Effect Of Water Intake Research Articles

Characterization of oral drug absorption from jelly formulations: Effects of membrane permeability and intestinal fluid volume

This study aims to clarify the process of oral drug absorption from jelly formulations. Agar and pectin-based jellies containing drugs with different membrane permeability (high: antipyrine [ANT], medium: metoprolol [MET], low: atenolol [ATE]) were prepared and tested for in vitro drug release and in vivo drug absorption in rats. All drugs showed similar release profiles in vitro from both jelly formulations, except for the faster release from pectin jelly at neutral pH. In contrast, in vivo absorption of ATE but not of ANT from jelly formulations was significantly lower than from solution. Absorption of ATE and MET was low from agar jelly after oral administration, whereas additional water intake significantly increased the absorption. The process of drug absorption was described by the compartmental model consisting of jelly, intestinal fluid, and blood compartments. Drugs in the jelly diffuse into the intestinal fluid and then permeate the intestinal membrane. By considering the rate-limiting process, membrane permeability-dependent drug absorption from agar jelly and the effects of water intake were identified. In conclusion, jelly formulations may potentially decrease and delay drug oral absorption, especially of poorly permeable drugs. Intestinal fluid volume is one of the important factors to control the drug absorption.

Water Intake and Adiposity Outcomes among Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Water consumption is believed to be a key factor in weight management strategies, yet the existing literature on the subject yields inconsistent findings. To systematically assess the scientific evidence regarding the effect of water intake on adiposity, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among overweight and obese populations. PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant articles published up to December 2023. The summary weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. In this meta-analysis of eight RCTs, interventions to promote water intake or to substitute water for other beverages as compared to the control group resulted in a summary WMD of -0.33 kg (95% CI = -1.75-1.08, I2 = 78%) for body weight, -0.23 kg/m2 (95% CI = -0.55-0.09, I2 = 0%) for body mass index (BMI), and 0.05 cm (95% CI = -1.20-1.30, I2 = 40%) for waist circumference (WC). Among RCTs substituting water for artificially sweetened beverages, summary WMD was 1.82 kg (95% CI = 0.97-2.67, I2 = 0%) for body weight and 1.23 cm (95% CI = -0.03-2.48, I2 = 0%) for WC. Conversely, among RCTs substituting water for sugar-sweetened beverages, summary WMD was -0.81 kg (95% CI = -1.66-0.03, I2 = 2%) for body weight and -0.96 cm (95% CI = -2.06-0.13, I2 = 0%) for WC. In conclusion, water intake may not significantly impact adiposity among overweight and obese individuals. However, replacing sugar-sweetened beverages with water might offer a modest benefit in inducing weight loss.

Effect of water intake on fluctuations in blood pressure and heart rate induced by postural changes in healthy subjects

Effect of water intake on fluctuations in blood pressure and heart rate induced by postural changes in healthy subjects

