Effect Of Various Carbon Sources Research Articles

High-Density Fermentation of Lactobacillus plantarum P6: Enhancing Cell Viability via Sodium Alginate Enrichment.

Lactobacillus plantarum exhibits a wide range of beneficial physiological functions, including maintaining intestinal microbiota balance, reducing serum cholesterol, and promoting digestive health. According to the specific nutrient requirements of Lactobacillus plantarum P6, we investigated the effects of various carbon sources, nitrogen sources, trace elements, growth-promoting substances, as well as the initial pH and inoculum size on the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum P6 under fermentation conditions. The optimal growth conditions for Lactobacillus plantarum P6 were identified to facilitate high-density fermentation in small-scale fermenter production, achieving a cell concentration of 1.03 × 1011 CFU/mL. This resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in bacterial wet weight, and fermentation time was reduced to 12 h when utilizing a specific medium enriched with 0.2% sodium alginate. It is hypothesized that sodium alginate forms a protective film around the bacterial cells, promoting cell aggregation and enhancing self-coalescence, potentially triggering a bacterial community effect. These results provide a basis for the industrial-scale high-density cultivation of Lactobacillus plantarum, offering potential for enhanced biotechnological applications.

Growth performance of critically endangered Hypselobarbus pulchellus in biofloc system: Influence of carbon sources on immune response, enzyme and antioxidant activity

We investigated the effect of various carbon sources on the production performance of critically endangered Hypselobarbus pulchellus in biofloc system. The experimental setup comprised four biofloc treatment groups with various carbon sources (jaggery, tapioca, rice and corn flour) and a control group. Healthy early fry (0.0068 g) was randomly stocked at 100 individuals per m3 into 15 circular fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks (1000 l) and raised for 90 days. All the tested carbon sources significantly influenced weight gain, weight gain (%) and specific growth rate (SGR), with the jaggery treatment displaying the best growth performance (p<0.05). Fingerling survival rates varied from 93 to 95.67% (p>0.05). Compared to the control, the biofloc groups had significantly lower concentrations of nitrogen compounds, specifically total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate concentrations were significantly lowered (0.29, 0.35 and 1.32 mg l-1, respectively) in jaggery treatment (p<0.05). In addition, the treatment using jaggery had a higher amount of plankton biomass and an abundance of the Bacillariophyceae group (80%). All biofloc groups displayed enhanced immune and antioxidant activity compared to the control. The jaggery treatment had elevated levels of lysozyme activity than other treatments (p<0.05). Furthermore, fingerlings raised in BFT treatments had significantly higher amylase, protease and lipase activity (p<0.05). Overall, this study’s findings suggest that the addition of various carbon sources significantly improves the production performance, with jaggery as the best carbon source for critically endangered H. pulchellus fingerling production in biofloc system to ensure sustainability. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Fingerling, Heterotrophic bacteria, Jaggery, Specific growth rate, Sustainability

Impact of carbon source for the synthesis of α-amylase in rice callus culture

Various carbon sources such as fructose, glucose, sucrose and maltose were tested at different concentrations to control enzyme synthesis in callus culture. Among them, 3% maltose was found to be the best carbon source for effective synthesis and secretion in the callus induction medium. The effect of various carbon sources on the synthesis of α-amylase in rice callus culture was studied. The features of the production of α-amylase in rice callus culture were studied on media containing as a carbon source a natural polysaccharide – starch and the end products of its enzymatic hydrolysis – maltose and glucose. A study of the dynamics of growth of callus culture of rice embryos on media with various carbon sources showed that the greatest growth of calli during the cultivation cycle was observed in the variant with glucose and corresponded to an almost 7-fold increase in cell mass. Using different concentrations of sucrose, it was found that the onset of induction of synthesis and secretion of cathodic isoforms of AMY1 α-amylase in rice suspension cells coincided exactly with the moment of depletion of the carbon source in the nutrient medium. The synthesis of the anodic forms of the AMY2 enzyme was constitutive.

Modulatory effects of various carbon sources on growth indices, digestive enzymes activity and expression of growth‐related genes in Whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei reared under an outdoor zero‐exchange system

Modulatory effects of various carbon sources on growth indices, digestive enzymes activity and expression of growth‐related genes in Whiteleg shrimp, <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i> reared under an outdoor zero‐exchange system

Carbon Source Affects Synthesis, Structures, and Activities of Mycelial Polysaccharides from Medicinal Fungus Inonotus obliquus.

