Effects Of Ultrasonic Parameters Research Articles

Optimizing sludge dewatering efficiency with ultrasonic Treatment: Insights into Parameters, Effects, and microstructural changes

Sludge dewatering plays a critical role in the efficient and cost-effective management of wastewater treatment plants. Ultrasonic treatment has emerged as a promising technique for improving dewatering processes. This study aims to evaluate the impact of ultrasonic treatment on sludge dewatering characteristics. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the dewatering characteristics of sludge under ultrasonic treatment. Experimental data was collected, and the effects of ultrasonic parameters on dewatering efficiency were analyzed. Ultrasound has the capacity to disintegrate sludge flocs, liberate tightly bound water, and enhance sludge dewatering capabilities. The application of ultrasound leads to the breakdown of sludge flocs, which facilitates a substantial amount of organic acids or carbonates. This, in turn, modifies the pH value of the sludge. Additionally, ultrasound induces instantaneous high temperature and pressure within the liquid phase, consequently elevating the temperature of the sludge slurry. Optimum ultrasound energy density and duration of ultrasound treatment exist. For the sludge samples analyzed in this investigation, it was determined that the optimal ultrasonic energy density is 9.8 W, while the optimal duration of ultrasound treatment is 30 s. Excessively escalating the sound energy density or prolonging the duration of ultrasound may yield unfavorable outcomes in terms of sludge dewatering effectiveness. To enhance sludge dewatering, it is crucial to select appropriate ultrasonic energy density and duration of ultrasonic treatment. This study demonstrates the positive impact of ultrasonic treatment on the dewatering characteristics of sludge. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential of ultrasonic technology for enhancing sludge dewatering.

Exploring Different Ultrasonic Parameters and Treatment Conditions to Optimize In Vitro Sonodynamic Therapeutic Effects in Cancer Cells.

The effects of ultrasonic parameters and treatment conditions on the in vitro cellular experiments of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) have not been fully studied. Exploring the factors that affect the efficacy of SDT can provide a reference for screening effective sonosensitizers in vitro. The aim of this work is to investigate the factors that affected the SDT effects in cancer cells. Cancer cells in culture plates were exposed to ultrasound and sonosensitizers. The intracellular drug concentration was measured by using flow cytometry and the cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The SDT effects of cancer cells treated with different ultrasonic parameters under the same sonosensitizer concentration were different. The ultrasonic parameters, intracellular drug concentration, drug treatment time, cell amount, and cell status could affect the sonodynamic therapeutic effects. It is necessary to select appropriate ultrasound conditions and optimize the cellular status to make the results of the in vitro cellular experiments more reliable.

Insight into the synergistic mechanism of sonolysis and sono-induced BiFeO3 nanorods piezocatalysis in atenolol degradation: Ultrasonic parameters, ROS and degradation pathways

Herein, BiFeO3 nanorods (BFO NRs) was synthesized as the piezoelectric catalyst. The synergistic mechanism of sonolysis and sono-induced BFO-piezocatalysis in atenolol degradation was revealed and the effect of ultrasonic parameters on it was investigated for the first time. The results indicated that 100 kHz was the optimal frequency for the sonolytic and sono-piezocatalytic degradation of atenolol in ultrasound/BFO nanorods (US/BFO NRs) system, with the highest synergistic coefficient of 3.43. The piezoelectric potential differences of BFO NRs by COMSOL Multiphysics simulations further distinguishing that the impact of cavitation shock wave and ultrasonic vibration from sonochemistry reaction (i.e., 2.48, −2.48 and 6.60 V versus 0.008, −0.008 and 0.02 V under tensile, compressive and shear stress at 100 kHz). The latter piezoelectric potentials were insufficient for reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) generation, while the former contributed to 53.93% •OH yield in US/BFO NRs system. Sono-piezocatalysis was found more sensitive to ultrasonic power density than sonolysis. The quenching experiments and ESR tests indicated that the ROS contribution in atenolol degradation followed the order of •OH > 1O2 > h+ > O2•- in US/BFO NRs system and 1O2 generation is exclusively dissolved-oxygen dependent. Four degradation pathways for atenolol in US/BFO NRs system were proposed via products identification and DFT calculation. Toxicity assessment by ECOSAR suggested the toxicity of the degradation products could be controlled.