The Effect of Water Intake during Pregnancy on Birth Weight

AbstractObjective: This systematic review aimed to investigate theeffect of water intake during pregnancy on infant birthweight.Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted usingthe keywords "water intake," "dehydration," "pregnancy,""outcome," "hydration," "birth weight," and "birth outcome"in databases such as "SCOPUS," "EBSCO," "PUBMED,""COCHRANE," and through "Google Search." MeSH headings"pregnancy" and "hydration" were used for the search.Inclusion criteria encompassed pregnant women withoutpathological disorders, birth weight as a studied outcome,prospective cohorts, clinical trial study designs, and Englishlanguagepapers. Out of the 254 articles retrieved, six metthe specifi ed requirements and were included in this review.Results: The fi ndings from the six studies consistentlydemonstrated a positive correlation between higher waterintake, improved hydration, and increased birth weight.All studies measured water consumption or hydrationstatus between 8-37 weeks of gestation. Regardless of theduration of the studies, underhydration or low water intakewas consistently associated with lower birth weight.Conclusion: This review highlights that increasing waterintake among pregnant women positively affects infantbirth weight. Adequate water intake during pregnancy isrecommended to be in the range of 2180 – 3000 mL daily,considering hydration status and the stage of pregnancy.Keywords: birth weight, hydration, pregnancy, water intake.AbstrakTujuan: Untuk mengungkap pengaruh asupan air selamakehamilan terhadap berat lahir bayi.Metode: Menggunakan kata kunci “water intake,""dehydration," "pregnancy," "outcome," "hydration," "birthweight," dan "birth outcome,", artikel dicari. Data diambil daridatabase "SCOPUS," "EBSCO," "PUBMED," "COCHRANE,"dan "Google Search". Kami menggunakan MeSH headingskehamilan dan hidrasi untuk istilah pencarian. Kriteria inklusiadalah perempuan hamil tanpa kelainan patologis, beratbadan lahir adalah salah satu luaran penelitian, desain studiberupa kohort prospektif dan uji klinis, serta artikel dalambahasa Inggris. Dari 254 artikel yang diperoleh, enam artikelmemenuhi persyaratan dan digunakan untuk review ini.Hasil: Dari keenam penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakintinggi asupan air, semakin baik hidrasi atau asupan airmeningkatkan berat bayi lahir. Semua penelitian mengukurkonsumsi air atau status hidrasi antara 8-37 minggu. Studistudiini secara konsisten memberikan bukti bahwa asupanair yang rendah atau kondisi kekurangan cairan dikaitkandengan berat badan lahir rendah, terlepas dari durasi studi.Kesimpulan: Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatanasupan air ibu hamil berpengaruh positif terhadap beratlahir bayi. Asupan air yang cukup pada ibu hamil adalah2180 – 3000 mL setiap hari bergantung pada status hidrasidan usia kehamilan.Kata kunci: asupan air, berat lahir, hidrasi, kehamilan.

177 Lu-DOTATATE Therapy: Effects of Water Intake and Drinking Duration on Patient Peripheral Dose Equivalent Rates.

This study investigated the amount and duration of water consumption in neuroendocrine tumor patients after receiving 177 Lu-DOTATATE radionuclide therapy. We recruited 39 patients with neuroendocrine tumors, all of whom were treated with 177 Lu-DOTATATE radionuclide while in the nuclear medicine ward of a tertiary hospital in Nanjing from January 2021 to April 2022. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to investigate their drinking times, water consumption, and urine volumes at 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after radionuclide treatment. At each timepoint, their radiation dose equivalent rates were monitored at 0 m, 1 m, and 2 m from the middle abdomen. f at 24 h were significantly lower than those at 0 min, 30 min, 60 min, and 2 h (all p < 0.05). The dose equivalent rates at 48 h were significantly lower than those at 24 h (all p < 0.05). At 1 m or 2 m from the patient, the dose equivalent rate gradually decreased at all six timepoints and was significantly different between groups ( P < 0.05). To achieve lower radiation doses, there was a correlation with 24 h water consumption (P < 0.05) but no correlation with 48 h water consumption (P > 0.05); there were lower peripheral dose equivalents for patients when 24 h water consumption was no less than 2,750 mL. Patients with neuroendocrine tumors should drink at least 2,750 mL of water 24 h after treatment with 177 Lu-DOTATATE radionuclides. Drinking water in the first 24 h after treatment is more critical to reduce the peripheral dose equivalent, which can accelerate the reduction of peripheral radiation dose equivalent in early patients.

