Effectiveness Of Transdermal Nicotine Patch Research Articles

Subjective cognition and mood in persistent chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment.

Persistent chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is commonly reported following cancer treatment and negatively affects quality of life. While past research has focused on potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this relationship, the role of psychological factors, such as mood, stress, and anxiety, in the development of persistent CRCI has received less attention. As an additional analysis of data from a trial investigating the effects of transdermal nicotine patches on cognitive performance in patients with persistent CRCI, we examined whether change in mood was associated with changes in subjective and objective cognitive functioning. Participants were randomized to either placebo (n = 11) or transdermal nicotine (n = 11) for 6 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of treatment withdrawal for a total of 8 weeks. Participants were assessed using behavioral, subjective, and objective measures of cognitive functioning and mood at five visits before, during, and after treatment. Although we did not detect an effect of treatment assignment on mood, over the course of the study, we observed a significant improvement on measures of mood that correlated with improvement in subjective and objective cognitive performance. We observed improvement in objective and subjective cognitive performance measures. These changes were associated with improvement in subsyndromal mood symptoms, likely resulting from participation in the trial itself. These results suggest that women with persistent CRCI may benefit from support and validation of their cognitive complaints, cognitive rehabilitation/therapies into their post-cancer care. The study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov (trial registration: NCT02312943).

Effectiveness of transdermal nicotine patch in premenopausal female smokers is moderated by within-subject severity of negative affect and physical symptoms.

Nicotine patches may be less effective in female compared with male smokers. However, it is unknown if negative affect and physical symptoms influence transdermal nicotine patch-related effects on smoking behaviors. Eighty-one acutely tobacco-abstinent premenopausal female smokers attended three counter-balanced experimental sessions across the menstrual cycle (early follicular, late follicular, and mid-luteal) and were randomized to patch condition (nicotine [21mg] vs. placebo [0mg] transdermal patch). Negative affect and physical symptoms were assessed prior to patch administration. The patch was removed 5h post-administration, and participants completed a smoking reinstatement task. Multilevel linear models tested associations of patch condition, negative affect and physical symptoms, and their interaction on smoking behavior. There was a significant patch condition × Negative Affect and Pain symptoms interaction on the number of cigarettes smoked (p < 0.05). When Negative Affect and Pain were lower-than-usual, females administered a nicotine patch smoked significantly fewer cigarettes than females administered a placebo patch (p < .05), but there were no significant patch differences when Negative Affect and Pain were higher-than-usual. There was also a significant patch condition × Negative Affect interaction on time delay. The effects of patch condition on time delay to smoking were greater during sessions in which Negative Affect was higher-than-usual. Results suggest that among female smokers transdermal nicotine patch effectiveness may interact with negative affect and pain. Understanding and considering female-specific factors that may impact the efficacy of one of the most commonly used cessation medications is important for improving smoking cessation in female smokers.

The Effects of Transdermal Nicotine Patches on the Cardiorespiratory and Lactate Responses During Exercise from Light to Moderate Intensity: Implications for Exercise Prescription during Smoking Cessation.

Background and objectives: Exercise can help ease withdrawal symptoms of smokers. However, there is little information about the physiological responses, such as cardiorespiratory and lactate (La) responses, during exercise from light to moderate intensity combined with transdermal nicotine patches (TNPs) in smokers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TNPs on the cardiorespiratory and La responses during exercise at light to moderate intensity. Materials and Methods: Fourteen young men (8 non-smokers, 6 current smokers) aged 20 to 26 years participated in this study. They performed an incremental graded submaximal exercise test using an electromagnetic cycle ergometer set from 30 to 210 W with (TNP condition) or without a TNP (control condition) in a random order. The TNP was applied to the left arm 8–10 h prior to starting the exercise to achieve the peak level of blood nicotine concentration. Heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), oxygen consumption (VO2), ventilation (VE), and blood La at rest and during exercise were measured and analyzed. Results: The HR at rest was significantly higher in the TNP condition than in the control condition (TNP; 74.7 ± 13.8 bpm, control; 65.3 ± 10.8 bpm, p < 0.001). There was no interaction (condition × exercise intensity) between any of the variables, and VO2, VE, RPE, and La during exercise were not significantly different between the conditions. However, HR during exercise was 6.7 bpm higher on average in the TNP condition. Conclusions: The HR during exercise was greater at light to moderate intensity with a TNP. Our study results will guide clinicians or health professionals when prescribing exercise programs combined with TNPs for healthy young smokers.