Effect of ultrasonic parameters on gene transfection efficiency and cell viability of the multifunctional microbubble in vitro

Studies have reported that microbubbles combined with focused ultrasound (FUS) can increase the membrane permeability of tumor cells by triggering membrane perforation (sonoporation) to improve brain tumor-targeted gene delivery. However, few studies focused on how to increase the efficiency of gene delivery to brain tumor cells with minor cell damage. The aim of this in vitro study was to find optimal parameters for efficient gene transfer into glioma cells using the VEGFR2-targeted cationic microbubbles gene vector (MB) for future brain tumor-targeted gene delivery. Transfection efficiency and cell viability were used to determine the optimal transfection parameters. Various MB concentrations (2 × 107 to 16 × 107/mL), post-transfection incubation times (1–3 days), acoustic pressures (0–1400 kPa), duty cycles (0.5–5%), pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) (0.5–2000 Hz) and cycle numbers (25–10000) were investigated. The results showed that the MB concentration of 4 × 107 MB/ml and the incubation time of 2 days were optimal conditions for maximum gene transfection efficiency and minimum cell damage. In addition, gene transfection efficiency and cell viability depended strongly on the acoustic exposure conditions. The optimal FUS parameters include an acoustic pressure of 700 kPa, a duty cycle of 5%, a PRF of 5Hz, and a cycle number of 10000. These findings support those MB concentrations and FUS parameters of the MB-mediated gene delivery system influence gene transfer efficiency and cell viability. They also describe our novel development of multifunctional MB for FUS-triggered gene delivery in brain tumor cells.

Magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates coupled with ultrasonic pretreatment for efficient synthesis of phytosterol oleate

In this study, coupling with substrate ultrasonic pretreatment technology, magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4) was used as novel biocatalyst for efficient preparation of phytosterol oleate in solvent-free reaction system. The CRL loading was 0.16 mg protein/mg CRL-FIL- CLEAs@Fe3O4. The effects of ultrasonic parameters, catalyst dosage, substrate molar ratio, and reaction temperature on the synthesis of phytosterol esters were studied. The results showed that the catalytical properties of CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4 (7.09±0.11 µmol phytosterol/mg protein. hour) was significantly improved compared with natural lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL, 5.13±0.21 µmol phytosterol/mg protein. hour). Simultaneously, ultrasonic pretreatment greatly enhanced substrate mass transfer, further reducing the esterification time. The max conversion rate 94.72% of phytosterol was obtained after 9 h reaction under optimum condition (the molar ratio of oleic acid to phytosterol was 6:1, the concentration of CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4 was 10 wt% of the phytosterol mass). After five recycles, the activity of CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4 (80.02%) was still 2.68 times higher than that of natural lipase system (29.91%). Meanwhile, the novel immobilized lipase (CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4) before and after reaction was characterized by SEM, AFM, VSM, TEM, and TGA. The results showed that CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4 was a robust and recyclable biocatalyst for phytosterol esterification.

Enhancement of Green Tires Performance through Ultrasound-Assisted Mixing.

Combined with the traditional internal mixing process, a custom-built ultrasonic generator was introduced in this study. The effect of ultrasonic parameters on the comprehensive performance of tread rubber formulations was investigated. Compared to the traditional mixing process without ultrasonic wave loading, the introduction of ultrasonic enhanced the dispersion and distribution of composite particles in the rubber matrix and improved the overall performance of rubber products. The devil’s triangle relationship among the rolling resistance, wet skid resistance, and abrasion resistance of tires was improved. When the wet skid resistance was slightly lost, the rolling resistance and wear rate were effectively reduced. This study provides new insights into a strategy for optimizing the mixing process of the traditional internal mixer, reducing vehicle emissions, extending the service life of tires, and promoting the development of green tires.