Effect of Water Intake on Constipation and Bowel Movement

&#x0D; Backgrounds: Only 7.5% of colorectal cancer occurred by inheritance; the rest were habit-related and prominently associated with unhealthy eating. Nigerians are showing rising cases of colon diseases that are co-morbid with chronic constipation. Researchers suggested that constipation is associated with colon cancer.&#x0D; Objective: To determine if hydration is associated with bowel movement (BM), the purpose is to reduce the risk of constipation and all diseases associated with constipation and dehydration.&#x0D; Study Design: This was an experimental Study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Data was collected from June 9 - 22, 2021.&#x0D; Methods: A novel pilot experimental cohort study supported by traditional medicine theory, logic, and deduction principles were used for the investigation. Sampling was based on available volunteers, and the sample size n (n= 10) was 10. P value set at p = .05 at 95% confidence interval. The cohort group of 10 participants was treated with 500ml, 1000 ml, and 2000 ml of water for three days, each. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistics, ANOVA analysis, and Tukey HSD.&#x0D; Results: Showed a significant (P=.05) relationship between water intake and Bowel Movement and time taken to move the bowel. In three days mean bowel movement for 500 ml, 1000 ml, and 2000 ml, Day 2 against Day 3 mean was 0.800*, P-value was &lt;.001 for the 1000ml treatment, which showed a relationship. Low water consumption over time each day increased the constipation.The outcome can be beneficial to the general public and healthcare advisory practice.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is a relationship between water intake, constipation, and bowel movement, and optimum water consumption may likely reduce chronic constipation, which is a risk factor for colon cancer and other diseases, including Parkinson disease.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Experimental Investigation of a Novel Extracting Water System from Air by Soil Cold Source

The distribution of fresh water resources is extremely uneven at home and abroad, and the air contains a large amount of water vapor that can be used, so air water has been a widespread concern. Air condensation method is simple and efficient and has strong water intake capacity, but it often needs to consume huge energy. Therefore, this work proposes a new simple and innovative method of drawing water from the air, based on extracting water from air process achieved by using the soil as the cold source. The new type of ground cold air water intake system is designed by the new innovative method, which uses the soil with constant temperature as the cold source to reduce energy consumption. By comparing the central composite design experiment with the field experiment and analyzing the condensate water and outlet temperature under different wind speed and humidity conditions, the quadratic equation expression of condensate water and outlet temperature is obtained, and the optimal import wind speed range under a certain humidity range is obtained according to the mathematical model. The experimental results show that the heat transfer effect between air and soil is ideal, the water intake can reach 2.2 kg in 20-hour continuous collection experiment, the air temperature is close to the soil temperature after cooling, and the effect of water intake is good, which confirms the feasibility of soil as a cold source of air condensation.

Effect of Water Intake and Water Balance on All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Based on a Nationwide Population Study

Effect of Water Intake and Water Balance on All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Based on a Nationwide Population Study

Water intake accelerates ATP release from myofibroblast cells in rats: ATP-mediated podoplanin-dependent control for physiological function and immunity.

We previously demonstrated that water intake increased mesenteric lymph flow and the total flux of IL-22 in rat jejunum. The drained water and the higher permeability of albumin in the jejunal microcirculation contributed to increase the lymph flow and IL-22 transport via the activation of great bulk flow in the jejunal villi. To address the effects of water intake-mediated great bulk flow-dependent mechanical force on jejunal physiological function and immunological regulation of innate lymphoid cells (ILC)-3, we examined the effects of shear stress stimulation on cultured rat myofibroblast cells. Next, we investigated the effects of water intake on podoplanin and IL-22 expressions in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells and rat in vivo jejunal preparations, respectively. Shear stress stimulation of the myofibroblast cells induced ATP release via an activation of cell surface F1/F0 ATP synthase. ATP produced podoplanin expression in the intestinal epithelial cells. Water intake accelerated immunohistochemical expressions of podoplanin and IL-22 in the interepithelial layers and lamina propria of the jejunum. ATP dose-dependently increased IL-22 mRNA expression in ILC-3, which are housed in the lamina propria. Water intake also increased immunohistochemical and mRNA expressions of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases 2 and 5 in jejunal villi. In conclusion, water intake-mediated shear stress stimulation-dependent ATP release from myofibroblast cells maintains higher tissue colloid osmotic pressure in the jejunal microcirculation through podoplanin upregulation in the interepithelial layers. ATP induces IL-22 mRNA expression in ILC-3 in jejunal villi, which may contribute to regulation of mucosal immunity in small intestine.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated effects of shear stress stimulation on cultured myofibroblast cells and water intake on podoplanin and IL-22 expressions in rat jejunal villi. The stimulation induced ATP release from the cells. Water intake accelerated podoplanin and IL-22 expression levels. ATP increased IL-22 mRNA expression in innate lymphoid cells (ILC)-3. Hence, water intake maintains higher osmotic pressure in the jejunal villi through ATP release and podoplanin upregulation. Water intake may regulate the mucosal immunity.

