study is aimed at investigating the effects of adding whey protein concentrate (WPC) and soy protein isolate (SPI) at three levels (0%, 5%, and 10%) and xanthan gum (XG) (0%, 0.15%, and 0.3%) on the textural and rheological characteristics of gluten-free batter and cake based on rice flour. The results showed that increasing the levels of XG, WPC, and SPI improved the apparent viscosity of the batter samples. The effect of WPC on the apparent viscosity was more pronounced than that of SPI, as the highest value (21.9 Pa·s) was related to the sample containing 10% WPC and 0.3% XG. The loss tangent values of the batter samples, measured at a frequency of 1 Hz, ranged from 0.531 to 0.8 for different levels of WPC/XG and from 0.466 to 0.699 for SPI/XG, indicating a gel-like behavior of the batter samples. The sample containing 10% SPI and 0.3% XG displayed the strongest gel with higher storage modulus (982.112 Pa) and loss modulus (458.039 Pa) compared to other samples. Increasing the levels of XG, WPC, and SPI resulted in higher specific volume, porosity, firmness, and springiness of the samples compared to the control sample (P<0.05). The addition of WPC, SPI, and XG improved the overall acceptability of the cake samples, with the samples containing WPC/XG combination being the most preferred. Ultimately, the cake sample containing 10% WPC along with 0.3% XG introduced as optimal sample. This formulation not only can enhance the characteristics of gluten-free cake but also meets parts of the nutritional needs of consumers, particularly those with celiac disease.

Effect of Whey Protein Concentrate on Bio-Yogurt Properties

Effect of Whey Protein Concentrate on Bio-Yogurt Properties

Effect of Whey Protein Concentrate on Rheological Properties of Gluten-Free Doughs and Their Performance in Cookie Applications

Gluten-free foods continue to be a hot topic and trend in the food market because more people are being diagnosed with gluten intolerance. Whey is a by- or co-product of the dairy industry and is considered a waste stream. In this study, whey protein concentrate (WPC), one of the whey products, was added at 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12% levels to sorghum and corn flours to make gluten-free products in the form of cookies. Mixograph and subjective evaluation showed that optimal water absorption (corn: 50–55%; sorghum: 55–60%) increased with increasing WPC level in both sorghum and corn flour dough systems. Increasing WPC from 8 to 12% resulted in a decrease in storage modulus (G’) and loss modulus (G’’) for both sorghum and corn doughs. Corn dough rheological properties were less affected by WPC addition as compared to sorghum. The diameter of gluten-free sorghum and corn cookies significantly increased with the fortification of WPC. The color of sorghum and corn cookies became darker as the WPC level increased. Cookies prepared with 10% WPC addition showed the most hardness and brittleness, probably due to the gelling property of WPC. This study contributes to the sustainable utilization of whey product and helps understand the performance of WPC during the processing of gluten-free products and its potential for making food snacks such as cookies in food manufacturing.

Effects of Whey Protein Concentrate on Glycemic Status, Lipid Profile, and Blood Pressure in Overweight/Obese Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Effects of Whey Protein Concentrate on Glycemic Status, Lipid Profile, and Blood Pressure in Overweight/Obese Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Effect of Whey Protein Concentrate on Physicochemical, Sensory and Antioxidative Properties of High-Protein Fat-Free Dairy Desserts

This study evaluates a new formula for high-protein fat-free dairy desserts. The rheological, textural, organoleptic and antioxidative properties of this product have been examined. They were prepared in laboratory conditions using a magnetic stirrer and then mixed in a water bath at 80 °C for 10 min. The composition included skimmed-milk powder, different concentrations of whey proteins (WPC80) (5, 7, 9, 11 or 13%), sucrose and ĸ-carrageenan. Samples were stored at 4 °C. The use of different amounts of whey proteins significantly influenced the texture, rheological properties and appearance of dairy desserts. With the increase of WPC80 content, the hardness (5–11%), adhesiveness (5–13%), cohesiveness (513%), springiness (5–11%) and viscosity (5–13%) of the high-protein fat-free dairy desserts increased. Elastic (gel) properties were exhibited throughout the process (G’ > G”). This result was confirmed by the measurements of tan(δ) (tan(δ) < 1). Water activity decreased with an increase in WPC80 content. Health-promoting features using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) measurements were evaluated. Both methods showed that the samples have antioxidant properties. Panelists described desserts with 9% WPC80 as the most favorable according to sensory properties. This research promotes the reduction of production waste using high-protein whey powder, a by-product of whey from cheese manufacturing, as a main component during food production, and it also promotes fat-free food.

