Effects Of Trypanosomosis Research Articles

Experimental trypanosomosis in two breeds of Nigeria goats: Changes in haematology, total proteins and serum glucose after treatment with a brand of trypanocide

An investigation on the effects of experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection on the changes in some haematological parameters, total serum proteins and serum glucose levels in Red Sokoto (RS) and West African Dwarf (WAD) breeds of goats after treatment with a brand of trypanocide is reported. Thirty goats comprising 20 does and 10 bucks of West African Dwarf and Red Sokoto breeds were used in the experiment. Each doe (10 in each group) was infected with ImLx 10 of Trypanosoma congolense (Karu strain) over a period of eight weeks. Randox kir (Randax lab, USA) was used to determine serum glucose levels the local serum proteins were determined using the Bure method while Wood cell indices were determined using pocH-100iV Diff (Sysmex Animal health, Germany). Data obtained from the study were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test and Student's l-lest. On day nine post-infection, the serum glucose levels of the infected goals were significantly (p0.05) lower than those of the non-infected ones (97.8±6.5 and 28.3±17.6 mg/dl SEM for RS and WAD gouts, respectively). Also, the serum proteins of the infected goals were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of the non-infected ones (3.4±0.5 and 3.8±0.3 mg/dl SEM for RS and WAD goats respectively) and there was severe anaemia in the two breeds of goats. The return of serum glucose levels and the serum protein values to normal was faster in the WAD goats and the anaemia in the two breeds of goats was reversed following treatment with Dimnazene aceturate (Samoreni Alfasan Holland). Therefore, trypanosome infection in Red Sokoto goats can be more severe. In conclusion, hypoglycemic and hypoproteinemic effects of trypanosomosis with severe anaemia in goats can be reversed with an intervention with trypanocides

Impaired epididymal function of albino rats infected and treated with Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense

The effect of trypanosomosis (Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense infection) and diminazene aceturate treatment on the epididymal function of male albino rats was investigated. Twenty-five adult male albino rats were used for this study. They were randomly assigned into 5 groups of 5 rats each. Group 1 was the uninfected untreated group while groups 2 and 3 were infected with 5 × 105T. congolense. Groups 4 and 5 were infected with 5 × 105T. brucei brucei. Rats in groups 2 and 4 were humanely sacrificed at the peak of parasitemia, i.e., on days 7 and 14 PI respectively and their epididymides dissected out for the enumeration of epididymal sperm cells. Groups 3 and 5 rats were treated with 3.5 mg/kg and 7 mg/kg diminazene aceturate (Tryponil®) respectively and later sacrificed at week 7 of the experiment. The epididymides of the rats were also dissected out and epididymal sperm reserves (ESR) of all the rats enumerated. Hyperacute and acute trypanosomosis were observed following T. congolense and T. brucei brucei infections respectively. The uninfected control group had significantly higher (P ˂ 0.05) ESR compared with the infected groups with the group 3 rats having the least ESR, thus implying impaired epididymal function. There was an improvement (P ˂ 0.05) in the ESR of group 5 rats compared with the group 4 rats while treatment was of no effect in the T. congolense–treated group. It was therefore concluded that trypanosomal infection adversely impaired epididymal function. Resolution of epididymal function in T. brucei brucei–infected rats may be possible following treatment with diminazene aceturate.

Effects of trypanosomosis on hemogram and some biochemical parameters of guinea pigs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei in Maiduguri, Nigeria

The study was designed to evaluate the effect of tryponosomosis on hemogram and some biochemical parameters of guinea pigs. Guinea pigs of both sexes weighing (5-10 kg) were divided into six groups (A, B, C, D, E and F) with five guinea pigs in each group. At day zero, to establish the baseline data, all the animals in each of the six groups were bled for haematology and serum biochemistry and also clinical parameters (rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate and heart beats) were recorded while general body condition and physical signs were also evaluated. Groups A, B and C were intraperitoneally (IP) inoculated with 1×106 dose of Trypanosoma brucei brucei contained in 0.5 ml of blood. Thereafter, blood samples were collected every other four (4) days for evaluation of hematology and serum electrolytes through the experimental period. Group D, E and F was uninfected control. All the infected groups (A, B, and C) had a pre-patent period of 16 days with similar levels of parasitaemia of 45.7±3.38 across the groups. The observed clinical signs among the infected groups (A, B and C) were pyrexia, pale feet, snout, pinnae and mucous membrane, anaemia, dullness, emaciation and loss of weight. In group A, a mean parasitaemia of 2.8 ± 0.84 occurred by day 16 post-infection post infection which continued to rise significantly without abating (p 0.05). Dose of Veriben® administered at the dose rate of 7.0 mg/kg and 3.5 mg/kg have the abilities of curbing the state of anaemia, immunosuppression, and serum electrolytes levels in trypanosome-infected guinea pigs placed on a dose dependent manner.