Sonochemical approach for the synthesis of safflower oil based low fat emulsion: Effect of ultrasonic parameters

In the present work, sonication parameters are investigated for the development of stable low-fat emulsion for food additive applications. The oil in water emulsions was synthesized by using safflower oil (SO) blended with milk powder and gum arabic in water. The effect of ultrasonic parameters such as probe tip diameter (10 mm, and 20 mm) and sonication time (5 min, 10 min, 20 min, and 30 min) on the particle size distribution and viscosity of an emulsion was observed. The rheological study of emulsion confirms the shear thinning behavior, indicates the achievement of uniform droplet distribution of SO in aqueous suspension. The morphology of the prepared emulsions was examined by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. Droplet sizes of prepared emulsions were found to be in the range of 250–300 nm with narrow particle size distribution. The antimicrobial study reveals that the diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone remains constant to 7–8 mm indicating an antimicrobial characteristic of an emulsion. Antioxidant activities assessed with DPPH assay shows 45 ± 2.1% oxidation inhibition. The present observations will be the value additions in the synthesis of stable emulsions with optimal operating conditions.

Non-traditional processing of carbon nanotubes: A review

In recent years, carbon nanotubes(CNTs) have begun to attract attention in the fields of field emission, nanoelectronic devices, nano machines and composite reinforced materials. But the traditional processing methods for cutting these increase tool wear. However, non-traditional processing can be used to machine materials of any hardness and strength. In this paper, the research trends of non-traditional processing of CNTs are critically reviewed. First, this study introduces the application of CNTs and their development history. Second, the surface morphology, purification and growth effects of laser-processed CNTs are summarised, these are analysed and discussed. Subsequently, the effects of ultrasonic parameters and other external parameters on the diormance of ultrasonically processed CNTs are analysed. Next, the effects of electrical and non-electrical parameters on the surface morphology of CNTs processed by micro-electro-discharge machining(μEDM) are compared, and a summary analysis is presented. In addition, the research on the improvement of the performance of CNTs by electrochemical machining(ECM) is reviewed and prospected. Simultaneously, different non-traditional processing of CNTs is discussed. Finally, the most recent progress in non-traditional processing of CNTs is described, and the future trends, which may potentially guide subsequent research studies, are predicted.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Technique as a Novel Method for Removal of Naphthenic Acid from Model Oil Using Piperidinium-Based Ionic Liquids.

In this study, piperidinium-based ionic liquids (IL) containing trifluoromethanesulfonate, phenolate, and dicyanamide anions were synthesized. Using the ILs, extraction of naphthenic acid from highly acidic oil with a total acid number (TAN) of 1.44 was studied. Two agitation techniques have been implemented for the extraction process, which were mechanical stirring and ultrasonic-assisted irradiation. 1-Butyl-1-methylpiperidinium phenolate [BMPi][Phe] showed the best potential in extracting naphthenic acid from oil, with complete removal of naphthenic acid with IL-to-oil ratios of 0.010 and 0.0025 for the mechanical stirring method and the ultrasonic-assisted method, respectively. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction process shows very good potential in enhancing the extraction efficiency of naphthenic acid. Optimization and study on the effects of ultrasonic parameters, namely, IL-to-oil ratio, ultrasonic amplitude, and time, were studied through response surface methodology (RSM). Using [BMPi][Phe], the optimum conditions obtained are IL-to-oil ratio of 0.03, 53.91% of amplitude, and 4.29 min of extraction time. Under these optimum conditions, 100% removal of naphthenic acid was achieved.

Micro Electrochemical Milling of Micro Metal Parts with Rotating Ultrasonic Electrode.

With the rapid development of MEMS, the demand for metal microstructure is increasing. Micro electrochemical milling technology (MECM) is capable of manufacturing micro metallic devices or components based on the principle of electrochemical anode dissolution. To improve the capacity of MECM, this paper presents a compound method named ultrasonic vibration-assisted micro electrochemical milling technology (UA-MECM). Firstly, the simulation and mathematical model of UA-MECM process is established to explain the mechanism of ultrasonic vibration on micro electrochemical milling. Then, the effects of ultrasonic parameters, electrical parameters and feedrate on machining localization and surface quality are discussed considering sets of experiments. The surface roughness was effectively reduced from Ra 0.83 to Ra 0.26 µm with the addition of ultrasonic vibration. It turns out that ultrasonic vibration can obviously improve machining precision, efficiency and quality. Finally, two- and three-dimensional microstructures with good surface quality were successful fabricated. It shows that ultrasonic vibration-assisted electrochemical milling technology has excellent machining performance, which has potential and broad industrial application prospects.

