Effects Of Visual Information Research Articles

Effect of visual information on vowel intelligibility in Japanese singing

Effect of visual information on vowel intelligibility in Japanese singing

Effects of visual information on the face masked speech communication in Covid-secure classrooms

Acoustical measurements and speech intelligibility tests were carried out to investigate the effects of masks on speech communication experienced in real Covid-secure university classrooms during the pandemic. Face-masked speech levels and noise levels were measured to understand the acoustical effects of masks on speech sounds during 15 multiple lectures in 3 university classrooms. The speech intelligibility scores were also evaluated for lower and higher SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) conditions, and for with and without the presence of visual information conditions to investigate the effects of both the acoustic and visual signals in understanding speech communication in actual classroom situations. In the 3 active university classrooms the students experienced on average: speech levels of 55.1 dBA (σ = 5.5 dBA), noise levels of 42.3 dBA (σ = 3.9 dBA), and a speech-to-noise ratio of 12.8 dBA σ = 5.2 dBA). The mean SNR values at the listener’s position for the 15 lectures varied from 3.6 dBA to 20.0 dBA. The use of a portable sound amplification system increases the face-masked speech levels mostly at mid and high frequencies (500–4 kHz), thus it can be more useful for achieving higher SNR values in classrooms. The presence of visual cues have little effect on achieving more higher speech intelligibility scores in higher SNR conditions. The present results show that visual obstruction of the talker’s mouth decreases speech intelligibility scores by a maximum of 10% in lower SNR conditions, particularly at a SNR of 6 dBA or lower.

Effect of visual information from binocular vision on the motor control of step over obstacles in walking with 90° turn.

[Purpose] This study aimed to clarify the relationship between one-eye visual deprivation; thus, interfering with stereoscopic perception, and movement and obtain insights on the influence of visual perception on movement to step over obstacles. [Participants and Methods] Participants were 25 healthy individuals. There were two conditions of visual perception (stationary and approaching conditions) and two additional conditions of binocular and monocular visions. Under the four conditions, participants were asked to step over an obstacle immediately after a 90° turn while walking. Distance between the foot and obstacle, foot pressure distribution, and stance phase time were measured. [Results] Toe clearance was lower in the approaching condition than that in the binocular stationary condition. The trajectory length ratio was greater in the approaching condition than that in the stationary condition, and heel-ground contact, metatarsal-ground contact, and stance times were all shorter in the binocular condition. Additionally, heel contact, midfoot contact, metatarsal contact, and stance times were shorter in the approaching condition than that in the stationary condition. [Conclusion] In walking with a 90° turn, the binocular approaching condition provided more visual information and positively affected motor control of movements to step over an obstacle.

The Effects of Speed-Modulated Visual Stimuli Seen through Smart Glasses on Work Efficiency after Viewing.

It is known that subjective time and work efficiency are affected by visual stimuli. However, existing studies only consider the effects of visual information on the user during viewing and ignore the after effects. Using smart glasses lets users see visual information while moving until just before arriving at the office or school. We hypothesize that the user’s effects from the visual information they were looking at just before working or studying affects the subsequent work. Through two user studies, we investigated whether information presented on smart glasses affected subsequent work efficiency. In the first experiment, participants were presented with avatars running at two levels of speed, or no avatars, through simulated smart glasses in a virtual environment. They then solved a dot-clicking task on a desktop monitor. In the second experiment, we investigated whether the same effect could be shown while walking in the real environment, with a running and a fast-walking avatar both at the same speed in order to see the difference in the effects of the different movements. In the first experiment, we confirmed that the speed of later work tended to improve when presenting the running human-shaped avatar. From the results of the second experiment, which was conducted in the real environment, we did not confirm that the subsequent work speed varied depending on the type of avatar being displayed. As a reason for the trend of improvement in the task efficiency in the first experiment, observation of fast human motion may have unconsciously accelerated the observers’ body movement speed due to the mirror neuron mechanism. As a reason for why the work speed did not improve in the second experiment, the participants may be affected by other pedestrians and running cars. Additionally, it was difficult to see the images on the smart glasses while walking in the real environment.

