Effect Of Water Reduction Research Articles

Study on Key Parameters and Design Methods for the Density-Mix Proportion of Rubber-Foamed Concrete

Rubber-foamed concrete demonstrates exceptional toughness, a low elastic modulus, and significant sensitivity to density. It is necessary to parameterize the density mix of rubber-foaming concrete to meet engineering design requirements. Density-mix design methods for foaming concrete rely mainly on empirical knowledge or trial-and-error approaches. In this paper, with numerous parametric tests and regression analysis based on general principles for density-mix designs applicable to both foamed and rubber-foamed concretes, the key design parameters, such as volume correction coefficient, rubber size effect coefficient, and water-reducing agent effect coefficient, have been proposed in order to optimize their respective densities more accurately. The tests demonstrated an optimal water-to-cement ratio of 0.45, corresponding to a volume correction factor of 1.027. Incorporating rubber particles and water-reducing agents has a more significant effect on the cement-paste volume. Controlling fluidity in the 200 to 300 mm range is crucial when designing foamed concrete with varying densities. The regression equation accurately predicts the paste’s measured volume and wetting density by incorporating volume corrections, size, and water reduction effect coefficients. By employing a foam excess coefficient of 1.1 and a mass coefficient of 1.25, the dry and wet density error of foam concrete is less than 5%. A comprehensive framework for optimizing mix design in terms of density is provided for applications in foamed concrete and rubber-foamed concrete, facilitating researchers in designing mix ratios for additional novel mixture-based foamed-concrete applications.

High value-added utilization of desulfurized building gypsum as self-leveling mortar: the comprehensive effect of cement.

The utilization of desulfurized building gypsum as raw material for gypsum-based self-leveling mortar (GSL) is limited by its low strength and poor water resistance. The objective of this study is to enhance comprehensive properties of GSL and prepare qualified desulfurized building gypsum-based self-leveling mortar that can be effectively applied in practical engineering projects. The influence of cement on water consumption rate of initial fluidity (W/M ratio), fluidity, setting time, mechanical strength, and water resistance of GSL were evaluated. Additionally, rheological parameter, heat of hydration, crystal morphology, and pore structure were also analyzed. Cement significantly improved the fluidity of slurry. Moreover, the compressive strength and softening coefficient of GSL reached 20.6MPa and 0.56 at 10% cement, respectively. Furthermore, cement reduced the 30-min-fluidity loss and improved fludity by reducing the yield stress and increasing the plastic viscosity of screed. The transformation of hydration kinetics of GSL could be due to Ca2+ and OH- released by cement, thus resulting in the shortening of initial setting time and the prolongation of the interval between initial and final setting time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed that CSH gel and AFt crystal would generate on the surface of CaSO4·2H2O crystal, making the structure more compact. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) indicated that cement greatly reduced the porosity through the water reduction effect in the early stage and continuous hydration in the later stage. The continuous hydration of cement also increased the shrinkage rate. This work was expected to provide reference for promoting the application of desulfurized building gypsum as the high value-added screed.

Waterlogging Prevention and Control Planning Based on the Concept of Sponge City - A Case Study of Kirin Science and Technology City

With the accelerated development of urbanisation, the problem of waterlogging is increasingly becoming a serious challenge for cities. In order to effectively deal with the risk of waterlogging, this study proposes a set of waterlogging prevention and control planning based on the concept of sponge city construction. It focuses on giving full play to the water reduction effect of Low Impact Development (LID) facilities through the integrated application of ecological emission reduction systems and drainage and risk removal technologies to reduce rainwater runoff and improve the city’s flooding resilience. The method is applied to Kirin Science and Technology City as an example, and the results show that the total annual runoff control rate, the water surface rate, and the water surface storage capacity of this area are all significantly improved, which can provide a reference for deepening the scientific understanding of the mechanism of urban rainfall and flood formation and adopting effective management means.