Effect of whey protein and riceberry flour on quality and antioxidant activity under gastrointestinal transit of gluten-free cookies

The objective of this study was to develop nutritionally enriched gluten-free cookies by using whey protein concentrate (WPC) and rice (var. riceberry) flour (RB). The effects of WPC and/or RB on physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity under simulated gastrointestinal (GI) transit, and sensorial acceptability of cookies were evaluated and compared to those with wheat flour-based cookies. The bioactive contents, total polyphenols and gamma amino-butyric acid, significantly increased with increasing RB (P < 0.05). The physical properties showed that colour parameters (L*, a* and b*), water activity, and hardness values of cookies significantly increased as the amount of WPC increased up to a level of 50%. Incorporation of 50% WPC showed markedly the highest antioxidant activity under GI digestion with the values of 4.72 ±0.02 mg Trolox eq./g (ABTS), 3.12 ±0.06 mg Trolox eq./g (FRAP), and 26.57 ±0.66 mg EDTA eq./g (metal chelating activity). The overall results showed that cookies with acceptable quality and improved nutrition and antioxidant activity could be produced by complete replacement of wheat flour with the WPC and/or RB. However, in order to obtain the desired cookie characteristics, the ratio of WPC to RB should be developed.

Effect of black seed oil, honey, whey protein concentrate and their interaction on antioxidant activity, elastic modulus and creaming index of O/W emulsions

An emulsion based on a combination of highly-valued black seed oil (BSO) and honey shall be introduced as an emerging nutraceutical since the emulsion could be an efficient carrier for bioactive compounds from both. This study aimed to determine effect of BSO, honey, whey protein concentrate (WPC) and their interaction on antioxidant activity (i.e. IC50, the concentration of sample required to scavenge 50% of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals), elastic modulus (G′) and creaming index (CI) of O/W emulsions by means of a response surface methodology. Twenty emulsions were ultrasonically prepared by using various combinations of BSO (10–20%), honey (10–20% and WPC (2–6%) based on a central composite design. Regression analysis (R 2 = 0.92–1.00) revealed that a decrease in the IC50 was mainly due to significant (p < 0.05) linear effect of honey and WPC. The quadratic effect of WPC significantly increased the G′ yet decreased the CI. Synergistic effects of BSO-honey on IC50 and G′ were also significant (p < 0.05). However, the antagonistic effect (p < 0.05) of honey-WPC seemed to increase the IC50. By using the fitted quadratic models, the optimized levels of BSO (20.0%), honey (18.2%) and WPC (6.0%) were proposed and predicted to provide the desired emulsion with IC50 = 0.12 mg/ml, G′ = 606.65 Pa and CI = 1.45%. These values were successfully validated with their respective experimental values.

Effect of Whey Protein Concentrate on Gel-Forming Ability of Rohu (Labeo rohita)

Effect of Whey Protein Concentrate on Gel-Forming Ability of Rohu (Labeo rohita)

Gel Properties of Surimi from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix): Effects of Whey Protein Concentrate, CaCl2, and Setting Condition

The effects of setting time, whey protein concentrate (WPC), and calcium chloride (CaCl2) on textural properties of silver carp surimi were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate and compare the effects of setting time (30–90 min), WPC (1–9% of protein ratio), and CaCl2 (1–59 mmol/kg) on the gel strength. Models for breaking force, breaking distance, and gel strength of surimi gel were established. The maximum gel strength was achieved at the setting time of 60 min, WPC and CaCl2 at 5% protein ratio, and 15–18 mmol/kg. CaCl2 was the most significant factor affecting the gel strength.

