Effect Of Unit Size Research Articles

Unit size influences ad libitum intake in a snacking context via eating rate

Geometric and textural properties of food, like unit size, have previously been shown to influence energy intake. While mechanism(s) driving this effect are unclear, unit size may relate to intake by affecting eating microstructure (e.g., eating rate, bite size). In a randomized crossover study, we investigated relationships between unit size, eating microstructure, and intake. Adults (n = 75, 75% women) consumed an ad libitum snack three times in our laboratory. This snack was a 70-g portion (∼2.5 servings) of one of three sizes of pretzel (small, medium, large). Intake was measured in grams by difference in weight before and after the snack. Each session was video recorded to measure eating microstructure; snack duration (min) and number of bites were annotated and used to calculate mean eating rate (g/min) and mean bite size (g/bite). Results revealed unit size influenced intake (grams and kcal; both p's ≤ 0.001), such that participants consumed 31% and 22% more of the large pretzels (16.9 ± 2.3 g) compared to the small (12.9 ± 2.3 g) and medium sizes (13.8 ± 2.3 g), respectively. Unit size also influenced eating rate and bite size (both p's < 0.001); the largest pretzel size yielded the fastest eating rate and largest mean bite size. Further analysis revealed that after accounting for eating microstructure, the effects of unit size on intake were no longer significant, suggesting eating microstructure was driving these effects. Together, these findings indicate that unit size influences intake by affecting eating microstructure and that food properties like unit size can be leveraged to moderate snack intake.

The effect of unit size on the flow and heat transfer performance of the “Schwartz-D” heat exchanger

As a representative type of triple periodic minimal surface (TPMS) topology, the S-D structure exhibits distinctive heat transfer properties and is ideal for constructing high-performance heat exchangers (HXs). To explore the effect of unit size on the flow and heat transfer performance, three crossflow S-D HXs with different unit sizes and the same porosity are designed and produced by metal additive manufacturing in this study. Simulation results show that the reduction in unit size induces a larger scale of bifurcation flow and increases the frequency of flow area change in HX. Experimental results demonstrate that when the smallest unit size is adopted, the HX's effectiveness can be improved by at least 10%, but at the cost of a 42% increase in pressure drop. Meanwhile, the advantage of small unit size in heat transfer enhancement will be further expanded under large flow rate conditions. In addition, it is found that the effect of flow ratio on the heat transfer performance of the S-D HXs appears to be linear, and the unit-based Reynold number may be an appropriate dimensionless parameter for correlating their pressure drop and heat transfer data. All in all, this study is expected to provide a better understanding and guidance for the design and optimization of TPMS HXs.

Starting Big: The Effect of Unit Size on Language Learning in Children and Adults.

Multiword units play an important role in language learning and use. It was proposed that learning from such units can facilitate mastery of certain grammatical relations, and that children and adults differ in their use of multiword units during learning, contributing to their varying language-learning trajectories. Accordingly, adults learn gender agreement better when encouraged to learn from multiword units. Previous work has not examined two core predictions of this proposal: (1) that children also benefit from initial exposure to multiword units, and (2) that their learning patterns reflect a greater reliance on multiword units compared to adults. We test both predictions using an artificial-language. As predicted, both children and adults benefit from early exposure to multiword units. In addition, when exposed to unsegmented input - adults show better learning of nouns compared to article-noun pairings, but children do not, a pattern consistent with adults' predicted tendency to focus less on multiword units.

Design, optimization, and validation of mechanical properties of different cellular structures for biomedical application

Cellular structures are promising applicants for additive manufacturing (AM), due to their best capabilities over solid ones such as high strength-to-weight ratio, having porosity, and light in weight. New vintile cellular structures and with the existing five different cellular structures namely cubic, tetrahedron, hexagon, octagon, and rhombic dodecahedron were designed and the effect of unit size, lattice topology, porosity, and optimization of cellular structures on the mechanical properties were discussed in this study. Eighty-four samples with different cell sizes, lattice topologies, and porosities were printed using VisiJet M3 Crystal material on Projet 3510 HDMax 3D printer. Then, electro-optical microscopic is used to determine the pore size. Based on predesigned cellular structures, finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental work were performed to estimate and evaluate the mechanical properties of cellular structures. Results shown that the cellular structure with vintile lattice topology performs less stress and less deformation than the other cellular structures. The experiment results were in good conformance with the result obtained from simulation. This study is not only limited to cellular structure design for biomedical applications but also compared the mechanical performance of uniform density and variable density cellular structures. Both non-optimized and optimized vintile cellular structures is finally tested with FEA and experiments have been carried out on samples fabricated by material jetting, and both results have shown that the optimized cellular structure had much less stress and lower deformation than the non-optimized cellular structure.

