Effect Of Mass Variation Research Articles

Peat Water Treatment Using Modified Red mud

Red mud is an alumina refinery waste residue that has been used to develop an effective adsorbent for wastewater treatment, one of which can be applied to peat water. Peat water treatment is carried out using the adsorption method. This study sought to ascertain the impact of the acid types of acid HCl and H2SO4 solution on dealumination process to the characteristics of the red mud adsorbent based on the analysis of XRF and BET instruments. In addition, this study was to determine the effect of the effect of mass variations of the red mud adsorbent on the effectiveness of peat water treatment. This research was conducted on a laboratory scale using variations in the adsorbent mass of 1 g; 3 g ; 5 g and 7 g and variation of contact time used was 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes . The results showed an increase in the Si/Al ratio from 1.064% to 1.697% for HCl, while for H2SO41.565%. Increasing of surface area with HCl was 179.574% while using H2SO4 was 162.891%. The results of research on the adsorption process with variations in the mass of the adsorbent 1, 3, 5, and 7 grams obtained the results of peat water pH respectively were 6.6; 7.0; 7.0; and 7,1. In the Fe metal there were removal of 73.39%; 37.09%; 24.19% and -141.93%. Then for the organic matter removal efficiency were 53.07%; 50%; 44.30% and -17.98% respectively. In variation of contact time for the parameter Fe, there were removals of 29,03%, 27,41%, and 24,19% respectively. Then for organic matter the removal efficiencies were 32,46%, 54,82%, 48,25%, and 44,29%. The optimum condition based on the result obtained are the 5 g for the mass adsorbent and 30 minute for contact time. Keywords: adsorbent; dealumination; H2SO4; HCl; peat water; red mud.

Analisis Pemanfaatan Limbah Abu Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Adsorben dalam Menurunkan Logam Besi (Fe) pada Air Asam Tambang

The aim of this research is to analyze the comparative ability of boiler ash and incinerator ash in reducing Fe metal levels in Acid Mine Water, analyze the effect of mass variations and pH variations of the POFA adsorbent and analyze the adsorption ability. The flow in this research is adsorbent activation, taking Acid Mine Water samples, testing the initial conditions of Acid Mine Water samples which include pH and Fe testing and the AAT adsorption experimental stage, acid mine water sample volume 250 ml for each experiment, stirring speed 300 rpm and contact time. for 3 hours with adsorbent masses used of 2.5g, 5g and 10g, and pH variations of 5, 7 and 9, data analysis stage of adsorption capacity data. Based on research results, boiler ash is better at adsorbing Acid Mine Water, the greater the POFA adsorbent mass has the ability to reduce Fe metal because the removal percentage is greater. The best pH for adsorption treatment is pH 7, namely neutral pH, the most optimal mass of adsorbent used is 10g with a pH value of 7. The regression value on the Langmuir Isotherm is higher than the Regression value on the Freundlich Isotherm, so the Langmuir Isotherm is better for find out how much adsorbate mass can be adsorbed by the adsorbent.

Mass variation effect in CR3B problem with nanoscale

The aim of this paper is to investigate the dynamical behavior of a Carbon atom under the forces of the two fullerenes in the circular restricted three-body (CR3B) configuration with nanoscale. Here, we assume that the mass of a Carbon atom varies according to the Jeans law, and then with the use of Meshcherskii transformation, we determine the equations of motion and quasi-Jacobian integral. Then by the use of numerical values of the parameters, we investigate the potential surfaces, equilibrium points, regions of motion, Poincaré surfaces of sections, periodic orbits, basins of attraction and stability of the equilibrium points.

Reduction of Heavy Metal (Pb) ions in industrial waste using activated carbon based on used catalysts