The Effects of Water Intake, Fruits and Vegetables Consumption, and Socio-Cultural on Obesity among Adolescents

Background: The prevalence of obesity is increasing in the world, especially in Indonesia. Obe­sity can cause health problems, such as hyperinsulinemia, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hyper­ten­sion, immunological disorders, certain types of cancer, etc. This study aims to analyze the influence of consumption of water, fruit and vegetables and sociocultural views on the risk of obe­si­ty in senior high school adolescents. Subjects and method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at 25 senior high schools in Banyuwangi, East Java, from March to April 2018. Samples of 225 students were selected using ran­­dom sampling technique. The dependent variable was obesity. The independent variables were con­sumption of water, fruit and vegetables and socio-cultural views. The data were collected using ques­tionnaires and analyzed using multilevel logistic regression. Results: Water consumption (b = -2.67; CI 95% = -3.77 to -1.58; p = <0.001), fruit and vegetables (b = -1.16; CI 95% = -1.88 to -0.44; p = 0.002), activity physical (b = -1.12; 95% CI = -2.08 to -0.15; p = 0.023) and socio-cultural views (b = -1.89; CI 95% = -2.72 to -1.05; p = <0.001) reduce risk of obesity . Genetic factors (b = 3.12; 95% CI = 1.98 to 4.26; p = <0.001) increase the risk of obesity. Senior high school has a contextual effect on the risk of obesity with ICC = 9.89%. Conclusion: The risk of obesity decreases with adequate consumption of water, consumption of enough fruits and vegetables, enough physical activity and living in a society with a socio-cultural outlook with a good diet. The risk of obesity increases with the presence of factors. SMA has a contextual influence on the risk of obesity in adolescents. Keywords: water, fruit and vegetables, socio-cultural views, obesity Correspondence: Nita Aprilia. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir.Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: nitaapriliamelia@gmail.com. Mobile: +6283847987215. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2018), 3(4): 279-289 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2018.03.04.08

Effects of Water Intake on Biochemical Parameters and Performance During Resistance Exercise

The study aims to determine whether water intake during resistance training impacts the amounts of potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) and to identify the effects of the reactions of these minerals on performance. Ten male university students aged between 20 and 23 participated in the study. The participants did five different previously-determined resistance exercises (3 sets of 8RM). During the training program, the participants did the resistance exercises by not consuming water in the first week and consuming water in the second week. (Pre-exercise and exercise days routine food and fluid intake was maintained, fluid intake restriction was applied only during exercise) The participants’ weight, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, systolic and diastolic pressure, lactate, Borg scale ratings, and K+, Na+, Mg, and Ca were determined before and after the exercises. Training volume was recorded. Performing the exercises without water intake produced a significant increase in K+. During the exercises done with water intake, there was a significant increase in Na+. No statistical differences were determined in the volume of exercise done with and without water intake. The study shows that water intake during high-intensity resistance training does not have any effect on the volume of exercise. In addition, the changes in Na+ and K+ parameters do not affect the volume of exercise. Although loss of minerals is statistically significant in exercise without water, it is understood that the total amount of minerals lost is not enough to induce a physiological change or a performance change in the total resistance training volume. Water, regardless of the volume and intensity of exercise, promotes balance of metabolism and prevents performance degradation that can occur during sport events (Murray et al., 1991). For this reason, water should be consumed not only in sports activities but also in daily activities.