The effects of various carbon sources on mycelial growth and polysaccharide synthesis of the medicinal fungus Inonotus obliquus in liquid fermentation were investigated. After 12-d fermentation, mycelial biomass, polysaccharide yield, and polysaccharide content were significantly higher in Glc+Lac group (glucose and lactose used as combined carbon source) than in other groups. Crude polysaccharides (CIOPs) and the derivative neutral polysaccharides (NIOPs) were obtained from mycelia fermented using Glc, fructose (Fru), Lac, or Glc+Lac as carbon source. Molecular weights of four NIOPs (termed as NIOPG, NIOPF, NIOPL, and NIOPGL) were respectively 780.90, 1105.00, 25.32, and 10.28 kDa. Monosaccharide composition analyses revealed that NIOPs were composed of Glc, Man, and Gal at different molar ratios. The NIOPs were classified as α-type heteropolysaccharides with 1→2, 1→3, 1→4, 1→6 linkages in differing proportions. In in vitro cell proliferation assays, viability of RAW264.7 macrophages was more strongly enhanced by NIOPL or NIOPGL than by NIOPG or NIOPF, and proliferation of HeLa or S180 tumor cells was more strongly inhibited by NIOPG or NIOPGL than by NIOPF or NIOPL, indicating that immune-enhancing and anti-tumor activities of NIOPs were substantially affected by carbon source. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that expression levels of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) and UDP-Glc 4-epimerase (UGE), two key genes involved in polysaccharide synthesis, varied depending on carbon source. Our findings, taken together, clearly demonstrate that carbon source plays an essential role in determining structure and activities of I. obliquus polysaccharides by regulating expression of key genes in polysaccharide biosynthetic pathway.

Regulation of biomass, pigments, and lipid production by Chlorella vulgaris 31 through controlling trophic modes and carbon sources

The effects of various carbon sources on growth, photosynthetic pigments and lipid production of Chlorella vulgaris 31 were investigated under photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivations. The results indicated that in two concentration gradients (2 and 10 g L−1), glucose, maltose and sodium acetate all significantly promoted the growth of C. vulgaris 31, while the effects of sucrose and glycerol were not significant. The alga could barely assimilate xylose. The biosynthesis of chlorophylls and carotenoids in algal cells was reduced under mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivations; however, lipid production was promoted significantly. Moreover, this inhibition or promotion has significant concentration dependence of carbon source. The composition and proportion of fatty acids could also be regulated by different culture conditions and organic carbon sources. The finding suggests that the biomass, pigment and lipid production of C. vulgaris 31 could be regulated by controlling the trophic mode and carbon source.

Effect of various carbon sources on in vitro morphogenetic responses in sugarcane

Effect of various carbon sources on in vitro morphogenetic responses in sugarcane

Researching of features byosinthesis beta-glucans in the micelial mass Aspergillus niger and in non-conditional cereal grains

At the moment, it seems relevant to process mycelial mass as a waste product of citric acid and substandard grain, since there is a problem of recycling production waste. In turn, waste processing makes it possible to isolate a number of unique compounds, such as glucan and chitin. Of interest is the cell wall of micromycetes. Its main structural polysaccharides (chitin and glucan) form a complex called the chitin-glucan complex. Moreover, the content of chitin in micromycetes is higher than in traditional raw materials - shells of marine crustaceans. The mycelial mass of Aspergillus niger micromycete is a promising source of glucan and chitin. Aspergillus niger biomass and substandard cereal grains contain soluble dietary fiber-beta-glucans. They help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering cholesterol, control blood glucose, which is very important for patients with diabetes. In addition, because of the ability of beta-glucans to form viscous gels, these chemicals slow down the absorption of sugars. Due to this, there is a decrease in the glycemic index of products. Of greatest interest are glucans of microbial origin. In addition to structural features (more functionally active ?-1,3 / 1,6-bonds), the advantage of beta-glucans derived from biomass is a higher quantitative yield of soluble forms, which are interesting not only in the food industry, but also in medicine . The aim of this work is to study the effect of various carbon sources (raw materials) on the biosynthesis of glucan-containing compounds and their derivatives Aspergillus niger micromycetes. As a result of studies, it was found that the biomass on the corn starch hydrolyzate is the most effective, it contains a high content of beta-glucans.