Used catalyst-based activated carbon is activated carbon made from used catalysts from the crude oil cracking process. The used catalyst used is a type of crystalline Zeolite with a regular structure, which contains elements of Silica Oxide, Alumina Oxide, and Calcium Oxide. The use of organic activated carbon to treat waste has been widely used, the use of used catalyst waste as activated carbon is very potential because the catalyst used for oil company cracking is no longer used. Tofu industry is one of Indonesia's industries dominated by small-scale businesses with limited capital, so most tofu industries do not have waste treatment units, where liquid waste is directly discharged into sewers or water bodies without treatment first. Tofu industrial waste contains pollutants both organic and inorganic. Initial analysis of tofu industry liquid waste containing Pb metal. This study aims to determine the effect of mass variation and stirring time of used catalyst-based activated carbon adsorbent on reducing Heavy Metal Ions (Pb) in tofu industry liquid waste. The adsorption process is carried out with mass variations of activated carbon of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 grams. Stirring time variations are 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes. From the results of the study, it is known that the best condition for reducing Pb content was obtained at a stirring time of 60 minutes and a large catalyst-based activated carbon mass of 66.33%

Shapes and Mass Variation Effects of the Bodies in the Generalized Elliptic Restricted 3-Body Problem

Shapes and Mass Variation Effects of the Bodies in the Generalized Elliptic Restricted 3-Body Problem

THE UTILIZATION OF BIOCOAGULANT FROM MELON SEEDS POWDER TOWARDS THE DECREASE IN pH, TSS AND TDS IN TOFU INDUSTRIAL LIQUID WASTE

Tofu industrial liquid waste contains very high organic materials. The organic compounds in the liquid waste are in the forms of proteins, carbohydrate, fats and oil. Therefore, the tofu wastewater should go under special treatment before being disposed into the environment to reduce pollution. One alternative coagulant that can be used is melon seed powder (Cucumis melo L.). Melon seeds (Cucumis melo L.) have many benefits, one of which can function as a coagulant for wastewater treatment from tofu industry. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of mass variations, variations of stirring and duration of deposition on the results of the coagulation and flocculation process of tofu industrial wastewater. This study used melon seed powder with low water content. Variations of coagulant mass applied in the testing were 0.3 g, 0.5 g, and 0.7 g, and the coagulant size was 80 mesh, with an initial pH of 3.5, TSS (Total Suspended Solid) 420 mg/L, and TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) 4.250 mg/L, while the optimum deposition time obtained was 30 minutes with pH changing to 5.0, TSS 199 mg/L, and TDS 1689 mg/L.

Halo Orbits under Some Perturbations in cr3bp

The general idea of this paper is to study the effect of mass variation of a test particle on periodic orbits in the restricted three-body model. In the circular restricted three-body problem (cr3bp), two bigger bodies (known as primary and secondary or sometime only primaries) are placed at either side of the origin on abscissa while moving in circular orbits around their common center of mass (here origin), while the third body (known as smallest body or infinitesimal body or test particle) is moving in space and varies its mass according to Jeans law. Using the Lindstedt–Poincaré method, we determine equations of motion and their solutions under various perturbations. The time-series and halo orbits around one of the collinear critical points of this model are drawn under the effects of the solar radiation pressure of the primary and the oblateness of the secondary. In general, these two dynamical properties are symmetrical.

The Effectiveness of Active Carbon Adsorbent of Cassava Peel (Manihot Esculenta Cranzts) in Reduce Level of Chromium Metal in Tannery Liquid Waste

This study aims to determine the characteristics, the effect of mass variation, the percentage of adsorption effectiveness of cassava peel activated carbon activated with 0.5 M HCl and activated with 0.5 M H2SO4 on the adsorption of Cr metal in leather tanning wastewater and its morphology. The subject of this research is the adsorbent of cassava peel before it is asctivated, activated by chloric acid 0,5 M, and activated by sulfuric acid 0,5 M. meanwhile the object of this research is the effectiviness of cassava peel adsorbeny in reduscing chromium metal content in tannery liquid waste. Cassava pell was carbonized at 500 oC for 1 hour. The cassava peel carbon was characterized according to SNI 06-3730-1995. The adsorption process is performed by batch method. Analysis was performed by Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer, PSA, and SEM-EDX. The result of the characterization of cassava peel carbon showed that the moisture content, ash content, adsorption capacity of I2 met SNI, meanwhile the carbon contenr and volatile matter conten did not met SNI. The adsorption efficiency of kromium metal is 95.97% for carbon before activated, 95.33% for carbon activated by chloroc acid, and 96.65% for carbon activated by sulfuric acid. The result of PSA size of cassava peel adsorbent before activated by chloric acid and sulfuric acid were 34.484 µm, 42.504 µm, and 37.059 µm respectively. Cassave peel adsorbent has a Langmuir adsorption type. The SEM-EDX result showed that the adsorbent from cassava peel had a dissimiliar pore shape

