Effects Of Various Binders Research Articles

Effect of Various Binders on the Properties of Microalgae-Enriched Urea Granules.

As the human population grows and the demand for food grows with it, the recycling, or containment of materials is important for resource consumption. Nitrogen is one of the main plant nutrients, most commonly used as the chemical substance urea. Because urea is very soluble and at a relatively low temperature (50-60 °C) it hydrolyses easily (releases N2 and CO2) in soil solutions; this is why very large amounts of nitrogen are lost and greenhouse gases are released and this causes serious environmental problems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to create microalgae-enriched nitrogen fertilizers with different binders that inhibit nitrogen leaching from the soil. Binders such as water (W), polyvinyl acetate dispersion (PVAD), molasses (M), potato starch (S), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were used in this study and their influence on leaching was analysed. Granular fertilizers were produced in a drum granulator and dryer under equal conditions: granulation time was 7 min, granulation took place at a temperature of 50-60 °C, at a drum rotation speed of 26 rpm, with a 5° inclination angle of the drum. The results show that the highest quantity of the marketable fraction was 43.01 (±3.068%) and it was obtained using urea, with 10% (w/w) microalgae additive, and 11.4% (w/w) of 5% concentration molasses solution. The granules of the fertilizer marketable fraction are similar in size because the size guide number (SGN) of the granules vary in a narrow range and fall within the interval of 287 to 304; this means that the average particle size is ~3 mm. When different binders were used, the average static crushing strength of the granulated fertilizers was lower (approximately 6-12 MPa) than using water alone (approximately 12-16 MPa), but the lower values still fell into the required range. Additives of PVAD solutions and molasses solutions have been found to retain nitrogen in sand. The method of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the results.

Wear behaviors of cubic boron nitride tools with various binders in high-speed turning of compacted graphite irons

Compacted graphite iron (CGI) is a promising material as diesel engines in automotive industry, but the poor machinability and low machining efficiency have further hindered the employment of CGI in the potential applications. Cubic boron nitride (cBN), possessing extreme hardness and chemical inertness, is the best candidate as tools to machine ferrous metals. In this paper, we attempt to explain the disparities in wear behaviors of cBN tool with different binders by implementing high-speed turning of CGI. The effects of various binders on cBN tool flank wear, cutting force, cutting temperature, and machined surface roughness was systematically investigated. Additionally, the response relationship among flank wear, cutting force, temperature and surface roughness was obtained. Further, the underlying reasons of the wear mechanism of cBN tool were revealed. The results indicated that the cBN tool performances strongly depend on the affinity of binders with CGI. The contributions of binder phases, cBN content, and cBN grain size under the employed machining conditions: the binders are dominated, and followed by cBN grain size or cBN content in the high-speed cutting of CGI. The small cBN grain size, and TiCN, TiC, TiN binders of cBN tools have superior cutting performance than the Co binders.

The Effects of Additives on the Pelletization of Raw and Torrefied Food Waste

This study evaluates the effect of various binders on the pelletization of raw and torrefied food waste (FW) towards its physical properties, including density, moisture reabsorption, and tensile strength of the formed pellets. Three binders; starch, lignin, and vegetable oil, were used to make the raw and torrefied FW pellets. It was found that the addition of lignin helps to improve the density of both, raw and torrefied FW pellets by 40% for raw FW pellets and up to 27% improvement for the torrefied FW pellets. In addition, increasing the concentration of lignin may also reduce moisture reabsorption from 48% to 40% of raw FW pellets, and the sorption was further reduced for the torrefied FW pellets. The addition of lignin improves the tensile strength, mainly the torrefied FW pellets. Results show that lignin inclusion demonstrates significant enhancement to the physical properties of FW pellets.

Development of lightweight composites based on foam glass aggregate

Building composites based on various types of lightweight aggregate have been widely used in the last decades for production of precast elements (e.g. panels) or whole structures with a good thermal insulation/mechanical properties ratio. The presented research investigated the feasibility of using foam glass aggregate, prepared from waste glass powder, in lightweight insulating composites for building industry. The effect of various binders (both organic and inorganic), binder/filler ratios and 3 types of fibres addition (PET, cellulose and mineral wool waste) on the physico-mechanical properties (bulk density, compressive strength) and thermal conductivity of the composite was evaluated. The results indicate, that applicable composites with sufficient mechanical parameters and low thermal conductivity (coefficient of thermal conductivity about 0,09 W/(m·K) can be prepared using both types of binders.