Erlang could have told you so—A case study of health policy without maths

Little consideration is given to the operational reality of implementing national policy at local scale. Using a case study from Norway, we examine how simple mathematical models may offer powerful insights to policy makers when planning policies. Our case study refers to a national initiative requiring Norwegian municipalities to establish acute community beds (municipal acute units or MAUs) to avoid hospital admissions. We use Erlang loss queueing models to estimate the total number of MAU beds required nationally to achieve the original policy aim. We demonstrate the effect of unit size and patient demand on anticipated utilisation. The results of our model imply that both the average demand for beds and the current number of MAU beds would have to be increased by 34% to achieve the original policy goal of transferring 240 000 patient days to MAUs. Increasing average demand or bed capacity alone would be insufficient to reach the policy goal. Day-to-day variation and uncertainty in the numbers of patients arriving or leaving the system can profoundly affect health service delivery at the local level. Health policy makers need to account for these effects when estimating capacity implications of policy. We demonstrate how a simple, easily reproducible, mathematical model could assist policy makers in understanding the impact of national policy implemented at the local level.

Effect of unit size on thermal fatigue behavior of hot work steel repaired by a biomimetic laser remelting process

AISI H13 hot work steel with fatigue cracks was repaired by a biomimetic laser remelting (BLR) process in the form of lattice units with different sizes. Detailed microstructural studies and microhardness tests were carried out on the units. Studies revealed a mixed microstructure containing martensite, retained austenite and carbide particles with ultrafine grain size in units. BLR samples with defect-free units exhibited superior thermal fatigue resistance due to microstructure strengthening, and mechanisms of crack tip blunting and blocking. In addition, effects of unit size on thermal fatigue resistance of BLR samples were discussed.

Effects of unit size on current density and illuminance of micro-LED-array

A 300 μm×300 μm light emitting diode (LED) chip is divided into nine 80 μm×80 μm units with 30 μm spacing between adjacent ones. After arraying, the total saturation light output power and the maximum injection current are enhanced by 5.19 times and nearly 7 times, respectively. In addition, the test results demonstrate that the illuminance uniformity on the receiving surface reaches the optimum when the spacing between the arrays is equal to the maximum flat condition. The larger the number of arrays, the greater the area with uniform illuminance on the receiving surface.

Effects of bread roll unit size on bread and energy intake in children

Background Bread choice • The average number of consumed bread rolls was 4.2 (SD=1.9). • White bread rolls were favourite: the first chosen bread roll was usually white (89%) regardless of size of offered rolls. 81% of total bread consumption was white. • Children ate more bread in grams when white rolls were larger-sized (Ps<0.001). Objective Although people tend to eat more when food is served in larger units (unit size effect), children often prefer food served in smaller units as they look more appealing. Whether unit size of bread rolls can be used to encourage children’s intake of whole wheat bread is unclear. Objective: To determine the effect of unit size of bread rolls on lunch energy and bread intake during a school lunch.

Collembolan reproduction in soils from a long-term fertilisation experiment opposes the Growth Rate Hypothesis

The Growth Rate Hypothesis (GRH) predicts better performance of fast-reproducing species in environments with increased P content. Thus far, most studies were performed in aquatic ecosystems; only few studies focused on soil ecosystems. In this study, soils from a long-term experiment (Static Fertilization Experiment, Bad Lauchstädt, Germany) that differ in P content by the factor 3 were used. We tested the influence of NPK fertilised, PK fertilised and unfertilised soils on the reproduction of Folsomia candida. In order to evaluate the effect of unit size, we compared the collembolan reproduction test as recommended by the OECD (large unit) with a recently introduced miniaturized version (small unit). Furthermore, the tests were combined with a predator–prey relationship using the gamasid mite Hypoaspis aculeifer. Even though significant differences between soils were found, reproduction was lowest at highest P content, which contradicts the GRH. In addition, predation and unit size had a strong influence on the reproduction. Both unit sizes proved feasible in predator–prey experiments, with stronger effects of mites on reproduction in the small unit due to higher relative predator density.