Degradation of Methyl Green Dyes with ZnO Catalyst using the Photosonolysis Method

Textile and dyestuff industrial dye waste remain the most difficult wastewater to treat due to the complex aromatic molecular structure of industrial dyes, which are very difficult to decompose. This research was conducted on the degradation of methyl green using the photosonolysis method. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum time and amount of ZnO used in degrading methyl green dye. The results of the percentage degradation were obtained from the absorbance value measured using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. (λmax) Methyl green obtained from the measurement of a UV-Vis spectrophotometer was 640 nm. The results showed that the optimum irradiation and sonication time to degrade methyl green was 60 minutes with a degradation percentage of 92.77%. For the effect of mass variation of ZnO catalyst obtained the optimum mass of 0.05 grams with a degradation percentage of 96.38%.

Modification of coal fly ash waste by using core-shell method for Cu2+ adsorbent material

This research aimed to study: (1) the utilization of fly ash waste as an adsorbent for the heavy metal ion of Cu2+ (2) the effect of variations in adsorbent contact time on the adsorption capacity of Cu2+, (3) the effect of mass variation and activator on the adsorption capacity of Cu2+ ion. This study was divided into some stages, i.e. fly ash preparation, activation, Fe3O4 preparation, Fe3O4@fly ash nanocomposite synthesis, adsorption process, and characterization analysis. Determination of the functional groups of the adsorbent using a Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The analysis of the adsorbent’s crystal structure was done using X-ray diffraction. In contrast, the effectiveness of fly ash waste as an adsorbent and the effect of contact time on capacity was done using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Based on the results, it was concluded that: (1) fly ash modified using the core-shell method could be used as an adsorbent for Cu2+ ions. (2) there was no change in the structure of the adsorbent before and after the activation. (3) the optimum contact time of the metal ion Cu2+ adsorption by the adsorbent was 120 minutes using the sample D1 (non-PEG 4000 + 3 g Fly Ash NaOH + 3 g Fe3O4) with 71% adsorption power and adsorption capacity was 0.28368 mg/g.

Effect of mass variation on vibration properties of the tooth in drilling operation

Dental cavity represent one of the widespread illness of the tooth. Method for treating of the tooth is to drill the cavity and to fill the hole with suitable material. Measurements show that during drilling the tooth vibrates with increasing mass that causes unpleasant feeling for patient. The aim of the paper is to give the theoretical explanation for this phenomena and to give suggestion for vibration elimination. During drilling, mass of the tooth is decreasing and the so called ‘reactive force’ occurs. Drilling and reactive force cause tooth vibration. The system is modeled as a nonlinear time variable system. An analytical procedure for solving of the equation of vibration is developed. The solution is assumed in the form of the generalized trigonometric function with time variable amplitude and phase. It is obtained that not only the amplitude but also the frequency of tooth vibration in drilling are increased. In addition to reactive force the drilling velocity, diameter of the drill tool and spindle speed affect the vibration level. The appropriate values of these parameters would eliminate or decrease the patient bad feeling.

Physicochemical Properties Of Used Cooking Oil Purified Using Shallot (Allium Cepa L.) Pell Adsorbent

Damage to used cooking oil is caused by hydrolysis and oxidation processes, these reactions are formed due to the use of oil many times. In terms of physical damage occurred in the smell and color (brown oil, cloudy to blackish), chemical changes in the form of acid numbers and peroxide numbers are quite high. This study aims to determine (1) there is an effect of variations in the mass of the onion peel adsorbent on the physical properties of used cooking oil; (2) there is an effect of mass variation of onion peel adsorbent on the physical properties of used cooking oil; and (3) physicochemical properties of used cooking oil purified according to SNI 3741:2013. The research method uses an experimental research type with a quantitative approach. The study design used a completely randomized design (CRD). The data analysis technique used One Way ANOVA. The test parameters include odor test, color test, acid number test and peroxide number test. The adsorption temperature was constant at 70°C for 30 minutes, the mass variations of the onion peel adsorbent were 0 g (without onion skin), 5 g, 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g in 100 ml of used cooking oil. The results of the study of physical properties (smell and color), variations of 5 gr, 10 gr 15 gr and 20 gr produced "normal" odors, while variations of 10 gr, 15 gr and 20 gr color produced "normal". Furthermore, the chemical properties showed a decrease in the acid number after the purification process, the largest variation in the decrease in the acid number was in the 20 gr treatment as much as 74.56%, the largest decrease in the peroxide value in the 20 gr treatment as much as 90.63%.