Effect of Fe2O3 and Binder on the Electrochemical Properties of Fe2O3/AB (Acetylene Black) Composite Electrodes

In an effort to find the best anode material for Fe/air batteries, a Fe2O3/AB (Acetylene Black) composite was prepared by dry-type ball milling using Fe2O3 nanoparticles and AB as the active and additive materials, respectively. The effects of various binders and Fe2O3 content on the electrochemical properties of Fe2O3/AB electrodes in alkaline solution were investigated. It was found that the content of Fe2O3 strongly affected the electrochemical behavior of Fe2O3/AB electrodes; with Fe2O3 nanopowder content reaching 70 wt.% for the electrode and showing improvement of the cyclability. When the electrode binder polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was used, clear redox peaks were observed via cyclic voltammetry (CV), while polyvinylidene fluoride-containing electrodes provided CV curves with unobservable redox peaks. Increasing either binder content in the electrode showed a negative effect in terms of the cyclability of the Fe2O3/AB electrode.

Effects of Various Binders on Supercapacitor Performances

Effects of Various Binders on Supercapacitor Performances

A comparative study on properties of porous friction course mixes with neat bitumen and modified binders

This paper summarises details of the laboratory investigation on the effect of various binders on the performance and durability of porous friction course (PFC) mixes. Three different modified binders and neat bitumen were investigated for three different aggregate gradations at two predetermined binder contents. The performance was evaluated in terms of stone-on-stone contact condition, air voids, and hydraulic-conductivity of compacted PFC mixes. The structural durability was investigated based on aged abrasion loss and moisture susceptibility. The findings provide a better understanding of the effect of each binder type on the performance and durability of PFC mixes.

Preparation and Characterization of Tungsten Heavy Alloy Feedstock for Metal Injection Molding

In this study, the effect of various binders’ compositions on the feedstock of pre-alloyed tungsten heavy alloys (WHAs) powders has been investigated. Four kinds of wax-based binders were prepared from paraffin wax (PW), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and stearic acid (SA), and the characteristic of each feedstock was investigated at various temperatures and shear rates. It was found that all the feedstocks exhibited pseudoplastic flow behavior. Feedstock having multi-polymer components showed better rheological properties than those having mono-polymer because of good wettability between powder and binder, and less sensitivity to temperature and shear rates. This could be due to the molecular weight and length of molecular chain of PP and HDPE.

Influence of binder type on leaching rate and ingestion of microbound diets by mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forsskål), larvae

Microbound diets (MBD), composed of nutrients held within a matrix or binder, were shown to be readily ingested by larvae of the mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forsskål). In an effort to improve experimental MBD developed for S. serrata larvae, this study determined the effects of various binders on estimated larval ingestion of MBD as well as their leaching rates. Microbound diets with the same dietary compositions were bound with either agar, alginate, carrageenan, gelatin or zein. All diets contained 14C-labelled rotifers and were fed to Zoea I, III, V larvae and megalopae. The 14C content of larvae fed 14C-labelled MBD for 2 h was used to estimate the relative ingestion rates of MBD. For all larval stages tested, the estimated mean larval ingestion of MBD did not differ significantly between binder types (P>0.05). Determination of the amount of 14C-labelled nutrient leaching from MBD bound with various binders after 30, 60 and 240 min of immersion showed that for all types of binders, 14C leaching occurred primarily within the first 30 min of immersion. Zein-bound MBD consistently showed the lowest numerical leaching rate among the five binders tested for all immersion periods examined, and the differences compared with other binders were often significant, particularly after 60 and 240 min of immersion. Larval feeding experiments showed that MBD prepared with binders showing higher rates of leaching were not utilized to a greater degree by S. serrata larvae. Furthermore, unnecessary leaching from MBD particles wastes dietary nutrients and is likely to impact on water quality. On this basis, our results suggest that because of its consistently lower leaching rates, zein is probably a more suitable binder for MBD developed for S. serrata larvae.