Effect of visual information from architectural spaces interior: Study on cross-modality in architectural acoustics

Effect of visual information from architectural spaces interior: Study on cross-modality in architectural acoustics

Effects of Visual Information and Argument Concreteness on Purchase Intention of Consumers Towards Online Hotel Booking

Online consumer reviews impact the traveller’s decision to book hotel online. The study examines the role of visual information and argument concreteness on the credibility of reviews and consequently on purchase intention. The study examines the effect of trust and perceived risk as mediators on the relationship of review credibility and purchase intention. An online survey was conducted on 310 travellers above 18 years. The data was analysed using PLS-SEM. Travellers believed visual information and argument concreteness of review enhances the review credibility. Traveller’s purchase intentions were influenced by the credibility of reviews. This relationship was partially mediated by trust but not by perceived risk. The research suggests that the elaborate travel reviews with visual elements that describe the location and surroundings of the hotel are considered to be more credible and develop a positive intention towards booking the hotel.

색채와 표면 특성이 맛 연상에 미치는 영향

The effect of visual information on taste association is very high. Among the factors that influence this view, the most diversely used can be color. Recent research on taste association and color has been actively conducted but most of them have been about colors using the concentration of flat samples or drinks. However the type of object we actually associate with taste is 3D. Therefore, we would like to learn how color and surface characteristics affect the association of taste association in 3D samples considering surface properties. An experiment on the strength of associated sweetness, sourness, bitterness, and salty taste was conducted using flat samples, and based on this, opacity and gloss were added to the three-dimensional sample. As a result colors and saturation varied from sweetness, and opacity showed great associative strength when all taste perceptions were opaque. In the association between gloss and taste, matte and bitterness, and the dimensions influenced the sour and bitter tastes, which were stronger in three dimensions. Since 3D samples with greater associative strength are more helpful for association of taste association, visual information on taste association will be efficiently used considering various surface characteristics.

When the non-dominant arm dominates: the effects of visual information and task experience on speed-accuracy advantages.

Speed accuracy trade-off, the inverse relationship between movement speed and task accuracy, is a ubiquitous feature of skilled motor performance. Many previous studies have focused on the dominant arm, unimanual performance in both simple tasks, such as target reaching, and complex tasks, such as overarm throwing. However, while handedness is a prominent feature of human motor performance, the effect of limb dominance on speed-accuracy relationships is not well-understood. Based on previous research, we hypothesize that dominant arm skilled performance should depend on visual information and prior task experience, and that the non-dominant arm should show greater skill when no visual information nor prior task information is available. Forty right-handed young adults reached to 32 randomly presented targets across a virtual reality workspace with either the left or the right arm. Half of the participants received no visual feedback about hand position throughout each reach. Sensory information and task experience were lowest during the first cycle of exposure (32 reaches) in the no-vision condition, in which visual information about motion was not available. Under this condition, we found that the left arm group showed greater skill, measured in terms of position error normalized to speed, and by error variability. However, as task experience and sensory information increased, the right arm group showed substantial improvements in speed-accuracy relations, while the left arm group maintained, but did not improve, speed-accuracy relations throughout the task. These differences in performance between dominant and non-dominant arm groups during the separate stages of the task are consistent with complimentary models of lateralization, which propose different proficiencies of each hemisphere for different features of control. Our results are incompatible with global dominance models of handedness that propose dominant arm advantages under all performance conditions.

Influence of prior and visual information on eye movements in amblyopic children.

This study analyzed the characteristics of pursuit and assessed the influence of prior and visual information on eye velocity and saccades in amblyopic and control children, in comparison to adults. Eye movements of 41 children (21 amblyopes and 20 controls) were compared to eye movements of 55 adults (18 amblyopes and 37 controls). Participants were asked to pursue a target moving at a constant velocity. The target was either a 'standard' target, with a uniform color intensity, or a 'noisy' target, with blurry edges, to mimic the blurriness of an amblyopic eye. Analysis of pursuit patterns showed that the onset was delayed, and the gain was decreased in control children with a noisy target in comparison to amblyopic or control children with a standard target. Furthermore, a significant effect of prior and visual information on pursuit velocity and saccades was found across all participants. Moreover, the modulation of the effect of visual information on the pursuit velocity by group, that is amblyopes or controls with a standard target, and controls with a noisy target, was more limited in children. In other words, the effect of visual information was higher in control adults with a standard target compared to control children with the same target. However, in the case of a blurry target, either in control participants with a noisy target or in amblyopic participants with a standard target, the effect of visual information was larger in children.

Contributions of Vision in Human Postural Control: A Virtual Reality-based Study.

During human standing, it has been previously observed that information about the position and frequency of visual surround motion improves balance by reducing sway responses to external disturbances. However, experimental limitations only allowed for independent investigation of such parameters while being incapable of providing a fully immersive experience of a real environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of visual information on dynamic body sway in the human upright stance by presenting perturbations through a virtual reality (VR) system. Moreover, we designed a new perturbation signal based on trapezoidal velocity (TrapV) pulses enabling us to simultaneously examine the effects of amplitude and velocity on balance control. The experiments included four different peak-to-peak amplitudes (1-10 degrees), and three velocities (2-10 degree/sec). The body angle, ankle torques and shank angles were measured and analyzed in response to each perturbation. The results reveal that stimuli with higher amplitudes evoked larger responses, while they were initially increased and reached a peak, then decreased by increasing the motion velocity of visual surround.