Effect of ultrasonic parameters on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polyester filled with nano-clay

Ultrasound sonication is one of the promising techniques to disperse the nanoparticles into a polymeric matrix thoroughly. In this study, the effects of ultrasonic parameters (amplitude%, time, and cycle of sonication) on the dispersion of 1 wt% nano-clay in polyester matrix were investigated. To disperse the nano-clay into the polyester matrix, sonication amplitudes of 40 and 80%; sonication times of 0.5, 1, and 2 h; and pulsed as well as continuous cycle acoustic irradiation modes were used. Compared with the unfilled glass fiber/polyester composites, the tensile strength and fracture toughness of glass fiber/polyester composites filled with nano-clay were improved with all sonication parameters. The ultrasonic parameters were of significant importance for dispersing nano-clay onto glass fiber/polyester composites and improving the interfacial properties of the composites. Sonication using an amplitude of 40% with pulse control mode of 0.5 cycle and time of 2 h resulted in maximum improvement in both ultimate tensile strength and fracture toughness of 22 and 33.4%, respectively, as compared to neat specimens.

Effect of Ultrasonic Parameters on Electrochemical Chloride Removal and Rebar Repassivation of Reinforced Concrete.

Electrochemical chloride removal (ECR) from reinforced concrete can be considered as an environment-friendly technique since it can reduce the environmental issues arising from demolition and reconstruction. In this study, we used ultrasonic waves to promote the ECR efficiency without increasing the current density so as to shorten the overall power-on time, lowering the power consumption and electricity-induced material damage. Rebar-embedded cement mortar specimens were prepared and a set of ultrasonic-assisted ECR test devices was designed. For obtaining the optimal parameters, different ultrasonic frequencies and powers were adopted to conduct the ECR test. After that, the discharged and residual chloride ion amounts were detected to characterize the ECR efficiency. The corrosion behavior of rebar was characterized by electrochemical method. It was found that ultrasonic waves can not only promote the discharge of chloride ions, but also promote the passivation process of steel bar. For this investigation, the ultrasonic waves with a frequency of 40 Hz and a power of 60 W had the best auxiliary effect and could reduce the work time by 64%. It is considered that the ultrasound-assisted method has potential to promote the application possibilities of the ECR technique.

Green Synthesis of Sucrose Laurate Under Different Ultrasonic Frequencies

In this study, the effects of ultrasonic parameters on the synthesis of sucrose laurate were investigated under four frequencies (20, 33, 53, and 80 kHz). Results indicated that low ultrasonic frequency increases sucrose monolaurate yield, whereas high ultrasonic frequency increases sucrose dilaurate yield. As the sound intensity increases from 0.55 to 1.04 W cm−2, the yield of sucrose laurate also increases, whereas the reaction time decreases. The yield of sucrose laurate decreased, and the reaction time prolonged with the decreasing pulse width. Both the initial production rate of sucrose monolaurate and the yield of sucrose dilaurate increased with the increasing temperature from 60 to 90 °C. However, further increase in the reaction temperature did not increase the yield of sucrose monolaurate but significantly reduced the reaction time. Sucrose laurate synthesized under ultrasonic frequency consisted of sucrose monolaurate, dilaurate, and polylaurate.

Ultrasonic heat transfer enhancement on different structural tubes in LiBr solution

A LiBr absorption refrigeration system that uses solar energy is a promising alternative to traditional air-conditioning systems. However, its overall efficiency is low due to the poor boiling heat transfer of the LiBr solution. This paper investigates the ultrasonic heat transfer enhancement on three different structural tubes (smooth, screwed and finned) in LiBr solution in the sub-cooled boiling regime. The pool boiling heat transfer performance of the LiBr solution is investigated, and the characteristics of the boiling heat transfer, which are driven by the ultrasonic field, are described using bubble dynamics, which are numerically determined by the Rayleigh–Plesset (R–P) equation. The effects of ultrasonic parameters (e.g., frequency, power) on the boiling heat transfer of the three different structural tubes are investigated, and the sound pressure distribution around the tested tubes that is calculated by a two-dimensional numerical model is used to describe the mechanism of the ultrasonic heat transfer enhancement. Additionally, a high-speed camera is used to take images of the bubbles in the structural tubes to help analyze the mechanism.