The effects of various binders and moisture content on pellet stability of research diets for freshwater crayfish

Two experiments were conducted to assess the water stability of a practical research diet manufactured with various binders and differing levels of moisture. In the first experiment the binders – agar, gelatine, carrageenan, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were included at both 3 and 5% of total ingredient weight. All binders were tested with equal ingredient weight to water volume, and additionally carrageenan was tested in a diet with double the water volume. The dry matter remaining following immersion for up to 180 min was calculated and the rate of pellet decay was modelled using the Weibull distribution. The analysis revealed that the rate of dry matter loss decreased with time, and that carrageenan and CMC binders were significantly better (P

Evaluation of the degree of Cr ions immobilization by different binders

Disposal of industrial solid wastes can cause environmental risks due to the mobility of toxic elements. Stabilization/solidification (s/s) is an effective tool in the treatment of various wastes; however, there is a lack of chemical fixation on the concentrations of Cr. Thus, Cr, in particular Cr 6+, remains free in the leachate. Some phases of the blast furnace slag seem to be able to exert a solubility control on chromium. This study evaluates the effect of various binders on the fixation of Cr ions. Static leaching tests were conducted at two different water–solid ratios as a means to distinguish elements that have solubility controls. The results show that Cr content decreases very quickly to obtain values near 0.03 ppm soon after the contact between the contaminated solution and the different binders. The sample containing only the slag was the most effective. Cr was evenly distributed in the C–S–H as detected by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Stabilising effects of different binders in some Swedish soils

In Sweden, lime and lime–cement have been used for several decades as stabilising agents in deep stabilisation of soft soils. More recently, other types of binder have come into use, but so far only to a limited extent. In order to gather experience about the effect of various binders, laboratory tests have been performed on different types of soil stabilised with a range of binders. Lime, cement, fly ash and blast furnace slag in different combinations together with different admixtures, such as gypsum, silica fume and calcium chloride, have been used in the investigations. The variation in strength with type of binder has been studied, and comparisons have also been made with results from some previous investigations using different binders. The tests showed that there is no optimal, universal binder for stabilisation of the soils. Whereas some binders are robust, yielding good results in most types of soil, there are also binders that produce very good results in certain soils but poor results in others. Both similarities and differences in effects were found for different binders. En Suède, la chaux et une combinaison chaux-ciment ont été utilisés depuis plusieurs décennies comme agents stabilisants pour la stabilisation de sols mous. Plus récemment, d'autres types de liants ont été utilisé, mais de façon limitée. Dans le but d'acquérir de l'expérience concernant l'effet de différents liants, un certain nombre d'essais en laboratoire ont été exécutés sur différents types de sols stabilisés avec différents liants. La chaux, le ciment, les cendres, et les scories de haut fourneaux combinés dans différents mélanges avec du gypse, de la silice et du chloride de calcium ont éte utilisés dans ces essais. La variation de la résistance avec le type de liants a été étudié et des comparaisons ont été faites avec des essais provenant d'études antérieures de différents liants. Les essais n'ont pas résulté en un liant optimal universel, mais ils ont démontré que certains liants affichent de bons résultats dans la plupart des types de sols étudiés alors que certains autres liants montrent de bons résultats dans certains sols et des mauvais résultats dans d'autres. Des similitudes ainsi que des différences se rapportant à l'effet de différents liants ont été enregistées au cours des essais.

Influence of binders on the sensing and electrical characteristics of WO 3-based gas sensors

The effects of various binders added in the solidification process, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), silica sol and Al 2O 3, on the sensing and electrical characteristics of WO 3-based n-type semiconductor gas sensors are investigated. Grain sizes show a slight variation according to the employed binders. In the case of WO 3 films fabricated with silica sol or Al 2O 3 binder, some residue of binders at grain boundary and agglomerates of WO 3 grains are observed. The electron concentration of WO 3 film around room temperature and the temperature dependence of film resistance in normal air do not show any systematic dependence on the employed binders. In NO x gas, however, the optimum operation temperature and the sensitivity of WO 3 sensors at that temperature are observed to depend greatly on the employed binders. The resistance of the WO 3 films shows an exponential temperature dependence in NO x gas in the temperature range of 110–375°C, and the increase of film resistance in NO x gas is observed to depend greatly on the binders added in WO 3 films. Sensitivity to various ambient gases does not show any systematic variation. All these results mean that the binders affect the sensing characteristics of WO 3-based gas sensors mainly through the modification of chemical conditions at grain boundary rather than the modification of grain size and electron concentration.