Building foundation settlement in groundwater lowering on sliding territory of Lagerny Garden in Tomsk

Groundwater lowering is a method of stabilizing landslide slopes. To date, the effect of water reduction on the technical condition of buildings has not been sufficiently studied. This may negatively affect the technical condition of buildings due to the development of additional deformation of foundations and foundation soils.Purpose: The aim of this work is to assess the impact of cased hole with filters on the technical condition of buildings in the area of groundwater lowering.Methodology/approach: Long-term field observations of the groundwater level at the water supply site; monitoring of the technical condition of buildings; analysis and generalization of the data obtained.Research findings: Based on annual monitoring of the building height, monitoring of changes in the building state and the engineering and geological analysis are performed in the period from 1987 to 2020. It is found that groundwater lowering leads to building deformation and a decrease in its technical condition due to nonuniform soil compaction in this area.Research implication: Groundwater lowering near buildings can significantly affect their technical condition due to the soil compaction even at a considerable distance from the waterlowering devices. In developing groundwater lowering projects, special attention should be paid to heterogeneity of the ground layer on the building site and its impact on the formation of relative deformation of buildings.

Numerical investigation of slurry property effect on grouting and blocking of flowing water in rock fractures

AbstractIn order to investigate the slurry flow behavior, our newly proposed numerical method is applied to simulate the fracture grouting with flowing water condition. First, by numerical validation and experiment comparison, the advantages of this method in computation efficiency and accuracy are shown. Second, the initial velocity of water and slurry properties at different levels are selected as the influencing factors, the water reduction effect, grouting pressure, and slurry deposition behavior in different cases are investigated, and the variation characteristics of flow field and slurry outflow are analyzed. The simulation results show that within the range of slurry properties and flow velocity given in this paper, cement slurry cannot seal the water inflow. Instead, quick setting slurry with different material ratios can effectively seal the fracture. The sealing efficiency is more sensitive to the initial flow rate than the slurry property. When the groundwater flow rate is low, the effect of slurry proportion on sealing can be ignored. Meanwhile, slurry properties have more influence on the final grouting pressure. There is an obvious surge in grouting pressure after sealing, which can be used as a criterion for fracture sealing.

The Effect of Drought on Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Wild Species for Potential Cultivation as a Leafy Vegetable

Leafy vegetables are common components of the human diet and are a source of antioxidant, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Fresh-cut or minimally processed industries are always looking for product innovations. Many wild species, based on their composition, can be evaluated as potential vegetables. In this work, hedge mustard has been studied as a potential leafy vegetable, and two wild populations were grown under 100% crop water requirement (WR) and 50% WR. The effect of water reduction was monitored using non-destructive measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence and by the analytical determination of primary or secondary metabolism associated parameters such as sugars, anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and nitrate concentrations. The results demonstrated that hedge mustard [Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop.] can be grown with 50% WR without yield reduction. The yield was not statistically different between the two water regimes and ranged from 22.3 to 40 g plant−1 FW. Leaf nitrate concentrations showed high variability in the MI population grown with 100% WR, while in the BG population, they did not change when the WR was shifted from 100% to 50%. The total phenols were 25% higher in the leaves of plants grown under 50% WR in both wild populations. The total sugars and anthocyanins did not show significant variations. Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters did not show significant changes. The results suggest that hedge mustard can be grown in environments with limited water availability or in the winter season using less water to avoid disease development. The highest yield was obtained from the BG population.

Application of horizontal well discontinuous chemical flooding technology in Bohai oilfield

Discontinuous chemical flooding technology of horizontal wells is a long-term development mechanism of horizontal wells established by combining and applying various oil displacement systems in different stages. Discontinuous chemical flooding not only ensures the injection capacity of chemical flooding stage, but also saves the operation cost of chemical flooding, and maximizes the economic benefits of crude oil production while improving the oil recovery. Based on the reservoir physical properties and fluid physical parameters of Bohai B oilfield, the development scheme of discontinuous chemical flooding in horizontal wells is studied on the basis of laboratory experimental evaluation. According to the optimization results of injection parameters, four types of slugs are set, i.e., front slug, main slug, auxiliary slug and secondary slug. A variety of agent systems such as gel, pre crosslinked particles, polymer and acid solution are used. The slug adjustment timing is determined by the monitoring data and the analysis results of production dynamic characteristics. Under the conditions of 0.07 PV/a injection rate and 0.49 PV slug dosage, the recovery efficiency of discontinuous chemical flooding can be improved by 10.4% compared with water flooding. After the implementation of the field, the daily oil production of typical affected wells has shown a significant upward trend, with the peak increase of 135%–151% and the peak decrease of water cut of 15%. After 2 years and 6 months of implementation, chemical flooding has achieved a cumulative increase of 66,000 m3compared with basic water flooding, with the oil increase accounting for 41% of the output of the whole stage. The effect of water reduction and oil increase is remarkable. The research results show that discontinuous chemical flooding can be popularized and applied in the oil fields developed by horizontal wells, so as to control the rapid rising trend of water cut in the middle and high water cut stage and further improve the oil recovery.