Effect of ultrasonic parameters on bonding quality of rolled T2 copper foil and Au wire

ABSTRACTIn this paper the effect of ultrasonic parameters on ball bonding quality of T2 copper foil and gold wire was investigated experimentally. The results indicate that a better bonding quality was obtained under the ultrasonic power range from 185 mw to 195 mw and the ultrasonic time range from 160 ms to 180 ms. Both the positive and negative effects of ultrasonic power lead to the fluctuation of bonding quality. Ultrasonic time was the factor which intensified the bonding effect whose influence was less obvious. Through the analysis of morphology of bonding joint and bonding section, bonding joint was composed of rim flashes, bonding area and residual tail wire, bonding specimens were well bonded for the radial resistance of streamlines. This was different to conventional bonding process that the central bonding region of which usually appeared unbonded area.

Ultrasonic-assisted underwater laser micromachining of silicon

Underwater laser machining process can offer a clean cut with less thermal damage and material deposition on and nearby the cut region. However, the performance of this process is limited by the cut debris and bubble which can significantly disturb the laser beam during the ablation in water. In this study, the ultrasonic-assisted underwater laser ablation has been comprehensively examined to overcome the limitations of the existing process. The presented technique uses ultrasound to vibrate water while a workpiece is being ablated by a laser beam in water. This can atomize the bubble and energize the cut debris to be flushed away from the laser-ablated region. Silicon was selected as a work material in this study, where it was grooved by a nanosecond-pulse laser in water. The effects of ultrasonic parameters and water flow rate on the groove geometry and cut surface morphology were experimentally investigated and analyzed to understand the process performance. By using this technique, a clean and deep groove can be made on silicon wafer. The reactions between silicon–oxygen and silicon–carbon on the cut surface were also characterized and comparatively discussed with the other underwater laser ablation methods. According to the findings of this study, the ultrasonic-assisted underwater laser micromachining technique could be an alternative micromachining process to gain a higher material removal rate and a better cut surface quality than the other methods.

Effects of Ultrasonic Parameters on the Crystallization Behavior of Virgin Coconut Oil.

Crystallization behavior of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in the absence and presence of ultrasonic treatment under a temperature gradient field was investigated. The effects of ultrasonic parameters on the crystallization behavior of VCO were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry and polarized light microscopy. The thermal effect of the ultrasonic treatment was also increased at higher power levels. Therefore, the optimal power level was determined at approximately 36 W. Induction time reduced evidently and the crystallization rate was accelerated under ultrasonic treatment at crystallization temperature (Tc) above 15°C. However, no significant difference in induction time was noted at 13°C. The result of morphological studies showed that the growth mechanism of crystals was significantly changed. Meanwhile, smaller and uniform crystals were produced by the ultrasonic treatment. This study shows a novel technique to accelerate the crystallization rate and alter the growth mechanism of VCO crystals.

Enzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis and Kinetics of Ultrasonic-Assisted Methanolysis of Waste Choice White Grease for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production