Transdermal Nicotine Patch Effects on EEG Power Spectra and Heart Rate Variability During Sleep of Healthy Male Adults.

ObjectiveThe effect of transdermal nicotine patch on sleep physiology is not well established. The current study aimed to examine the influence of nicotine patch on homeostatic sleep propensity and autonomic nervous system.MethodsWe studied 16 non-smoking young healthy volunteers with nocturnal polysomnography in a double blind crossover design between sleep with and without nicotine patch. We compared the sleep variables, sleep EEG power spectra, and heart rate variability.ResultsThe night with nicotine patch showed significant increase in sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, and stage 1 sleep; and decrease in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and percentage of REM sleep. Also, spectral analysis of the sleep EEG in the night with nicotine patch revealed decreased slow wave activity in stage 2 and REM sleep and increased alpha activity in the first NREM-REM sleep cycle. Heart rate variability showed no differences between the 2 nights, but the low to high ratio (a parameter indicative of sympathetic nervous system activity) positively correlated with wake after sleep onset in night with nicotine patch.ConclusionTransdermal nicotine patch significantly disrupts sleep continuity, sleep architecture, and homeostatic sleep propensity. The overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system may be responsible for these changes.

Effects of Transdermal Nicotine Patches on Energy Expenditure Measured with a Human Calorimeter

Effects of Transdermal Nicotine Patches on Energy Expenditure Measured with a Human Calorimeter

The Effect Of Transdermal Nicotine Patch On Energy Expenditure.

The Effect Of Transdermal Nicotine Patch On Energy Expenditure.

Schizophrenia: brain morphology and treatment aspects

Since the first findings of enlarged ventricles in computer tomography studies and with the development of MRIbased segmentation, brain morphology findings in schizophrenia point to abnormal structural findings in several brain regions involved in neuronal circuits [1]. One of the often cited environmental risk factors in schizophrenia is cannabis abuse. In an invited review, Malchow et al. [2], however, found inconclusive results with respect to alterations in brain morphology. They assume that chronic cannabis abuse may induce structural changes, whereas in first-episode and high-risk patients, studies need replication. In subjects at high risk and patients with schizophrenia, the gyrification index as a measure of cortico-cortical connection differed from healthy controls in the frontal and parietal cortex [3]. This may be based on the neurodevelopmental abnormalities, since the gyrification pattern is determined during the perinatal period. Accordingly, in a recent postmortem study, a reduced gyrification index has been observed in the parietal cortex in schizophrenia [4] showing no differences between monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twin pairs which points to the influence of different intrauterine and postnatal factors [5]. Postmortem studies with a resolution on the cellular and even molecular level with, for example, focus on synaptic structural elements [6] may contribute to elucidate the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Williams et al. [7] investigated neuronal cell density and found decreased pyramidal layer thickness resulting in decreased frontal lobe thickness in schizophrenia patients. They additionally report decreased astrocyte density in the subgenual cingulated cortex and callosal genu for their sample [8], which extends neurobiological hypotheses on the dysfunction of astrocytes in maintaining synaptic stability. Investigations in healthy subjects are indispensable to elucidate risk factors influencing brain volumes and for exclusion of confounding factors such as other diseaserelated and treatment effects. Beside environmental factors, schizophrenia risk genes may contribute to altered brain structures. Trost et al. [9] found a dysbindin-1 gene variant to be associated with hippocampal and prefrontal gray matter volumes. On the molecular level, another risk gene such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) val66met polymorphism has been shown to affect the glutamate system [10]. Moreover, D-amino acid oxidase activator gene (DAOA) variation has been found to affect homovanillic acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid [11]. Unraveling neurobiological effects of such risk factors may contribute to develop a more personalized medicine in psychiatry [12]. Even effects of traditional neuroleptic treatment strategies may be influenced by genetic factors. Giegling et al. [13] found that three haplotype blocks, one among ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) and two among dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) genes, were associated with better clinical improvement in schizophrenia patients. These often are heavy smokers attempting to treat negative and cognitive symptoms themselves. In a clinical trial investigating effects of transdermal nicotine patch, Chen et al. [14], however, found no correlation with replacement doses and only a low smoking cessation rate. They recommend more effective smoking cessation programs for this group of hospitalized patients. Due to restricted therapeutic effects of current treatment strategies in severe psychiatric disorders, the editorial A. Schmitt (&) P. Falkai Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Nusbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany e-mail: Andrea.Schmitt@med.uni-muenchen.de