Increasing water intake influences hunger and food preference, but does not reliably suppress energy intake in adults

Increasing water intake is often purported to reduce energy intake, and is recommended as a weight loss strategy. The few experimental studies that have been conducted to verify these claims have examined the impact of a single pre-load of water before a meal. Although correlational data indicate a relationship between hydration, energy intake, and weight status, there is very little experimental research in this area. The current studies examined the hypothesis that elevated hydration, through increased water intake, would suppress energy intake. In Experiment 1, participants (n = 49) were asked to consume either one, two, or three 500 ml bottles of water throughout the morning before a lunch buffet in the laboratory. When participants categorized as normal weight drank three bottles of water they consumed less energy at lunch, but there was no effect on participants categorized as overweight or obese. In addition, increased water intake suppressed liking of food items in all participants and hunger in females. A follow-up study (n = 45) was conducted to test if four bottles of water throughout the morning would result in a similar energy suppression in participants categorized as overweight or obese. Surprisingly, in the second experiment, there was no effect of water intake on energy intake at lunch in any of the conditions. There was, however, a similar suppression of hunger and food liking. In conclusion, increasing water intake throughout the morning only suppressed energy intake in individuals categorized as normal weight under certain circumstances, and had no effect on individuals categorized as overweight/obese.

Is reticular temperature a useful indicator of heat stress in dairy cattle?

The present study investigated whether reticular temperature (RT) in dairy cattle is a useful indicator of heat stress considering the effects of milk yield and water intake (WI). In total, 28 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows raised on 3 farms in Lower Saxony, Germany, were studied from March to December 2013. During the study, RT and barn climate parameters (air temperature, relative humidity) were measured continuously and individual milk yield was recorded daily. Both the daily temperature-humidity index (THI) and the daily median RT per cow were calculated. Additionally, the individual WI (amount and frequency) of 10 cows during 100d of the study was recorded on 1 farm. Averaged over all farms, daily THI ranged between 35.4 and 78.9 with a mean (±standard deviation) of 60.2 (±8.7). Dairy cows were on average (±standard deviation) 110.9d in milk (±79.3) with a mean (±standard deviation) milk yield of 35.2kg/d (±9.1). The RT was affected by THI, milk yield, days in milk, and WI. Up to a THI threshold of 65, RT remained constant at 39.2°C. Above this threshold, RT increased to 39.3°C and further to 39.4°C when THI ≥70. The correlation between THI ≥70 and RT was 0.22, whereas the coefficient ranged between r=-0.08 to +0.06 when THI <70. With increasing milk yield, RT decreased slightly from 39.3°C (<30kg/d) to 39.2°C (≥40kg/d). For daily milk yields of ≥40kg, the median RT and daily milk yield were correlated at r=-0.18. The RT was greater when dairy cows yielded ≥30kg/d and THI ≥70 (39.5°C) compared with milk yields <30kg and THI <70 (39.3°C). The WI, which averaged (±standard deviation) 11.5 l (±5.7) per drinking bout, caused a mean decrease in RT of 3.2°C and was affected by the amount of WI (r=0.60). After WI, it took up to 2h until RT reached the initial level before drinking. In conclusion, RT increased when the THI threshold of 65 was exceeded. A further increase was noted when THI ≥70. Nevertheless, the effects of WI and milk yield have to be considered carefully when RT is used to detect hyperthermia in dairy cattle.

Efficacy of Water Intake on Body Weight and Body Mass Index of Overweight Students

The objective of this research was to analyze effect of water intake on body mass index and body weight of overweight students. For this purpose a pre-post experimental study design for 29 students of Nutrition Science of Bogor Agricultural University aged 17-23 years with BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 were selected. Each subject was given 3 bottles of plain water (600 ml) every day. The water was consumed before meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) for 2 months. Data on body weight, body high, food and beverages intake were collected before and after intervention. The result showed that water intake has not significant effect on change of body weight (p=0.490) as well as water intake has not significant effect on change of body mass index (p=0.398). Based on result, it will be conclude that water intake has not significant effect both change body weight and body mass index, because of that another exposure which is may affected, it must be identified.