Estimation Method of Thermal Conductivity at High Temperature Based on Mix Proportion and Water Content Ratio of Concrete

In this study, methods for estimating the thermal conductivity of concrete under various temperatures are reviewed. Based on Maxwell’s model for predicting the equivalent thermal conductivity of composite materials, the constituent materials of hardened concrete are categorized into five types of materials: coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, skeleton, and voids. The voids, which include air and excess water, are considered to determine the effect of water reduction on thermal conductivity. The volume ratio of the constituent material to the cured concrete is estimated using a simple curing model, and the thermal conductivity of each constituent material is obtained from the literature. Air volume and excess water reduction are set as the estimation conditions, and the optimal method is devised by comparing the respective estimation results. The thermal conductivity range for concrete is estimated based a design strength of 21∼100 MPa (W/B60 to W/B15) and a temperature of 30 °C∼800 °C. The results reflecting the measured air volume and moisture reduction are similar to the measured values. A comparison between the optimal estimated value and measured value shows that both values are similar in the temperature range of 400 °C∼800 °C, and that the estimated value is lower than the measured value in the temperature range of 80 °C∼200 °C.

Soil Stabilization Using Waste Paper Fly Ash: Precautions for Its Correct Use

This paper deals with the valorization of waste paper fly ash (WPFA) as a binder for soil stabilization. The mineralogical characterization shows the presence of free lime, as well as some non-reactive and cementitious phases. The hydration of lime is an expansive reaction and can be problematic in soil stabilization. Therefore, to study its effect on stabilized soil, an in-house experimental set-up is proposed to measure the possible expansion. Furthermore, to study the effect of water reduction and delay time on strength, unconfined compressive strength with different mixes is conducted. The obtained results showed that using WPFA causes expansion in stabilized soil, but a delay time of 30 min, after mixing the material with water and then compacting it, can decrease the expansion. Additionally, decreasing the water content by a point of Proctor can be essential for improving the strength in soil samples, even reaching the same strength values as control samples cured at 7 days. Finally, all the results obtained in this study have shown that WPFA is a suitable material for use as a binder for soil stabilization while reducing its optimum water content, adding a proper delay time, and taking into consideration WPFA’s expansive behavior at the moment of its use.

Features of work of retaining walls made of bored piles in flowing sandy loams

The customers usually try to avoid areas with a high groundwater level in the process of choosing a site for construction. The presence of groundwater significantly increases the cost of construction, if there is necessity of the construction of underground floors. But construction in the conditions of modern megacities is increasingly challenging geotechnical engineers, because of the need not only to build on lands with difficult engineering and geological conditions, and not only to develop reliable foundation`s decisions, but also because of the need to more effectively design the underground spaces with its subsequent operation as underground premises for various purposes.The process of water level reducing is not only technologically complex, but also leads to a changes in the physical and mechanical characteristics of soils, which are difficult to predict.This paper shows the features of numerical modeling of walls in water-saturated soils.The effect of the ability to filter water through walls on the stress-strain state of the system of retaining structures – soil mass is demonstrated.The calculations were performed using numerical modeling, since this approach allows engineers to see (predict) the formation of dangerous processes. Numerical modeling also allows to take into account the change in the physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil during drainage of the pit and take into account the process of water level reduction and the effect of water reduction on the formation of the stress-strain state of the system restraining structures – soil mass.In the framework of design process, there is always appear the opportunity to consider various technical decisions for walls and choose the most effective among those considered.In this paper, the construction of walls with the possibility to use the soil berms to temporarily reduce the free height of walls is considered. In addition, the operation of anchor fasteners in soft (weak) soils is shown. Also, elements of the building frame were used to reduce horizontal movements.It is important to understand that not all measures (the construction decisions) are possible in certain conditions, especially when it is a tight environment of dense urban development.