Effects of Out-of-Hours and Winter Admissions and Number of Patients per Unit on Mortality in Pediatric Intensive Care

To investigate the effect of out-of-hours and winter admissions, and unit size on risk adjusted mortality in pediatric intensive care. A national pediatric intensive care clinical audit provided data on over 86000 admissions to 29 pediatric intensive care units (2006-2011). Multivariate logistic regression modeled risk adjusted mortality prior to discharge with out-of-hours (night, weekend, public holiday) admissions, admissions per unit, winter admission, and potential confounders, overall and separately for emergency and planned admissions. Nearly one-half (47.1%) of admissions were out-of-hours (n = 40948) and 79.2% of those were emergencies. Mortality for all out-of-hours admissions was raised (OR 1.1; 95% CI 1.02-1.2; P = .013), accounted for by planned admissions (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.67-2.37; P < .001) compared with a reduced risk for emergency admissions (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.86-1.1; P = .07). Winter admissions were associated with increased risk. Unit size did not affect mortality. A child admitted to pediatric intensive care as an out-of-hours emergency is not at increased risk of dying compared with a weekday daytime admission, indicating pediatric intensive care units provide consistent quality of care around the clock. Excess mortality in planned out-of-hours admissions may be explained by admissions following complex operations where risk-adjustment models underestimate the true probability of mortality. In winter, a time of seasonally high bed occupancy, there was an increased mortality risk, an effect which requires further investigation. Despite the different characteristics of small units, the absence of any effect of unit size on mortality suggests that number of admissions per unit does not influence standards of care.

Behavioural processes in social context: Female abductions, male herding and female grooming in hamadryas baboons

The formation of bonds between strangers is an event that occurs routinely in many social animals, including humans, and, as social bonds in general, they affect the individuals' welfare and biological fitness. The present study was motivated by an interest in the behavioural processes that drive bond formation in a social context of hostility, in which the incumbent partners vary greatly in physical power and reproductive interests, a situation in which individuals of many group-living species find themselves often throughout their lives. We focused on the quantitative analysis of female abductions via male aggressive herding in a nonhuman primate, the hamadryas baboon, in which intersexual bonds are known to be strong. We tested three hypotheses informed by sexual conflict/sexual coercion theory (male herding-as-conditioning and female grooming-as-appeasement) and by socioecological theory (unit size and female competition). The results supported the predictions: males resorted to coercive tactics (aggressive herding) with abducted females, and abducted females elevated the amount of grooming directed at their new unit males; in fact, they escaped from the otherwise negative effect of unit size on female-to-male grooming. These findings reveal that conflicts of interest are natural ingredients underpinning social bonds and that resorting to coercive aggression may be an option especially when partners differ greatly in their physical power.

Hospital volume and prognosis among Norwegian breast cancer patients enrolled in adjuvant trials

Background. Several studies have reported an association between breast cancer unit volume and prognosis. We hypothesize that this may be due to inappropriate coping with the recommended guidelines for adjuvant therapy rather than improper breast cancer surgery provided at smaller units. Methods. A cohort of 1131 patients with operable breast cancer (pT1-2 and positive axillary lymph nodes, stage II) enrolled between 1984 and 1994 were analyzed. The women had participated in one of three prospective trials on adjuvant endocrine treatment and were enrolled from 50 centers in Norway. The hospitals were categorized into four groups according to the annual number of surgically treated breast cancer patients reported to the national discharge database in 1990. The hospitals were also stratified according to whether they are university or non-university hospitals. To assess the effect of unit size on patient outcome, local recurrence rates and overall survival were compared in women treated at units with different patient volumes. Results. The median time from study enrolment to the end of the study was 10.5 years. Relapse-free survival and overall survival did not differ significantly between the hospital groups based on the surgical workload or between university and non-university hospitals. Conclusions. Patient volume or teaching status of a hospital did not have any impact on the prognosis of pre- or postmenopausal stage II breast cancer patients included in the adjuvant endocrine trials. Our data support the hypothesis that differences in survival related to patient volume at the treatment units may be explained by inappropriate adjuvant systemic treatment.