Non-Radial Pulsations of Distorted Stellar Structures: Effect of Mass Variation

Eigen-frequencies (EF) of non–radial modes (NRM) of pulsations of differentially rotating (D R) and tidally distorted (T D) stellar models by considering the effect of mass variation (MV) on its equi-potentials surfaces inside a star. The method utilizes an averaging proposal of Kippenhahn and Thomas (K and T) with conjunction of the concept of Roche-equipotential. The study accolades and corrects earlier studies of non-radial (NR) pulsations of DR and TD stellar structures of different natures such as radial and non-radial oscillations, X-ray, gamma ray and other electromagnetic disturbances. The reflection of the work comes from the requirements of the inclusion of non-uniform densities that yield Lane-Emden equation to have reliable results up to second order disturbances.

A Planar Five-body Problem in a Framework of Heterogeneous and Mass Variation Effects

Abstract The aim of the present paper is to study the effects of heterogeneous oblate spheroid and variable mass on the motion of the fifth infinitesimal body in the frame of the circular restricted five-body problem, with the imposition that the three primaries are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle and the fourth primary is placed at the center of the equilateral triangle. By using Jeans law and Meshcherskii space transformation, we evaluate the equations of motion and find a quasiJacobian integral. We determine the locations of equilibrium points, the regions of motion, and the attracting domain of in-plane motion. Furthermore, the effects of heterogeneous oblate spheroid and variable mass have been examined with the help of Poincaré surfaces of section. We studied the linear stability of equilibrium points and found that all of them are unstable.

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering of high power beam in unmagnetized plasma: Effect of relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities

In present communication, Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) of high power beam in unmagnetized plasma is investigated. Relativistic and ponderomotive non-linearities are considered simultaneously. There is generation of scattered wave due to interaction of pump wave with ion-acoustic wave (IAW). Here, nonlinearity in dielectric function of plasma is set up under combined effects of variation in mass of electrons on account of high intense lasers as well as variation in plasma density of electrons as a result of ponderomotive force. As a result of this, there is variation in density profile of plasma in a direction transverse to pump beam axis. Incident wave, IAW and Scattered wave are greatly affected due to variation in plasma density. WKB and paraxial ray approximations are used to set up nonlinear differential equations linked with pump wave, IAW, scattered wave and expression for SBS back-reflectivity. Since, analytical solution is not possible for these equations. So, 4th order Runge-Kutta method is used to solve these equations numerically for studying the variation of beams widths of various waves and SBS back-reflectivity against normalized distance of propagation for established parameters of laser and plasma. Further, SBS back-reflectivity is found to get enhanced due to self-focusing.

ORGANIC CYCLE SYSTEM: THE RECYCLING OF BIOGAS SLUDGE OF COW MANURE AS BIOCHAR FOR BIOGAS PURIFICATION

The increase in intensive using of production elements has been reflected on the increasing of organic waste. Without appropriate treatment, waste leads to the contamination of environment. The conversion of organic waste into material with economic value will contribute to increasing productivity, for example in biogas system. Today, the utilization of waste, biogas sludge, as bio-fertilizer has been developed. However, the utilization of biogas sludge from cow manure as biochar is still rare. The aims of this study were to investigate the recycling of biogas sludge from cow manure as biochar in biogas purification. Biochar made of biogas sludge from cow manure as adsorbent in biogas purification leads to the cycle loop of biogas system. We also investigated the effect of mass variation of biochar made of biogas sludge from cow manure on biogas purification performance. The variation of zeolite and biochar made of biogas sludge with mass ratio of 0:80; 20:60; 40:40; 60:20; and 80:0 had been put inthe adsorption column of biogas purification. The results showed that the increase in biochar mass affected on methane enrichment of biogas. The highest methane enrichment was performed by biochar with ratio 40:40. The utilization of biochar mass above 50% of the total mass per each column decreased methane enrichment. From this study, we concluded that biogas sludge has potential to be used as adsorbent in biogas purification. Biochar from biogas sludge leads to organic cycle system in biogas system that provides option in sustainable energy and additional benefits for farmers.