Study on the Effect of Water Reducing Agent on Dolomite-based Magnesium Sulfate Cement

Adding different types and amounts of water reducing agent to Dolomite-based magnesium sulfate cement (DBMSC), and analysing the effect of water reducing agent on DBMSC by studying its setting time, water reduction effect and mechanical strength. on the one hand, Experimental results show that adding water reducing agent to DBMSC has a retarding effect on dolomitic magnesium sulfate cement, and reduces the hydration heat of cement; on the other hand, the water reduction effect of the water reducing agent on DBMSC prepared by light burning dolomite is not too obvious, and even the mechanical strength of DBMSC is lowered.

Comparison of oil displacement mechanisms and performances between continuous and dispersed phase flooding agents

Abstract To compare the oil displacement mechanisms and performances of continuous phase flooding agent (traditional polymer solution) and dispersed phase flooding agent (particle-type polymer SMG dispersion), the particle phase separation of SMG dispersion migrating in pores was simulated by using the microfluidic technology. Theoretically guided by the tree fork concentration distribution of red cells in biological fluid mechanics, the concentration distribution mathematical model of SMG in different pores is established. Furthermore, the micro and macro physical simulation experiments of continuous and dispersed phase flooding agents were carried out. The results show that the continuous flooding agent enters all the swept zones and increases the flow resistance in both larger and small pores. On the contrary, the particle phase separation phenomenon occurs during the injection process of dispersed flooding agent. The SMG particles gather in the larger pore to form bridge blinding, and the carrier fluid displace oil in the small pore. Working in cooperation, the SMG particle and carrier fluid drive the residual oil in the low permeability layers step by step and achieve the goal of enhanced oil recovery. The laboratory experimental results indicate that, the oil increment and water reduction effect of dispersed flooding agent is much better than that of continuous flooding agent, which is consistent with the field test results.

Properties of Steel Slag and Stainless Steel Slag as Cement Replacement Materials: A Comparative Study

To enhance the understanding about the utilization of steel slags as a cementitious material, we comparatively studied the chemical, mineralogical and morphological properties of two types of steel slag; basic-oxygen-furnace carbon slag (BOF C) and electric-arc-furnace stainless steel slag (EAF S). Moreover, we studied the standard consistency, setting time and the effect of the slag replacement ratios on the fluidity and compressive strength of blended cement mortar. The experimental results showed that BOF C had higher alkalinity, higher pH value and more hydraulic phases than EAF S. Both types of slag showed water reduction effect due to its high fineness. Neat BOF C paste showed flash set and acceleration in the initial setting time of blended cement especially at high slag proportions. However, EAF S prolonged the setting time of blended cement even at low slag proportions. The pH values for blended cement contained 50% BOF C or EAF S were lower than those of pure cement paste. Despite of slag type, compressive strength gradually decreased with increasing slags content. The strength of BOF C mortar was higher than that of EAF S mortar with the same replacement ratio for the same age. Slag activity index demonstrated that BOF C and EAF S conformed to the Chinese National Standard (GB/T 20491-2006) requirements for steel slag as grade one and grade two, respectively.

Influence of Economic Structure Optimization on Water Consumption in Shanxi, China

Shanxi province of China is threatened by the water shortage crisis. It is an important means to solve the water shortage problem by rationally water utilization planning and controlling. Using the structural decomposition analysis based on input-output table, the driving factors and driving forces of water consumption in Shanxi is researched, especially the effect of economic structure optimization. On the basis of the input-output table of Shanxi in 2002, 2007 and 2012, a comparable price water input-output model was established in combination with the water use data. According to the study, the improvement of water use efficiency has been the main driving force for reducing water consumption. The change in gross final demand has always been the main driving force for increasing water consumption. The adjustment of manufacturing industry structure, the secondary industry structure, the three industrial structure and the final demand structure have different impacts on water consumption, which has been related to the way of development. On the whole, the optimization of economic structure is changed from water reduction effect to increasing effect.