The Effects Of Transdermal Nicotine Patch On Cardiorespiratory Responses During Aerobic Exercise

The cardiorespiratory responses and performance during aerobic exercise can be altered by an acute tobacco smoking due to the effects of carbon monoxide and nicotine. To date, many studies have focused on the effects of carbon monoxide with the main effect including decreased oxygen delivery, and thus performance. The effect of nicotine per se on the cardiorespiratory responses during exercise, however, remains unclear. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of transdermal nicotine patch on cardiorespiratory responses during aerobic exercise. METHODS: Four healthy male non-smokers aged 23-26 year-old exercised for 20 minutes on a cycle ergometer at a constant intensity (5% body weight kp) and cadence of 60 rpm on two occasions. Subjects were administered either none (control) or a 14 mg transdermal nicotine patch 10 hours before the exercise in a randomized cross-over method; with the patch attached on the left chest until the completion of the exercise. We measured the heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), minute ventilation (VE), volume of oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and blood lactate (La). RESULTS: The mean HR for both conditions during the current exercise protocol was 152.8 bpm, which was equivalent approximately to 75% of the age-predicted HRmax. None of the measured variables differed between the control and nicotine patch conditions: HR = 153.2 vs. 152.4 bpm; SBP = 175.6 vs. 179.6 mmHg; VE = 95.2 vs. 88.9 l/min; VO2 = 38.9 vs. 39.4; RER = 1.02 vs. 0.96; La = 5.45 vs. 6.17 mmol/l, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A 14 mg transdermal nicotine administration didn't alter cardiorespiratory responses during a constant intensity aerobic exercise.

Effect of smoking, smoking cessation, and nicotine patch on wound dimension, vitamin C, and systemic markers of collagen metabolism

Postoperative wound disruption and tissue-destructive disorders are more frequent in smokers than in nonsmokers. Impaired wound healing and altered connective tissue turnover are suggested mechanisms, but exact details remain unknown. Full-thickness, 5-mm punch biopsy wounds were made lateral to the sacrum in 48 smokers and were randomized double-blinded to continuous smoking, abstinence with transdermal nicotine patch (TNP), or abstinence with placebo patch and 30 never smokers. At 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, the wounds were excised and fixed for wound measurement, and blood was collected for measurement of vitamin C, procollagen I N-propeptide (PINP), matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP), MMP-9, neutrophils, and eosinophils. One week after wounding, smokers' wounds were 3.1 ± 0.1 mm (mean, standard error of themean) wide and were 1.3 ± 0.1 mm deep compared with the never smokers' wounds, measuring 3.7±0.1 mm wide and 1.5 ± 0.1 mm deep (P < .01, respectively). Abstinent smokers' wounds were 3.3± 0.1 mm wide (NS) and were 1.4 ± 0.1 mm deep (P = .02 compared with smokers). In smokers, vitamin C and PINP were 50.5 ± 9.0 μmol/L and were 52.7 ± 6.6 ng/mL, respectively, compared with 68.8 ± 14.5 μmolL and 64.7 ± 4.7 ng/mL in never smokers (P < .001 and P = .07). Both increased significantly after smoking cessation. Plasma MMP-8 and MMP-9 were correlated with neutrophil blood count, which significantly was affected by smoking status. No effect of TNP was found. Smokers have smaller, more superficial wounds and lesser blood levels of vitamin C andPINP. Smoking cessation resulted in increased wound depth, vitamin C, and PINP as well as adecreased neutrophil blood count. These findings suggest that wound contraction and collagen metabolism are affected by a smoking-induced alteration in vitamin C turnover and by a change in inflammatory cell response.