Utilization of Waste Palm Kernel Shells and Empty Palm Oil Bunches as Raw Material Production of Liquid Smoke

The availability of waste shells and empty palm oil bunches is very potential to be processed into liquid smoke. Liquid smoke is obtained from condensation of smoke resulting from the decomposition of organic compounds contained in shells and empty bunches of oil palm in the pyrolysis process. In this study investigated the effect of mass variations of raw materials and heating temperature on the shell pyrolysis process and empty fruit bunches of oil palm into liquid smoke. Variations in mass of raw materials are (125 grams of empty bunches and 375 grams of oil palm shells; 250 grams of empty bunches and 250 grams of oil palm shells; 375 grams of empty bunches and 125 palm oil shells) with heating temperatures at 400°C and 500°C. The parameters measured are density, color and aroma, yield on each sample, pH, concentration of acetic acid and phenol. From the results of the study, it is known that the sample that produces the most liquid smoke is a mixture of 125 grams of empty bunches and 375 grams of palm oil shells at a temperature of 500°C which is 266 mL. The liquid smoke is then purified by the distillation method to a temperature of 150°C. Liquid smoke color changes from black brown to clear to brass, liquid smoke has a sharp aroma of smoke. The mass of liquid smoke is 0.9866 g/mL with pH 2. The concentration of acetic acid is 10.793% and phenol is 56.856%.

The Rapid and Steady Mass Loss of the Patagonian Icefields throughout the GRACE Era: 2002–2017

We use the complete gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) Level-2 monthly time series to derive the ice mass changes of the Patagonian Icefields (Southern Andes). The glacial isostatic adjustment is accounted for by a regional model that is constrained by global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) uplift observations. Further corrections are applied concerning the effect of mass variations in the ocean, in the continental water storage, and of the Antarctic ice sheet. The 161 monthly GRACE gravity field solutions are inverted in the spatial domain through the adjustment of scaling factors applied to a-priori ice mass change patterns based on published remote sensing results for the Southern and Northern Patagonian Icefields, respectively. We infer an ice mass change rate of −24.4 ± 4.7 Gt/a for the Patagonian Icefields between April 2002 and June 2017, which corresponds to a contribution to the eustatic sea level rise of 0.067 ± 0.013 mm/a. Our time series of monthly ice mass changes reveals no indication for an acceleration in ice mass loss. We find indications that the Northern Patagonian Icefield contributes more to the integral ice loss than previously assumed.

Velocity pointing error analysis for symmetric spinning thrusting Cubesat

To solve the problem of thrust vector misalignment from the Cubesat center of mass during orbital maneuver, spin-stabilized method is applied to eliminate velocity pointing error. Spinning thrusting Cubesat model involves the effects of mass variation and jet damping is established. Analytical solutions for the angular velocity, nutation angle, Euler angle, and inertial velocity with nonzero initial conditions are derived. Simulations show that the analytical solutions closely match numerical simulations. Based on the analytical solutions, the velocity pointing error influencing factors is analyzed. The results show that the velocity pointing error caused by initial transverse velocity, nutation angle and transverse disturbance torque can be reduced by raising the spin rate, but the initial Euler angle need to be limited. Also, the spinning thrusting maneuver can allow for a lower spin rate by increasing the axial moment of inertia.

The study on effects of mass variation of fine-dispersed catalytic plating to a potential of the hydrogen electrode used in electrochemical Harned cells

This work is devoted to the study on effects of mass variation of fine-dispersed catalytic plating to a potential of the hydrogen electrode, as well as, establishment of the optimal electrochemical plating time of the catalytic coating of the measuring electrodes used in the Russian State Primary Standard of pH in aqueous solutions GET 54-2011. The experiments were carried out by a measuring system of precision measuring devices, using a silver chloride sensor as a reference electrode, to establish the change of the potential difference. The necessary time for the plating of the hydrogen electrode was determined. It is in the range of 7 to 8 minutes with 45 mA current.