Production of single cell protein by a local Trichoderma reesei in solid state fermentation: effects of process variables

Single cell protein (SCP) has attracted a lot of attention as an alternative protein source to support the increasing demand and to reduce the dependence on fishmeal in the animal feed and poultry industries. The SCP can be produced using lignocellulosic materials which are abundantly generated continuously as agricultural residues by Trichoderma reesei in solid state fermentation system. In this work, we evaluated the effects of various carbon sources (rice straw, corncob, bagasse, and coffee husk) which were combined with various nitrogen sources (Urea, Ammonium Sulphate, NPK) on SCP production. The rice straw and coffee husk gave a higher SCP yield when combined with urea or NPK at C/N ratio of 20:1 and 30:1. The solid substrate which contained rice straw or coffee husk gave a higher SCP yield when combined with urea or NPK at C/N ratio of 20:1 and 30:1. The initial moisture content of the solid substrate gave a significant contribution to the SCP yield, the highest yield of SCP developed in the substrate with the initial water content of 75%. On the other hand, the ratio of inoculum size to the solid substrate of 1:1 (w/v) gave the maximum SCP yield.

Optimization of Diverse Carbon Sources and Cultivation Conditions for Enhanced Growth and Lipid and Medium-Chain Fatty Acid (MCFA) Production by Mucor circinelloides

Keywords: Mucor circinelloides; microbial lipids; medium-chain fatty acids; culture optimization

Влияние источника углерода на синтез биомассы и экзополисахаридов бактериями Paenibacillus mucilaginosus

Paenibacillus mucilaginosus bacteria are one of the most promising soil microorganisms for obtaining microbiological fertilisers. These bacteria produce indolyl-3-acetous acid and ammonia, as well as possessing the capability of nitrogen fixation and solubilisation of undissolved soil minerals yielding potassium and phosphorus accessible to plants and consequently stimulating plant growth. P. mucilaginosus biological preparations are also useful in the form of fertiliser additives leading to immune stimulation and increase in the productivity of agricultural animals. For the cultivation of P. mucilaginosus bacterial strains, sucrose is recommended. At the same time, little research has been carried out on the influence of glucose and fructose on the growth of these bacteria. The aim of the work was to study the effect of various carbon sources in the composition of the nutrient medium on the biomass synthesis of P. mucilaginosus strains. As a result, a double growth cycle was observed under the conditions of culture on a nutrient medium with a sucrose and a glucose-fructose mixture. The specific growth rate of the bacterial strains under consideration in the assimilation of glucose is higher than in the assimilation of fructose. Accordingly, the generation time for glucose assimilation turned out to be lower than that for fructose assimilation. The growth of the considered bacterial strains on a single fructose nutrient medium was not observed. Glucose demonstrated similar effectiveness of application in culture media to sucrose for the cultivation of all considered bacterial strains of P. mucilaginosus. During culturing of P. mucilaginosus bacteria on nutrient media from glucose and sucrose, the yield of biomass and exopolysaccharides was established to be higher than for the case of a nutrient medium presented by a glucose-fructose mixture. Promising strains for industrial application include 563, 567 and 574, providing a high yield of biomass and exopolysaccharides with culture on a glucose-admixed nutrient medium, and 560, 568 and 572 strains when cultivated on a nutrient medium containing sucrose.

A New Lipid Rich Microalgal SP Scenedesmus Dimorphus Isolated: Nile Red Staining and Effect of Carbon, Nitrogen Sources on its Physio-Biochemical Components

Currently, majority of the researchers concentrate on algal biomass production with autotrophic cultivation, however this cultivation strategy induces low biomass yield and it is troublesome to be utilized in large-scale algal biomass production. In contrary to this, heterotrophic algae can accumulate high level lipid production. Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the effect of various carbon sources viz., glucose, sucrose, fructose, glycerol, sodium acetate and various nitrogen sources viz., NaNO3, urea, KNO3, NH4NO3, yeast extract, peptone, beef extract on lipid, biomass, total chlorophyll, protein and carbohydrate content in Scenedesmsus dimorphus. Among carbon sources, glucose showed maximum biomass yield (1.98±0.005gL-1) and highest lipid content (32.7±0.01%) followed by fructose, sucrose and glycerol. Similarly, total carbohydrates and protein content was also found to be maximum in glucose 0.275±0.002 mgmL-1 and 0.031±0.001 mgmL-1 respectively. While sodium nitrate supported maximum chlorophyll content (29.00±0.01 µgmL-1). Among various tested nitrogen sources, beef extract showed highest lipid production (30.28±0.05%), biomass yield (1.73±0.02 gL-1) in sodium nitrate and total carbohydrates (0.247±0.008) mgmL-1 in beef extract, followed by yeast extract and peptone. Highest chlorophyll content has been found in urea and maximum protein content in ammonium nitrate.