A New Disintegrant for Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

The current research paper introduces a biodegradable, nontoxic polymer as a new disintegrant for pharmaceutical dosage forms. Gellan gum is a linear anionic polysaccharide approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for industrial use as a food additive. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the disintegrant property of gellan gum by taking ibuprofen as a model drug. The study included determination of optimum disintegrant concentration, effect of various binders, and suitable mode of incorporation of the disintegrant. The newly investigated disintegrant was compared with the conventional disintegrants to determine its relative efficiency.

Color and Its Stability in Restructured Beef Steaks during Frozen Storage: Effects of Various Binders

ABSTRACTColor and its stability were evaluated in restructured steaks made with various binders (calcium alginate, crude myosin extract, whey protein concentrate, wheat gluten, soy isolate or surimi) vs controls (intact ribeye muscle, restructured steaks with no additives or with NaCl and sodium tripolyphosphate). Steaks made with various binders showed similar effects on initial surface metmyoglobin concentration and sensory color attributes, except steaks made with calcium alginate or soy isolate protein. During 12‐wk frozen storage, steaks made with various binders (except soy protein isolate) had similar color stabilities.

Evaluation of Binder Activities on the Physical Properties and Compression Characteristics of Granules Prepared by Two Different Modes

AbstractThe effects of various binders and binder concentrations in production of granules by two different granulation modes were first investigated on the basis of the granule size distribution. Increasing the amount of binder produced larger and less friable granules associated with a decrease in flow rate and an increase in angle of repose. The strength of granules prepared by either the wet conventional or the fluidized bed was a function of its mean particle diameter and of binder-content with the later factor being more predominant. The inclusion of paracetamol into the placebo formula decreased the granule crushing strength. The effect was more pronounced with smaller granules and decreased with increasing granule size.The rank order of the paracetamol-PVP granules crushing strength was reversed for the tensile strength of their corresponding tablets, viz., the paracetamol-PVP tablets prepared from fluidized granulation exhibited a higher tensile strength than that compressed from wet granules. A ...

Batch Production of Pharmaceutical Granulations in a Fluidized Bed II: Effects of Various Binders and their Concentrations on Granulations and Compressed Tablets

A study was made of the effects of various binders and binder concentrations on the physical properties of fluidized bed granulations. The binders investigated included gelatin USP, acacia USP, povidone NF, and hydroxypropyl cellulose. In general, increasing the binder formula weight had the following effects upon the final granulation: (a) increased average granule size, (b) decreased granule friability, (c) increased interparticulate porosity, and (d) decreased granule flowability. Due to slower solvent evaporation rates, viscous binder solutions reduce the bulkiness of fluidized bed granuiations through their enhanced ability to penetrate and wet the fluidized solids. Correlations, similar to those observed with conventional granulations, exist between the physical properties of the fluidized bed granulations and their compressed tablets.

SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH ZIRCON AND ZIRCONIA REFRACTORIES*

This is a record of the results of five years' research on refractory uses for a chemically purified grade of zircon and electrically fmed zirconia of high purity. The products investigated included semi-permanent foundry molds, refractory brick and cements, ladle nozzles, and crucibles. Electric firing and a small oil-fired tunnel kiln are described. Sintered zircon grog was found superior to electrically fused grog. Zircon brick made with 50% grog, using 20% milled zircon for the permanent bond and fired at 1600°C for an hour, showed no firing shrinkage, very slight volume change, and high compressive strength at 1600°C. They were extremely resistant to spalling but did not resist basic slags or metallic oxides very well a t high temperature. Zircon-bonded magnesite brick were more refractory than ordinary magnesite, more resistant to spalling, and had about the same slag resistance magnesite. Zirconia was more refractory than zircon and had better slag resistance. Lime-bonded zirconia crucibles of good spalling resistance were made, but the cost was higher than that of zircon. The effects of various binders are discussed.