Effect of Whey Protein Concentrate and Buttermilk Powders on Rheological Properties of Dough and Bread Quality

AbstractWhey protein concentrate powder (WPC) and buttermilk powder (BP) were used in leavened and unleavened flat bread dough at different levels (0, 4 and 8%). The effects of WPC and BP on dough rheology were evaluated with farinogram and extensogram parameters. Some physical, chemical and sensory properties of breads were also studied. Generally, WPC and BP addition improved dough properties in terms of dough stability, resistance to extension and maximum resistance values. Protein content of the flat breads increased up to 14.6% with WPC usage. Significant (P &lt; 0.05) increments were also observed in ash and mineral (Ca, K, Mg and P) contents of the leavened/unleavened flat bread with utilization of 8% WPC or BP. WPC at 8% level gave more yellowness (b*) on leavened flat bread surface compared with other leavened/unleavened flat breads. As a result of sensory analysis, leavened/unleavened flat bread containing BP has achieved higher taste, odor and overall acceptability scores than control and WPC‐containing breads.Practical ApplicationsDairy by‐products are used in the food industry to improve nutritional, functional and sensory properties of different products. WPC and BP as dairy by‐products can be used for improvement of dough rheology. Usage of both dairy by‐products can be recommended for enrichment of leavened/unleavened flat breads in terms of mineral and protein content. Sensory properties of breads can be improved with BP usage in flat bread formulation.

Effects of Whey Protein Concentrate on Shelf Life of Cookies Using Corn and Sunflower Oils

The objective of this work was to study the effect of whey protein concentrate (WPC) on shelf life of cookies using corn and sunflower oils as fat source. Wheat flour was partially replaced by WPC with levels of 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 %. A User Defined Design was used and the three following responses were measured: peroxide index (meqO2/kg), flavour (score from 1-10) and rancidity (detectable and non-detectable) at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 70 days of storage. Results show that during storage peroxide index (PI) increases in all cookies samples. However a significant decrease was found when corn oil was used instead of sunflower oil and when the level of WPC goes from 0% to 15%. Regarding sensory evaluation, all cookies were evaluated as acceptable (scored flavour ≥ 6) and no rancid flavour was perceived, except for two samples which were assigned with 5 and rancid flavour was considered as detectable; these samples correspond to cookies evaluated at day 70, elaborated with sunflower oil and the lowest dose of WPC. No significant differences were found in cookies flavour prepared with different oils. On the other hand and relative to the level of WPC replacement, differences were found by the panel at days 0 and 7, a reduction in assigned score when WPC dose was increased, however this difference was not significant in the subsequent assessment days. According to research results, an increase in stability was clearly obtained in cookies elaborated with corn oil and the highest concentration of WPC.

Effect of Whey Protein Concentrate and Cornstarch on Chemical, Rheological and Sensorial Properties of White Feta Cheese

This study examined the effect of Whey Protein Concentrate and Cornstarch on the chemical, rheological, and sensorial properties of Feta cheese. Four combinations were tested: C (control; no additive), A (1.5% cornstarch), B (1.5% whey protein concentrate), AB (0.75% cornstarch and 0.75% whey protein concentrate).Sampling was done on 3, 7, 14, 28 days after production and sensory testing was performed 28 day after production. All treatments exhibited significant differences in sensory (flavor, appearance, texture, overallacceptance), chemical (acidity, pH, dry matter, lactic and acetic acid content), and rheological properties (p < 0.05). Results showed positive effects from these two components on cheese properties. The addition of either Cornstarch Whey Protein Concentrate or a mixture of them increased dry matter in the cheese samples. The addition of Whey Protein Concentrate increased lactic and acetic acid and softness. The mixture of Whey Protein Concentrate and Cornstarch scored the highest grade on the sensorial evaluation.