Influence of polymer latex on the setting time, mechanical properties and durability of calcium sulfoaluminate cement mortar

In this study, three different types of polymer latexes (styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), styrene acrylic ester (SAE) and polyacrylic ester (PAE)) with three different dosages (0%, 10% and 20%) were employed to prepare polymer latex modified calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement mortar based on the same workability. The setting time, mechanical properties including strength, shrinkage, weight loss, water capillary adsorption, anti-penetration property and durability properties such as resistance to freeze-thaw cycle, carbonization and sulfate attack were measured. The experimental results show that polymer latexes perform good water-reduction effect and delayed setting behavior on CSA cement mortar. Meanwhile, polymer latexes are helpful to enhance the mechanical properties of CSA cement mortar. Generally, SBR latex modified mortar performs the best properties in terms of strength, weight loss, water capillary adsorption and anti-penetration property. Addition of polymer latex decreases strength when subjected to extreme conditions, however, polymer latex modified mortars perform good resistance to carbonization and sulfate attack, although only SBR latex improves the freeze-thaw cycle resistance.

Research of Efficient Methods of Superplasticizer Introduction into Cement Materials

The article presents the results of researching efficiency of different modes of superplasticizer introduction in solution mixture with different consistency - from hard to plastic. The following methods of superplasticizer introduction into cement were researched: co-grinding of superplasticizer with cement, mixing cement with superplasticizer in dry state, introduction of superplasticizer into cement with mixing water, evaluation of water reduction effect of an additive depending on the methods of its introduction into cement and the time of determining its consistency. It is established that the most efficient method of superplasticizer introduction into plastic mixture is its co-grinding with cement.

Descriptive statistical analysis for the PPG field applications in China: Screening guidelines, design considerations, and performances

Preformed particle gels (PPGs) have been widely applied in waterflooded mature oilfields to improve reservoir sweep efficiency and control water production. Successful PPG applications in oilfields require comprehensive guidelines on where and how PPG treatments can be best applied. To establish such guidelines, a data set is first constructed by collecting 678 successful PPG treatment data from SPE technical papers, papers published in Chinese, and field applications reports from 2001 to 2015. Critical information regarding reservoir characteristics, injection well conditions, injection parameters, and treatment performances, is included in the data set. Descriptive statistical analysis methods including histograms, and scatterplots are used to interpret of the main features of the amount of data. Histograms display the distribution of each parameter and can provide guidance on where PPGs can be best applied; scatterplots uncover relationships between two variables and can aid in interpreting how to design injection parameters and find out the critical factors affecting the treatment performances. After comprehensive data analysis, the first application guidelines for PPG treatments are established. Results show that PPGs can generate large volumes of incremental oil production and significantly reduce excess water production. Successful PPG treatments require a large volume of PPG injection with a low suspension concentration. The injection volume highly depends on the daily water production rate. Incremental oil production increases with the increase of injected PPGs. PPG treatment efficiency is defined herein as incremental oil production per ton PPGs injected. Although reservoir type can affect the treatment efficiency, the better efficiency always comes from the injection wells which have production wells with a higher liquid production rate. Treatment timing should be considered as a critical factor affecting the effect of water reduction. This paper provides instructional guidelines for project design from which the success rate of PPG treatments in injection wells can be improved.

A New Method for Predicting Compressive Strength of Cement-Based Materials

As a porous medium, the strength of cement-based materials is significantly affected by its porosity. This paper presents a new method to describe the strength development of cement-based materials as a function of porosity based on a developed microstructure hydration model of cement. The hydration model deduces the relationship between the diameter change of cement particle and time based on Krstulović-Dabić hydration kinetics formulas and extends a broader version by considering the effect of water reduction, temperature variation, interfacial contact area between hydration products and free water on the hydration rate. Using the hydration model, the time-varying development of porosity can be obtained. Then, based on the strength model proposed by Maekawa et al, in which both the present and initial porosity are taken into account, a new method was established to predict the strength evolution with the porosity calculated by the hydration model.