Prospects of environmental governance in addressing sustainability challenges of seawater desalination industry in the Arabian Gulf

Abstract The hyper-arid climate of the Arabian Gulf makes it an excessively water-deficient region. Ironically, the Gulf States count among the few places with the highest per capita water consumption and low tariff. Since a few decades ago, seawater desalination has been the most reliable source of portable water in the Gulf. Recently, many critical scholars raise concerns about the rising levels of brine discharge, effects of water intake and outfall systems infrastructure, plants’ high energy consumption and fragmented regulatory and policy frameworks. In this study, we explore the potentials of environmental governance in addressing sustainability risks of seawater desalination projects. The DPSIR model and the Earth system governance framework guided and supported our analysis of several multidimensional issues that underlie the characteristics of this industry. Thus, we identified 29 cause and effect factors as well as nine environmental governance intervention strategies. The study suggests that the industry's network of stakeholders can develop good ideas for fostering sustainability by using innovative tools such as hackathon—an interdisciplinary, participatory, solution-oriented, and consensus building platform. Finally, this study enjoins policymakers, businesses, and scientists to embrace more transparent, practical and holistic ideas in designing, executing and assessing technological innovations and interventions in national and regional water security initiatives.

Efeito da ingestão hídrica sobre a recuperação cardiovascular pós-exercício

Physical exercise elicits an increase in heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and, consequently, in the rate-pressure product (RPP). Recovery of HR immediately after exercise indicates cardiovascular health. Blood pressure also decreases after exercise, occasionally reaching values lower than pre-exercise levels (postexercise hypotension). Studies have shown a positive effect of water intake on HR recovery after exercise. However, little is known about the effect of water intake on postexercise BP and RPP responses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of water intake on postexercise cardiac work assessed by HR, BP and RPP. Fourteen healthy volunteers (22 ± 1.4 years) participated in the study. The experimental session consisted of HR, systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) recording at rest, followed by submaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer. Next, the subjects consumed water and the cardiovascular variables were recorded during recovery. In addition, a control session without postexercise water intake was performed. The RPP was calculated from the product of HR and SBP. Water intake prevented a postexercise hypotensive effect on DBP, but accelerated postexercise HR and RPP reduction during recovery when compared to the control session. It was concluded that water intake is an effective strategy to reduce postexercise cardiac work.

Chronotropic and pressor effects of water ingestion at rest and in response to incremental dynamic exercise

Ingestion of water attenuates the chronotropic response to submaximal exercise. However, it is not known whether this effect is equally manifested during dynamic exercise below and above the ventilatory threshold (VT). We explored the effects of water ingestion on the heart rate response to an incremental cycle-ergometer protocol. In a randomized fashion, 19 healthy adults (10 men and nine women, age 20.9 ± 1.8 years) ingested 50 and 500 ml of water before completing a cycle-ergometer protocol on two separate days. The heart rate and oxygen uptake ( ) responses to water ingestion were analysed both at rest and during exercise performed below and above the VT. The effects of water intake on brachial blood pressure were measured only at rest. Resting mean arterial pressure increased and resting heart rate decreased, but only after 500 ml of water (P < 0.05). Compared with that seen after 50 ml of water, the 500 ml volume elicited an overall decrease in submaximal heart rate (P < 0.05). In contrast, drinking 500 ml of water did not affect submaximal . The participants' maximal heart rate, maximal and VT were similar between conditions. Our results therefore indicate that, owing to its effects on submaximal heart rate over a broad spectrum of intensities, the drinking of water should be recognized as a potential confounder in cardiovascular exercise studies. However, by showing no differences between conditions for submaximal , they also suggest that the magnitude of heart rate reduction after drinking 500 ml of water may be of minimal physiological significance for exercise cardiorespiratory capacity.