Utilization of Makgeolli sludge for growth of probiotic bacteria

A number of health benefits have been claimed for probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium (B) spp. Lactobacillus(L) acidophilus, and Lactococcus(Lc) cremoris. Viability of probiotic bacteria is important in order to provide health benefits. Only a limited culture media for the test purpose of probiotic bacteria are commercially available (MRS broth), but the media for large-scale propagation of viable cells which are able to be used as food additive are not available. The manufacture of a low priced and preferred novel medium for probiotic bacteria was therefore, attempted using whey protein concentrate(WPC) and Makgeolli sludge as a starting material. The effect of WPC and Makgeolli sludge on the growth of four strains (B. bifidum 15696, B. longum 15707, L. acidophilus CH-2, and Lc. cremoris 20076) was investigated. Medium prepared such as WPC, Makgeolli sludge, and WPC+Makgeolli sludge(WPCMs). It was observed that the growth of 4 strains (B. bifidum 15696, B. longum 15707, L. acidophilus CH-2, and Lc. cremoris 20076) was stimulated by Makgeolli sludge, WPC, WPCMs. Especially, Viable cell number of 4 strains in the WPCMs were higher than that of the single media. These result suggest the possibility that Makgeolli and WPC, acts as a growth factor for the growth of probiotic bacteria.

Effects of Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) on the Distributions of Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Rats with Excessive Alcohol Intake

To investigate the effects of whey protein concentrate (WPC) on antioxidant statuses and the lymphocyte subpopulations in the rats with alcohol intake, the antioxidant statuses in the peripheral blood (PB) and the lymphocyte subpopulations in the PB, spleen, and bone marrow (BM) of the rats fed with WPC (0.334 g/kg) and alcohol (6 g/kg) for 3 months were analyzed. Results showed that the effects of WPC on the glutathione peroxidase and glutathione in the PB, the T and B cells in the spleen, and the B cells in the BM were more apparent in the rats with alcohol intake; however, they are not apparent in the controls. Taken together, our results indicated that the immunity of rats might be enhanced by the increased antioxidant ability after WPC supplementation and the effects of WPC on the lymphocyte subpopulations were mainly in the spleen and BM and not in the PB.

IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NONFAT FERMENTED MILK DRINK BY USING WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE

ABSTRACT The use of whey protein concentrate (WPC) for the improvement of physical properties of nonfat fermented milk drink was investigated. Drinks were prepared from nonfat milk powder and WPC at different proportions. Rheological properties, serum separation and particle size of the drinks were measured. The effect of WPC on the physical properties of the drinks was evaluated by comparison with those of commonly used stabilizers, including propylene glycol alginate and locust bean gum. WPC addition caused an increase in the consistency coefficient and thixotropy and a decrease in the particle size of the samples. There was no serum separation in the sample with 2% WPC. Large unstable aggregates were observed in the sample with 3% WPC, which also exhibited the highest serum separation. WPC up to a level of 2% positively influenced the physical properties of nonfat fermented milk drink similar to stabilizers. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFermented milk drinks are consumed especially for their beneficial health effects. Physical properties of fermented milk drinks influence their quality and consumer acceptability. Hydrocolloid stabilizers are used for the improvement of physical properties of fermented milk products. Whey protein concentrates (WPC) with high protein content can be used to substitute hydrocolloid stabilizers. In this study, the effect of the addition of WPC with 75% protein in place of a part of the nonfat milk powder on the physical properties of nonfat fermented milk drink with 6% dry matter was investigated. Use of an appropriate level of WPC was found to be important for obtaining a desirable effect on the physical properties of nonfat fermented milk drink. The effect of WPC was found to be comparable to those of commonly used hydrocolloid stabilizers. Use of WPC also enhances the nutritional value of the product as whey proteins have a high biological value.

Effect of Whey Protein Concentrate on the Rheological and Baking Properties of Eggless Cake

Effect of substitution of wheat flour with whey protein concentrate (WPC) at the level of 10, 20, and 30% as an egg replacer and its influence on physical properties of cake batter and quality characteristics of eggless cake were studied. The apparent viscosity of the eggless cake batter decreased with the increase in the level of WPC. The evaluation of eggless cake batter for density showed that incorporation of WPC decreased the batter density. The photomicrographs of eggless cake batters with WPC showed an increase in number of air cells and even distribution when compared with the control indicating lighter batter. Eggless cake with 20% WPC was rated the best.