Association of the mu-opioid receptor gene with smoking cessation

We investigated the association of the OPRM1 genotype with long-term smoking cessation and change in body mass index (BMI) following a smoking cessation attempt among smokers who attempted to quit using the nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patch or placebo in a randomized controlled trial, and were followed-up over an 8-year period following their initial cessation attempt. We also investigated possible sex differences in these relationships, given evidence for sex differences in smoking cessation and central opioid mechanisms, as well as some evidence for sex differences in response to NRT. Our results indicate that OPRM1 genotype may moderate the effect of transdermal nicotine patch compared to placebo during active treatment, with a benefit of active NRT treatment evident in the OPRM1 AA genotype group only and those carrying one or more copies of the G allele demonstrating no benefit of active NRT versus placebo patch. Our results also indicate a sex difference in change in BMI at 8-year follow-up following a smoking cessation attempt, with ex-smokers demonstrating an increase in BMI, and this increase being greater in female subjects than in male subjects. We did not observe any association of OPRM1 genotype with change in BMI, although there was a trend for genotype to influence the observed sex difference in change in BMI over time. Future studies should attempt to replicate these findings, and investigate the relationship between both short- and long-term weight gain and smoking cessation and investigate possible mechanisms that may underlie these processes. Future studies should also investigate the role of OPRM1 genotype and smoking cessation on other appetitive and reward behaviours such as alcohol consumption.

Safety and effectiveness of transdermal nicotine patch in smokers admitted with acute coronary syndromes

An analysis of smokers admitted with acute coronary syndrome who received transdermal nicotine therapy and those who did not was performed. Propensity analysis was used to match patients. Transdermal nicotine therapy appears safe and does not have an effect on the mortality of patients with acute coronary syndromes.

The Effects of Transdermal Nicotine Therapy for Smoking Cessation on Depressive Symptoms in Patients with Major Depression

This study examines the effects of transdermal nicotine patches for smoking cessation on depressive and withdrawal symptoms among 38 non-medicated subjects with Major Depressive Disorder. The study was conducted over a 29-day period, which included a 7 day baseline phase, a 14 day treatment phase, and an 8 day placebo phase. During the treatment phase subjects received either active nicotine patches (N = 18) or placebo patches (N = 20) that were administered in a randomized, double-blind fashion. The target quit date (TQD) was day 8. Significantly, more subjects in the placebo group than in the nicotine group resumed smoking following the TQD (50% vs. 22%). There was little evidence for effects of active nicotine patches on measures of mood (HRSD, BDI, POMS) or withdrawal symptoms among subjects that remained abstinent throughout the study (N = 24). Those who resumed smoking had more severe withdrawal symptoms than those who remained abstinent. One patient in the placebo group (n = 20) became more depressed after 2 weeks of abstinence. None of the patients in the nicotine group (n = 18) became more depressed.

Effects of transdermal nicotine patches on abstinence-induced and cue-elicited craving in cigarette smokers.

Effects of transdermal nicotine patches on abstinence-induced and cue-elicited craving in cigarette smokers.