Cochrane Review: Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants

AbstractBackgroundMost premature infants are not sufficiently mature physiologically to ingest all of their required water and nutrients orally. Therefore, premature infants rely on their caregivers to regulate their volume of water intake. Thus, the caregiver must determine the amount of water to be given each day to such infants.ObjectivesTo determine the effect of water intake on postnatal weight loss, the risks of dehydration, and other morbidities and mortality in premature infants.Search strategyRandomized clinical trials (RCTs) identified in previous versions of this review were re‐examined and, in each case, retained. Additional trials were sought that compared the outcomes of interest in groups of premature infants who were given different levels of water intake according to experimental protocol. Such trials were sought in a list of trials provided by the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group, with a PubMed search, and in the authors' personal files.This search was updated in 2010.Selection criteriaOnly RCTs of varying water intake in premature infants are included. The review was limited to trials that included infants whose water intake was provided mainly or entirely by intravascular infusion.Data collection and analysisStandard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration were used. Study selection and data abstraction was performed independently by each reviewer. The adverse event rates were calculated for the restricted and liberal water intake groups for each dichotomous outcome, and the relative risk and risk difference were computed. In addition, the maximal weight loss results were recorded, and the weighted mean difference was computed.Main resultsThe analysis of the five studies taken together indicates that restricted water intake significantly increases postnatal weight loss and significantly reduces the risks of patent ductus arteriosus and necrotizing enterocolitis. With restricted water intake, there are trends toward increased risk of dehydration and reduced risks of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intracranial hemorrhage, and death, but these trends are not statistically significant.Authors' conclusionsBased on this analysis, the most prudent prescription for water intake to premature infants would seem to be careful restriction of water intake so that physiological needs are met without allowing significant dehydration. This practice could be expected to decrease the risks of patent ductus arteriosus and necrotizing enterocolitis without significantly increasing the risk of adverse consequences.Plain Language SummaryRestricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infantsMost babies born before 37 weeks of pregnancy (preterm babies) are not developed enough to take all the water and nutrients they need by mouth. As a result, they are unable to regulate their intake of water. Inadequate water intake can cause the baby to become dehydrated. Excessive water intake can cause heart and lung problems or intestinal damage. Systematic review of trials related to this issue leads to the conclusion that careful restriction of water for preterm babies, to amounts that meets their physical needs without causing dehydration, reduces the risk of certain complications. More research on this topic is needed.

Effect of water intake on the nitrogen balance of sheep fed a low or a medium protein diet

Effect of water intake on the nitrogen balance of sheep fed a low or a medium protein diet

Impact of Intake Water Temperatures on Reticular Temperatures of Lactating Dairy Cows

Automatic temperature recording may allow early detection of disease, estrus, heat stress, and the onset of calving. The phase IV Cattle Temperature Monitoring System (MaGiiX Inc., Post Falls, ID) utilizes a passive bolus equipped with a temperature sensor, a stationary panel reader to query the bolus, and software to collect, analyze, and display data. One potential limitation to collection of reticular temperatures is the effect of water temperature and consumption on recorded temperatures. Two replicated 3×3 Latin square experiments were conducted at the Purdue Dairy Research and Education Center to assess the impact of water intake on reticular temperatures using the Cattle Temperature Monitoring System. Nine high-producing, mid-lactation, second-parity cows with low somatic cell counts were selected. Before administering a water treatment, access to feed and water was restricted for at least 2h. Baseline reticular temperatures were established from measurements before water intake. In experiment 1, treatments were 25.2kg of hot water (34.3°C±1.0), warm water (18.2°C±0.4), or cold water (7.6°C±0.4). In experiment 2, treatments were 18.9kg of body-temperature water (38.9°C±0.2), cold water (5.1°C±0.4), or control (no water). Following water intake, reticular temperatures were collected for 3h. In experiment 1, an initial dramatic decrease in reticular temperature was observed followed by a gradual increase toward baseline. Least squares means for maximum drop in temperature were 8.5±0.5, 6.9±0.5, and 2.2±0.5°C for cold, warm, and hot water treatments, respectively. Yet at 3h, reticular temperatures did not return to the baseline. In experiment 2, control cows remained within the baseline confidence interval through the observation period, and cows receiving body temperature water experienced an initial decrease in temperature (0.4±0.2°C) with a return to within the baseline confidence interval within 15min. Cows receiving cold water did not return to within the baseline confidence interval after a large decrease of 9.2±0.2°C during the 3-h observational period. Moreover, a regression analysis of continued ascent in temperatures predicted that temperatures would return to baseline within 3.5h. These results demonstrate that, when cows consume large quantities of cold water, the effect of water intake is sizable and sustained. The value of reticular temperatures for daily monitoring in a production setting hinges largely on the implications of this impact.