Acute Versus Chronic Effects of Whey Proteins on Calcium Absorption in Growing Rats

The acute and chronic effects of whey proteins on calcium metabolism and bone were evaluated. In acute studies, 8-week-old male rats were gavaged with 50 mg whey protein concentrate (WPC) and 25 mg calcium. 45Ca was administered intravenously or orally. Kinetic studies were performed, and femurs were harvested. Four of seven WPCs significantly increased femur uptake of 45Ca compared with controls. One WPC at 50 mg enhanced calcium absorption over a range of calcium intakes from 35.1 +/- 9.4% to 42.4 +/- 14.0% (P < 0.01). Three of the most effective WPCs were tested further in a chronic feeding study. One hundred 3-week-old rats were randomly divided into four adequate dietary calcium (ADC; 0.4% Ca) groups (control of 20% casein and three WPC groups with 1% substitution of casein with each of three WPCs) and two low calcium (LC; 0.2% Ca) groups (control of 20% casein and one WPC group with 1% substitution of casein with one WPC). After 8 weeks, there was no effect of WPCs on femur uptake of 45Ca among ADC groups and there was no effect of WPCs on calcium retention, femur breaking force, femur bone mineral density, or total femur calcium at either dietary calcium intake. However, whole body bone mineral content (BMC) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the three whey protein concentrate ADC groups compared with the ADC control group. Total BMC at the proximal tibia in whey protein ADC groups was increased, as shown by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Our results indicate that the acute calcium absorption-enhancing effect of whey proteins did not persist through long-term feeding in rats. However, the initial enhancement of calcium absorption by whey protein was sufficient to increase BMC.

Protective effect of bovine milk whey protein concentrate on the ulcerative lesions caused by subcutaneous administration of indomethacin.

The protective effect of a whey protein concentrate (WPC) was studied in three models of stomach ulcerative lesions induction: subcutaneous injection of indomethacin, and stress induced by either intraperitoneal injection of reserpine, or immobilization and holding in the cold (4 degrees C, 2 hours). Adult Wistar rats (300-400 g) were used for acute (single-dose), repetitive, or subchronic (10 days) administration of WPC prior to treatment with the ulcerogenic factors. The best protection was achieved in the indomethacin model for repetitive and subchronic experiments, reaching 50.1% and 44%, respectively, inhibition of the ulcerative lesions, which was significant at 1% probability (P <.01). For the immobilization and cold model, maximum inhibition by WPC was 22.1%, and that for the reserpine model was 23.8%. In both models the inhibition was not significant (P >.05) compared with saline (negative control).

Protective Effect of Bovine Milk Whey Protein Concentrate on the Ulcerative Lesions Caused by Subcutaneous Administration of Indomethacin

The protective effect of a whey protein concentrate (WPC) was studied in three models of stomach ulcerative lesions induction: subcutaneous injection of indomethacin, and stress induced by either intraperitoneal injection of reserpine, or immobilization and holding in the cold (4°C, 2 hours). Adult Wistar rats (300–400 g) were used for acute (single-dose), repetitive, or subchronic (10 days) administration of WPC prior to treatment with the ulcerogenic factors. The best protection was achieved in the indomethacin model for repetitive and subchronic experiments, reaching 50.1% and 44%, respectively, inhibition of the ulcerative lesions, which was significant at 1% probability (P < .01). For the immobilization and cold model, maximum inhibition by WPC was 22.1%, and that for the reserpine model was 23.8%. In both models the inhibition was not significant (P > .05) compared with saline (negative control).

Surface evaluation of whey protein films by atomic force microscopy and water vapour permeability analysis

AbstractThe atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique is a powerful tool for studying surfaces and has been used to provide qualitative and quantitative information about nanometer‐scale matter properties that are often inaccessible by any other experimental technique. In this work AFM was used to evaluate the surfaces of edible films produced with whey protein concentrate (WPC). The morphology and the roughness of the films were analysed. The effects of WPC and plasticizer concentration were characterized in terms of water vapour permeability (WVP) and roughness parameters. Roughness was calculated through the images captured with AFM. AFM can be useful to identify structural changes of the film resulting from sample preparation. The results showed a relation between water vapour permeability and area roughness, through different sample preparation. The analyses of topography through roughness obtained with AFM, demonstrated the correlation between the morphology of the film, obtained with nanometer resolution and WVP. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.