Joint-Position Sense Accuracy Is Equally Affected by Vision among Children with and without Cerebral Palsy

We compared the effect of visual information on the dominant upper limb position sense of children with diplegic cerebral palsy (n = 10) and normally developing children (n = 10). An isokinetic dynamometer passively moved the dominant forearm in 120° of elbow flexion/extension until the volunteers stopped the machine to indicate that the elbow joint was positioned in the predetermined target angle. Participants performed this task five times in sequence with and without visual feedback of the elbow angle. We calculated the absolute and the relative position errors related to the final elbow position and the target angle. In both groups, absolute error was significantly higher when vision was occluded. Relative error was not affected by cerebral palsy or visual feedback. When vision was occluded, accuracy on this task was similarly impaired in both groups and precision was not disturbed.

Effects of visual information presented by augmented reality on children\u2019s behavior

The effects on children’s behavior of visual information presented by augmented reality (AR) were investigated. A human-like AR character was presented standing in one of two physical pathways to children aged 5–7 years old and 8–10 years old before they completed a filler task. After the task, the children were required to walk through one of the two pathways to obtain a reward. Both the 5–7- and 8–10-year-olds chose the pathway that was not associated with the AR character more frequently than the pathway that was. Subsequently, adult participants tested in a similar manner showed no significant bias in pathway selection. Taken together, these results suggest that the presentation of an AR character within the present experimental setting affected the behavior of children aged from 5–10 years but not that of adults. The results are discussed in the context of developmental changes in sensitivity to insubstantial agents (e.g., imaginary companion), the reality of information displayed by AR technology, and differences in the methods of AR presentation (e.g., hand-held devices vs. head-mounted devices).

Experimental verification of the effect of visual information on prediction of soccer feinting

Experimental verification of the effect of visual information on prediction of soccer feinting

Effect of Visual Information on Postural Control in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Visual information is crucial for postural control. Visual processing in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was hypothesized to be less efficient and thus they would display a less stable standing posture than typically developing children. The present study compared the static standing responses and attentional demands of 15 children with ASD and 18 control participants in conditions of eyes open and eyes closed. The results showed that postural responses and attention invested in standing were similar between the participant groups in the two visual conditions. Both groups displayed a more stable posture when their eyes were open in comparison to eyes closed. The finding suggests that normal postural control development could occur in children with ASD.

Effect of Visual Information on Active Touch During Mirror Visual Feedback

Several studies have demonstrated that observation of a dummy or mirror-reflected hand being stroked or moving at the same time as the hidden hand evokes a feeling that the dummy hand is one’s own, such as the rubber hand illusion (RHI) and mirror visual feedback (MVF). Under these conditions, participants also report sensing the tactile stimulation applied to the fake hands, suggesting that tactile perception is modulated by visual information during the RHI and MVF. Previous studies have utilized passive stimulation conditions; however, active touch is more common in real-world settings. Therefore, we investigated whether active touch is also modulated by visual information during an MVF scenario. Twenty-three participants (13 men and 10 women; mean age ± SD: 21.6 ± 2.0 years) were required to touch a polyurethane pad with both hands synchronously, and estimate the hardness of the pad while observing the mirror reflection. When participants observed the mirror reflection of the other hand pushing a softer or harder pad, perceived hardness estimates were significantly biased toward softer or harder, respectively, even though the physical hardness of the pad remained constant. Furthermore, perceived hardness exhibited a strong correlation with finger displacement of the mirrored, but not hidden, hand. The modulatory effects on perceived hardness diminished when participants touched the pad with both hands asynchronously or with their eyes closed. Moreover, participants experienced ownership of the mirrored hand when they touched the pad with both hands synchronously but not asynchronously. These results indicate that hardness estimates were modulated by observation of the mirrored hand during synchronous touch conditions. The present study demonstrates that, similar to passive touch, active touch is also modulated by visual input.