Effects of trypanosomosis on hemogram and some biochemical parameters of guinea pigs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei in Maiduguri, Nigeria

Effects of trypanosomosis on hemogram and some biochemical parameters of guinea pigs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei in Maiduguri, Nigeria

Effects of Trypanosomosis on Hemogram and Some Biochemical Parameters of Guinea Pigs Experimentally Infected with Trypanosome Brucei Brucei in Maiduguri, Nigeria

Effects of Trypanosomosis on Hemogram and Some Biochemical Parameters of Guinea Pigs Experimentally Infected with Trypanosome Brucei Brucei in Maiduguri, Nigeria

Prevalence and Pathogenic Significance of Trypanosomosis on Sheep and Goats of Mareka District, Dawro Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia

The study was conducted from November 2009 to April 2010 in and around Mareka District of Dawro Zone in Southern Ethiopia to determine prevalence and effect of trypanosomosis in sheep and goats. A total of 400 animals (222 sheep and 178 goats) were randomly sampled for Buffy coat and stained this blood smear analysis. Thirty two (8%) small ruminants were found positive for trypanosome infection constituting 93.75% T. Congolese, 6.25% T. vivax. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in infection rates between the two species of hosts and between two different age groups (<2 years and ≥ 2 years). However, male animals were less susceptible the females. Mean PCV value of parasitemic animals was significantly lower than that of aparasitaemic animals. The final result of this findings revealed that trypanosomosis in sheep and goat is important disease in the study area of Dawro Zone.

English

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to March 2011 to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis, to identify the species of trypanosomes in the study area and to assess the community awareness regarding the effect of trypanosomosis and control methods in selected areas of Konta Special Woreda of Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Regional States. Thirty households were interviewed using prepared questionnaire format during the study period. In the parasitological survey, blood samples of 300 cattle were examined using a buffy coat technique and thin smear under Gimsa stain. The packed cell volume (PCV) value of each animal was also measured using hematocrit reader. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study area was found to be 21.33%. There was no significant difference in prevalence between the study areas. The dominant trypanosome species found in the area were Trypanosoma congolense (64%) followed by Trypanosoma vivax (23%) and Trypanosoma brucei (13%). The prevalence of 44.29, 14.13 and 15.22% was observed for animals with poor, medium and good body conditions, respectively and there was statistically significant (p<0.05) difference between animals with different body condition. There was no difference in prevalence between the different age groups of cattle. The mean PCV value (%) of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic animals during the study period were 19.42 and 27.64 with a statistically significance (p<0.05) difference between the two groups. The study also demonstrated variations in the prevalent between both sexes which was statistically significant (p<0.05). It was concluded that the present work evidenced that trypanosomosis has continued to pose a considerable threat to cattle production in the study area warranting an integrated control and prevention to safeguard cattle production and productivity. Key words: Cattle, Konta Woreda, trypanosomosis, prevalence.