In this study, the effects of ultrasonic parameters (amplitude, cycle, and pulse) and major reaction factors (molar ratio and enzyme concentration) on the reaction kinetics of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) generation from waste choice white grease (CWG) biocatalyzed by immobilized lipase [Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB)] were investigated. A yield of 98.2% was attained in 20 min at an ultrasonic amplitude (40%) at 5 kHz, fat/methanol molar ratio (1:4), and catalyst level of 6% (wt/wt of fat). The effect of ultrasonic mixing on the reaction kinetic of enzymatic transesterification was investigated using a Ping Pong Bi Bi kinetic model approach. Kinetic constants of the transesterification reaction were determined at different ultrasonic amplitudes (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50%) and enzyme concentrations (4, 6, and 8 wt % of fat) at a constant molar ratio (fat/methanol) of 1:6 and ultrasonic cycle of 5 kHz. The fitted curves of the kinetic mechanism showed a sigmoidal curve as a result of mass-transfer limitations, which controlled the process at the beginning of the reaction. The kinetic model results also revealed interesting features of ultrasound-assisted enzyme-catalyzed transesterification. The kinetic model approach described the whole methanolysis process accurately. At the ultrasonic amplitude of 40%, the reaction activities within the system seemed to have steadied after 20 min, which means that the reaction could proceed with or without ultrasonic mixing.

Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis and kinetics of ultrasonic assisted methanolysis of waste lard for biodiesel production

In this study, the effects of ultrasonic parameters (amplitude, cycle and pulse) and major reaction factors (molar ratio and enzyme concentration) on the reaction kinetics of biodiesel generation from waste lard bio-catalyzed by immobilized lipase [Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB)] were investigated. A Ping Pong Bi Bi kinetic model approach was employed to study the effect of ultrasonic amplitude on the enzymatic transesterification. Kinetic constants of transesterification reaction were determined at different ultrasonic amplitudes (30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50%) and enzyme concentrations (4, 6, and 8wt.% of fat) at constant molar ratio (fat:methanol); 1:6, and ultrasonic cycle; 5kHz. Parametric effects on the yield were studied using three sets of experiments namely A, B, and C. In experiment set A, two factors (ultrasonic amplitude and cycle) were investigated at three levels; in experiment set B, two factors (molar ratio and enzyme concentration) were examined at three levels; and in experiment set C, two factors (ultrasonic amplitude and reaction time) were investigated at five levels. A yield of 96.8% was attained in 20min at an ultrasonic amplitude (40%) at 5kHz, fat:methanol molar ratio (1:4) and catalyst level 6% (w/w of fat). The fitted curves of the kinetic mechanism showed a sigmoidal curve due to mass transfer limitations which controlled the process at the beginning of the reaction. The kinetic model results also revealed interesting features of ultrasound assisted enzyme-catalyzed transesterification: at ultrasonic amplitude 40%, the reaction activities within the system seemed to be steady after 20min which means the reaction could proceed with or without ultrasonic mixing. The kinetic model approach employed describes the whole methanolysis process accurately.

Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis and kinetics of ultrasonic-assisted biodiesel production from waste tallow

The use of ultrasonic processing was evaluated for its ability to achieve adequate mixing while providing sufficient activation energy for the enzymatic transesterification of waste tallow. The effects of ultrasonic parameters (amplitude, cycle and pulse) and major reaction factors (molar ratio and enzyme concentration) on the reaction kinetics of biodiesel generation from waste tallow bio-catalyzed by immobilized lipase [Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB)] were investigated. Three sets of experiments namely A, B, and C were conducted. In experiment set A, two factors (ultrasonic amplitude and cycle) were investigated at three levels; in experiment set B, two factors (molar ratio and enzyme concentration) were examined at three levels; and in experiment set C, two factors (ultrasonic amplitude and reaction time) were investigated at five levels. A Ping Pong Bi Bi kinetic model approach was employed to study the effect of ultrasonic amplitude on the enzymatic transesterification. Kinetic constants of transesterification reaction were determined at different ultrasonic amplitudes (30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50%) and enzyme concentrations (4, 6, and 8wt.% of fat) at constant molar ratio (fat:methanol); 1:6, and ultrasonic cycle; 5Hz. Optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production from waste tallow were fat:methanol molar ratio, 1:4; catalyst level 6% (w/w of fat); reaction time, 20min (30 times less than conventional batch processes); ultrasonic amplitude 40% at 5Hz. The kinetic model results revealed interesting features of ultrasound assisted enzyme-catalyzed transesterification (as compared to conventional system): at ultrasonic amplitude 40%, the reaction activities within the system seemed to be steady after 20min which means the reaction could proceed with or without ultrasonic mixing. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography indicated the biodiesel yield to be 85.6±0.08%.