The influence of the aquatic environment on the control of postural sway

Balance training in the aquatic environment is often used in rehabilitation practice to improve static and dynamic balance. Although aquatic therapy is widely used in clinical practice, we still lack evidence on how immersion in water actually impacts postural control. We examined how postural sway measured using centre of pressure and trunk acceleration parameters are influenced by the aquatic environment along with the effects of visual information. Our results suggest that the aquatic environment increases postural instability, measured by the centre of pressure parameters in the time-domain. The mean velocity and area were more significantly affected when individuals stood with eyes closed in the aquatic environment. In addition, a more forward posture was assumed in water with eyes closed in comparison to standing on land. In water, the low frequencies of sway were more dominant compared to standing on dry land. Trunk acceleration differed in water and dry land only for the larger upper trunk acceleration in mediolateral direction during standing in water. This finding shows that the study participants potentially resorted to using their upper trunk to compensate for postural instability in mediolateral direction. Only the lower trunk seemed to change acceleration pattern in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions when the eyes were closed, and it did so depending on the environment conditions. The increased postural instability and the change in postural control strategies that the aquatic environment offers may be a beneficial stimulus for improving balance control.

Valuing landslide risk reduction programs in the Italian Alps: The effect of visual information on preference stability

Climate change has increased the frequency and intensity of weather-related natural hazards everywhere. In particular, mountain areas with dense human settlements, such as the Italian Alps, stand to suffer the costliest consequences from landslides. Options for risk management policies are currently being debated among residents and decision makers. Preference analysis of residents for risk reduction programs is hence needed to inform the policy debate. We use discrete choice experiments to investigate the social demand for landslide protection projects. Given the importance of information in public good valuation via surveys, we explore the effect of specific visual information on the stability of preference estimates. In our survey, we elicit preferences before and after providing respondents with scientific-based information, based on visual simulations of possible events. This enables us to measure information effects. Choice data are used to estimate a Mixed Logit (MXL) model in WTP space to obtain robust estimates of marginal willingness-to-pay (mWTP) estimates and control for the effect of information. Mapping posterior individual specific mWTP estimates provide additional policy implications. Overall, we found the mWTP estimates to be dependent on information.

The effect of visual information on non-native speakers' perception of Cantonese tones

This study examines the effect of tone marks on the perception of 5 difficult Cantonese tone pairs that have high perceptual similarity: high-rising (25) versus mid-rising (23), mid-level (33) versus low-level (22/11), low-falling (21) versus low-rising (23), low-falling (21) versus low-level (22/11), and low-rising (23) versus low-level(22/11). Native speakers of American English and native speakers of Mandarin participated in a categorial AXB pre-test, a categorial AX training, and a categorial AXB post-test. Half of the subjects received iconic symbols (㐂 ⌉ for high-rising (25), ㌷ for mid-level (33), 㐂 for low-falling (21), 㐂 ㌷ for low-rising (23), and 㐂 for low-level (22/11)) as feedback in the training (Auditory-Visual training group) while the other half did not (Auditory). Preliminary results showed that both language groups improved their discrimination of all the tone pairs and that Mandarin speakers received higher percent response than English speakers in the post-test. AV subjects and A subjects, regardless of language groups, did not differ significantly in percent correct response in the post-test. Reaction time data suggested that AV subjects responded faster on the pair high-rising (25) versus mid-rising (23) than A subjects, regardless of language groups, and that Mandarin speakers responded faster than English speakers in the post-test.

視覚情報の位置が健常成人の立位制御に及ぼす影響

視覚情報の位置が健常成人の立位制御に及ぼす影響

The Effect of Visual Information on Young Children’s Perceptual Sensitivity to Musical Beat Alignment

Recent work examined five-year-old children’s perceptual sensitivity to musical beat alignment. In this work, children watched pairs of videos of puppets drumming to music with simple or complex metre, where one puppet’s drumming sounds (and movements) were synchronized with the beat of the music and the other drummed with incorrect tempo or phase. The videos were used to maintain children’s interest in the task. Five-year-olds were better able to detect beat misalignments in simple than complex metre music. However, adults can perform poorly when attempting to detect misalignment of sound and movement in audiovisual tasks, so it is possible that the moving stimuli actually hindered children’s performance. Here we compared children’s sensitivity to beat misalignment in conditions with dynamic visual movement versus still (static) visual images. Eighty-four five-year-old children performed either the same task as described above or a task that employed identical auditory stimuli accompanied by a motionless picture of the puppet with the drum. There was a significant main effect of metre type, replicating the finding that five-year-olds are better able to detect beat misalignment in simple metre music. There was no main effect of visual condition. These results suggest that, given identical auditory information, children’s ability to judge beat misalignment in this task is not affected by the presence or absence of dynamic visual stimuli. We conclude that at five years of age, children can tell if drumming is aligned to the musical beat when the music has simple metric structure.