Modelling water reduction effects: method and implications for horizontal drainage

Waste solids in building drainage systems may still be considered as discrete, subject to a system of forces including hydrostatic, mass, buoyancy and frictional components. Recent water conservation proposals, including legislation, have led to the reduction in the quantities of water available to transport waste into the sewer, and have had a major impact on the hydraulics associated with the transportation of discrete solids in near horizontal drains in buildings. Current design practice, based on statistical methods, leads to oversized systems that present serious implications for system performance as reduced flows from appliances increase the risk of blockages occurring. The need for predictive techniques to inform appropriate stakeholders has never been greater. The development of a numerical model (DRAINET) to predict single solid or non-interacting solid transport has informed regulatory policy on pipe sizing and maintenance strategies. Further refinements of this modelling technique to include the interaction of solids, particularly in the deposition region under water conservation criteria, confirms that the complex interactions in drainage systems cannot be assessed using ‘rule of thumb’ or statistical approaches. Previous research in this area has shown that, in general, above-ground drainage systems benefit from a reduction in pipe diameter to improve drain self-cleansing. The methods outlined in this paper confirm this recommendation and it is postulated that the process of solid transport is enhanced by the interaction of multiple solids, particularly in the region of deposition. On peut considérer que les déchets solides dans les réseaux d'évacuation des bâtiments restent discrets; ils sont soumis à un ensemble de forces (force hydrostatique, force massique, force de flottaison et composants de frottement). De récentes propositions, voire des législations, portant sur les économies d'eau, ont conduit à réduire les quantités d'eau disponibles pour le transport des déchets dans les égouts et ont eu une incidence majeure sur les systèmes hydrauliques associés au transport des solides discrets dans des réseaux d'évacuation quasi-horizontaux dans les bâtiments. La pratique actuelle en matière de conception, basée sur des méthodes statistiques, conduit à des systèmes surdimensionnés qui ont de sérieuses incidences sur leurs performances car les flux réduits provenant des appareils domestiques augmentent le risque de blocage. Jamais ne s'est fait ressentir aussi fortement la nécessité de disposer de techniques prédictives pour informer les intervenants appropriés. Le développement d'un modèle numérique (DRAINET) utilisé pour prévoir les transports de matières solides uniques ou de matières solides n'interagissant pas entre elles est à l'origine d'une politique de réglementation sur le dimensionnement des tuyaux et sur les stratégies de maintenance. D'autres perfectionnements de cette technique de modélisation visant à inclure l'interaction des solides, en particulier dans les zones de sédimentation sous l'eau en tenant compte des critères d'économie, confirment que les interactions complexes dans les systèmes d'évacuation ne doivent être évaluées de manière empirique ou à l'aide de méthodes statistiques. De précédentes recherches dans ce domaine ont montré qu'en général, une réduction du diamètre des tuyauteries des systèmes d'évacuation installés au-dessus du niveau du sol permettait d'améliorer l'auto-nettoyage de ces réseaux. La méthode esquissée dans cet article confirme cette recommandation et on part du postulat que le transport des matières solides se trouve amélioré lorsqu'il y a interaction de solides multiples, notamment dans la zone de sédimentation. Mots clés: évacuation dans les bâtiments, modélisation mathématique, méthode des caractéristiques, transport de matières solides, économies d'eau

Properties of Frozen Wheat Doughs at Subzero Temperatures

The subzero properties of wheat doughs were measured by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and dielectric thermal analysis (DETA) over the temperature range −90 to +40 °C and by1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) T2relaxation over the range −45 to 0 °C. The experiments revealed two transitions in the dough: one independent of frequency at −10 °C (attributed to ice melting) and one dependent on frequency at −30 °C (attributed to a glass transition). The glass transition temperatures measured by DMTA moved to higher temperatures during frozen storage when the optimal water content of dough was used. A reduction in the water content eliminated this phenomenon. A similar effect of water reduction was observed by NMR studies, in which amplitude ratios and decay times were used to calculate the phase transitions. However, the glass transition recorded by NMR was independent of frozen storage with optimal water content. The changes of water state in frozen doughs were studied by ultracentrifugation (the amount of liquid phase) and NMR (freezable water based on liquid amplitude ratios). Frozen storage increased the liquid phase in dough with optimal water content. Thus, ice crystals are growing during frozen storage resulting in the concentration of polymers and a higher glass transition observed by DMTA. The increase of liquid phase during storage was substantially lower when the water content of dough was decreased. Ice crystals» growth can be minimised by reducing water content. The experiments were carried out with four different flours. The measurement of glass transition temperature by DMTA, DETA or NMR did not reveal great differences in doughs made from different flours. The amount of liquid phase was strongly flour dependent.