Comparative study of various carbon sources on rhamnolipid production

This study aimed at comparing the effect of various carbon sources with a fixed nitrogen source for the syntheses of rhamnolipid biosurfactant using a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The carbon sources used were glycerol, glucose and waste cooking oil (WCO), for the benefit of utilising wastes. The characterized microbial strain was obtained from the Microbiology Department of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. It was grown on a surface culture before inoculation into a production culture. Each culture media were sterilized at 121 °C, 15 psi for 15 min and cooled before inoculation. Each procedure was carried out in duplicates and culture flasks incubated in a shaker for 7 days with 24-h monitoring. The growth of P. aeruginosa on the three carbon sources passed through the phases of formation of primary metabolites. The surface tensions of medium relative to water was reduced from 86.69 mNm−1 to 33.63 mNm−1, 36.44 mNm−1 and 18.02 mNm−1 for biosurfactant from use of glycerol, glucose and WCO as carbon sources respectively. Excellent emulsification index, E24, was obtained in the continuous media Heavy black oil and lubricating oil unlike in the other media: vegetable oil and kerosene. The FTIR spectra revealed that the glycerol- and glucose-based biosurfactants were di-substituted rhamnolipids with difference in the hydrophobic moieties. However, the biosurfactant formed with WCO was not a rhamnolipid but a lipopeptide.

Microtuberization and Acclimatization in the Dioscorea cayenensis Thunb. by the Carbon Source

In this experiment, we investigated the effects of various carbon sources and concentrations on the microtuber induction and acclimatization of the yam (Dioscorea cayenensis). First, the effects of the in vitro carbon sources and concentrations on the microtuber induction were examined. The highest efficiency of the microtuber induction was obtained in the 7% sucrose treatment, whereas the glucose treatment shows no effect on the microtuber formation. Secondly, the effects of the survival rate and the microtuber formation rate after the acclimatization were examined. The diameter (6.1 mm) and fresh weight (0.5g) of the tuberous root are the highest in the pretreatment of the 7% sucrose. Although the survival rate of the pretreatment of the low concentration sucrose (3% sucrose) is 100 %, the growth and development were inhibited. These results suggest the 7% sucrose treatment is appropriate for the yam microtuber formation and acclimatization. In addition, this protocol could be used for the propagation of virus- or disease-free clones and the multiplication of elite yam cultivars.

Effect of Cu-Ti-C reaction composition on reinforcing particles size of TiC x /Cu composites

TiC x /Cu composites were fabricated by combustion synthesis and hot press technology. Using XRD, SEM, EDS, FESEM analysis methods, the effects of various carbon sources and different Cu contents on the microstructures of TiC x /Cu composites and the size of TiC x particles were investigated. Results showed that TiC x reinforcing particles size increases with decreasing Cu content in Cu-Ti-C reaction system. With carbon nanotubes (carbon black) serving as carbon source, the generated TiC x particles size transits from nanometer to submicron when Cu content corresponding to the reaction system is reduced to 60 vol% (70 vol%); while graphite serves as carbon source, there is no clear limiting concentration. C particles with smaller size, larger specific surface area and better distribution result in finer TiC x particles, which is more beneficial to generating nano-sized TiC x /Cu composites.

Extracellular xylanase production from a new xylanase producer Tuber maculatum mycelium under submerged fermentation and its characterization

Abstract Truffles are edible fungi that grow symbiotically with several trees. In this study, Tuber maculatum mycelia were isolated and screen qualitatively for extracellular xylanase production at a broad pH range (4.0, 7.0 and 9.0) in agar plates. Based on zone of clearance highest xylanase activity was observed at pH 7.0. Furthermore, T. maculatum mycelium was studied for effect of various carbon sources, initial medium pH, agitation and fermentation time on xylanase production in submerged fermentation. Under optimized conditions maximum xylanase activity (13.15 U/mL) was detected after 6 days of fermentation at static condition in the basal salt medium with the initial medium pH of 7.0% and 0.5% xylan. The xylanase showed maximum activity at 50 °C and pH 5.0. The Zn 2+ activated the xylanase but Co 2+ was found inhibitory towards the same. The results indicated that truffle mycelium is utilizing xylan as energy source from host plant root system.