Hematological and serum biochemical aspects associated with a camel (Camelus dromedarius) naturally infected by Trypanosoma evansi with severe parasitemia in Semnan, Iran

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the presence of Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) and the effect of trypanosomosis on hemato-biochemical profile of dromedary camels in Semnan, Iran, which has not been reported yet. Methods To perform this project, blood samples were collected by venipuncture into plain and EDTA-K2-containing vacutainer tubes from 21 dromedary camels (12 males and 9 females) aged 3-18 years, from 4 different regions of Semnan. Results Microscopic examination of stained thin blood smears revealed the presence of T. evansi in one of the samples. However, it should be noted that this sample showed a very high parasitemia (more than 5 trypomastigote were visible per microscopic field with MGG, 1000×). This heavy parasitemia was associated with an 18-year-old female camel that showed symptoms of corneal opacity, intense emaciation and pale mucous membranes. Comparison of hematologyical and serum biochemical profiles between the camel infected by T. evansi and uninfected camels indicated anemia, leukocytosis, hyperproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, reduction A/G ratio, increased α 2 , β and globulins and decreased of α 2 globulins and increased the concentration of gamma-glutamyl transferase enzyme. Conclusions Results of the present study revealed that trypanosomosis was present in dromedary camels of Semnan, Iran (infection rate is 4.76%) and hemato-biochemical parameters were markedly affected by camel trypanosomosis.

Efeitos da infecção por Trypanosoma vivax sobre a reprodução: uma revisão

Effects of trypanosomosis by Trypanosoma vivax on reproduction are one of the most important causes of economic losses on ruminant livestock production. Subfetility is present in many herds affected by this disease. In females, T. vivax causes abortion, estrus repetition, losses on the milk production, stillborns or birth of weak calves, and temporary or permanent anestrus. Reproductive pathologies in male caused by T. vivax are correlated to testicular and epididymal damages as well as a decrease in the semen quality. In the cronic cases of the disease, infertility or even sterility might be present.

Effects of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense infections on the reaction time and semen characteristics of Zebu (Bunaji) × Friesian crossbred bulls

The effect of trypanosomosis on reaction time and semen characteristics of 12 Zebu (Bunaji)×Friesian crossbred bulls aged between 3 and 5 years was studied for a duration of 12 weeks. Four of the bulls were infected with Trypanosoma vivax, another four with Trypanosoma congolense and the remaining four bulls served as controls. Rectal temperatures and haematological parameters were monitored twice weekly. The pre-infection mean value of the rectal temperature was 38.3 °C, and this rose to a mean of between 40.5 and 41.1 °C in the infected animals. Concurrently, the infected animals exhibited signs of anaemia shown by pale mucous membranes and decreased packed cell volume (PCV), weight loss, lethargy, weakness and dullness. The reaction time (ejaculation time) of semen collection significantly increased from a pre-infection mean value of 20.46–25.14 s to a mean of 290.33–301.15 s within 12 weeks post-infection. Semen characteristics deteriorated progressively within the same period in the infected bulls. There were highly significant and drastic decreases in sperm concentration and volume of semen and increases in sperm morphological defects. By the third week, all the infected bulls were unfit for breeding because of very poor semen characteristics. Deterioration, also characterized by oligospermia at 6 weeks post-infection in all bulls which later culminated in azoospermia in two bulls infected with T. vivax and two bulls infected with T. congolense continued to the end of the investigation. The present results indicate that trypanosomosis due to T. vivax and T. congolense infections is very pathogenic and devastating in its effect on the reaction time (ejaculation time) and semen characteristics which resulted in very poor semen quality. The practical implication is infertility and sterility in Zebu×Friesian crossbred bulls in trypanosome endemic areas.

The effect of trypanosomosis on pregnancy in trypanotolerant Orma Boran cattle

A study was undertaken to investigate the influence of trypanosomosis on the outcome of pregnancy in trypanotolerant Orma Boran (Bos indicus) exposed to natural tsetse challenge in an area of Kenya infested predominantly with Glossina pallidipes . Of 73 pregnant Orma heifers, 58 (79.5%) produced live calves at term, 13 (17.8%) aborted and 2 (2.7%) died of trypanosomosis. Of the 71 surviving animals, 22 (31%) were infected with Trypanosoma vivax . 21 (29.6%) T. congolense . and 26 (36.6%) had mixed infections with T. vivax and T. congolense . These results suggest that in areas of high trypanosomosis risk reproductive function is affected even in trypanotolerant cattle, and that both T. vivax and T. congolense can be responsible for the abortions observed in the field. It is suggested that maintenance of pregnancy in the face of trypanosome challenge was dependent on individual variation among the Orma cattle, but as challenge increased beyond the limits of effectiveness of trypanotolerance, disruption of pregnancy occurred.