모듈형 부유구조물의 유닛 크기 및 커넥터 강도에 따른 고유모드 고찰

This paper investigates the natural modes of moduled floating structure with module unit connector. As an example structure, a floating parking place(<TEX>$120m\;{\times}\;60m$</TEX>) is considered. In the evaluation of natural modes, numerical equations are formulated by FEM(finite element method) and the natural modes are solved by the subspace iteration method. By comparing results for various sizes of module unit, the effect of unit size is investigated. By comparing results for various stiffness of module unit connector, the effect of stiffness of unit connector is also examined.

The effects of unit morale and interpersonal relations on conflict in the nursing unit.

Health care organizations face major changes, and these changes are likely to increase conflict in organizations. Although numerous studies have focused on conflict management, few have considered causes and effect of conflict in nursing units. The investigation tested a structural equation that examined the relationships among individual and contextual variables and intragroup conflict, job satisfaction, team performance effectiveness, and anticipated turnover. The nonrandom sample consisted of 141 nurses employed on 13 inpatient units at a state-supported, 597-bed academic medical centre in a southeastern city. Intragroup conflict was higher on smaller units with a higher ratio of RNs to total staff. Intragroup conflict was not associated with satisfaction with pay or anticipated turnover. In the final model, the unit morale and interpersonal relations dimension of team performance effectiveness was negatively associated with intragroup conflict and anticipated turnover, and positively associated with satisfaction with pay. High perceptions of unit morale and interpersonal relations buffered the effect of unit size and skill mix on intragroup conflict. Goodness of fit statistics indicated a good fit of the model to data. The findings have implications for nursing educators and administrators, and provide direction for future research.

Unit Size and Information Utilization

This study examined the effects of unit size on utilization of information sources within a single large professional services firm. Unit sizes ranged from about 20 to over 400. Nine specific sources of information within three broad categories (interpersonal, official company publications, informal) were considered. Unit size influenced only interpersonal sources of information; employees in larger units received less information from interpersonal sources.

Unit Size, Work Experiences and Satisfactions: An Exploratory Study

This study explored relationships between the number of employees working in a unit and measures of work experience and satisfaction. Data were collected from 1608 women and men from a single large professional services firm comprising 22 units. Individuals working in larger units described their work environment more negatively and reported less satisfying work outcomes. The effects of unit size were consistent but modest. Possible explanations for the observed relationships are offered.

The effect of unit size on the range of the reference scale

Previous research has shown that the manipulation of reference scale range results in the concomitant variation of unit size. This study shows that the manipulation of unit size results in the concomitant variation in scale range. The implications of the reversibility of the relationship between unit and range are discussed in regard to theories of context effects in judgment and in regard to category width as a personality variable.

Planning generation expansion by digital simulation

SYSTEM planning programs using simulation are designed to meet the objectives of long-range planning studies, which include an accurate evaluation of the economics of alternate expansion patterns. The economic effect of unit size, the worth of greater than normal unit reliability, and variations in system service quality all have been studied.

The Effect of Unit Size, Reliability, and System Service Quality in Planning Generation Expansion

The Effect of Unit Size, Reliability, and System Service Quality in Planning Generation Expansion

Shell-Side Characteristics of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers: A Simplified Rating System for Commercial Heat Exchangers

Abstract A simplified rating system for commercial shell-and-tube heat exchangers is developed based on the fluid-flow-pattern concepts derived by the author for the General Discussion of Heat Transfer, London, England, 1951. Recommended heat-transfer and friction characteristics for practical design purposes are presented which are based on previously presented research data and certain findings of the ASME—University of Delaware Heat Exchanger Research Project. Where possible, without serious sacrifice in accuracy, certain resistance-factor approximations and assumptions have been introduced in the interest of practical simplicity for the derivation of formulas of simple form for evaluating the fluid-flow fraction through the crossflow area of the tube bundle. Simple tabulations of heat-transfer and pressure-drop characteristic “rating numbers” may be readily developed from these formulas for various styles or series of heat exchangers having consistent design proportions. These rating numbers permit a rapid rating of the heat-exchanger shell-side performance. The system is responsive to the major effects of unit size, tube size, tube pitch and flow orientation, baffle spacing and cut, and the principal leakage and bypass clearances of the heat-exchanger design. The system developed is accurate well within practical commercial requirements, and is very flexible so that as more accurate resistance factors are developed by research for specific cases, they may be employed in the system for more precise results when desired.