Effect of various carbon source, temperature and pH on nitrate reduction efficiency in mineral salt medium enriched with Bacillus weinstephnisis (DS45)

The potential bacterial isolates which reduces nitrate using mineral salt medium (MSM) was studied through a batch mode process. Specific nitrate reducing bacteria were isolated from Dharmapuri district (Tamilnadu, India) soil samples. The selected potential bacterium was morphologically and biochemically identified as a Bacillus weinstephnisis (DS45), since it demonstrates more efficiency in removal of nitrate. The effect of various carbon sources, temperatures and pH on removal of 100mg/L of nitrate was checked by amending the MSM. A rapid nitrate reduction (83.05%) was observed in 0.5% of starch, 35°C of temperature in pH 7. This study evaluated that the 0.5% starch could be a potential carbon source to enhance the bacterial growth for the removal of nitrate in the aqueous medium within the suitably optimized conditions.

Studies on the production of shikimic acid using the aroK knockout strain of Bacillus megaterium.

Shikimic acid has various pharmaceutical and industrial applications. It is the sole chemical building block for the antiviral drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu(®)) and one of the potent pharmaceutical intermediates with three chiral centres. Here we report a modified strain of Bacillus megaterium with aroK (shikimate kinase) knock out to block the aromatic biosynthetic pathway downstream of shikimic acid. Homologous recombination based gene disruption approach was used for generating aroK knock out mutant of B. megaterium. Shake flask cultivation showed shikimic acid yield of 2.98g/L which is ~6 times more than the wild type (0.53g/L). Furthermore, the shikimate kinase activity was assayed and it was 32% of the wild type. Effect of various carbon sources on the production of shikimic acid was studied and fructose (4%, w/v) was found to yield maximum shikimic acid (4.94g/L). The kinetics of growth and shikimic acid production by aroK knockout mutant was studied in 10L bioreactor and the yield of shikimic acid had increased to 6g/L which is ~12 fold higher over the wild type. It is evident from the results that aroK gene disruption had an immense effect in enhancing the shikimic acid production.

The preparation of ZrO2–ZrC ceramic microspheres by internal gelation process with sucrose as a carbon source

ZrO2–ZrC (ZrCO) ceramic microspheres were fabricated by internal gelation and carbothermal reduction. The effect of various carbon sources on the stability of the broth was investigated, the carbon sources which have little effect on the stability of the broth were chosen as the carbon sources for carbothermal reduction, and the component distribution and microstructure of the sintered ZrCO microspheres were analyzed. The results indicate that the broth was stable at room temperature when sucrose was used as the carbon source, and crack-free ZrC–ZrO2 ceramic microspheres with good sphericity and uniform distribution of ZrC and ZrO2 could be successfully prepared. Moreover, the ZrC–ZrO2 ceramic microspheres fabricated have no obvious pores and free carbon.

Lipid Production by &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Rhodotorula glutinis&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; from Pulp and Paper Wastewater for Biodiesel Production

This study investigated the potential of oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis utilizing pulp and paper wastewater effluents as cultivation media for the sustainable production of microbial lipids as biodiesel feedstock. R. glutinis is oleaginous yeast, which has the ability to produce significant quantities of intercellular lipids in the form of triacylglycerols. Yeast lipids are a promising potential feedstock for biodiesel production due to similar fatty acid composition to plant oils. The effect of various carbon sources on biomass production, lipid accumulation, substrate utilization, and fatty acid composition using R. glutinis in the pulp and paper wastewater media was studied. The pulp and paper wastewater was supplemented with glucose, xylose, and glycerol as carbon sources under nitrogen-limited conditions. The maximum lipid productions of 1.3 - 2.9 g•L–1, which corresponded to the intracellular lipid contents of 8% - 15% cell dry weight (CDW), were obtained under various carbon substrates. A kinetic study of the batch fermentation was performed in a 3 L aerobic batch fermenter to describe the cell growth, lipid accumulation, and substrate utilization process, and the kinetic parameter was estimated. The fatty acid profile of oleaginous yeast was rich in palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids and comparable to vegetable oils. Thus, the results of this study indicated that pulp and paper wastewater could be used to produce lipids as biodiesel feedstock.