Abstract
Background and objectives: Exercise can help ease withdrawal symptoms of smokers. However, there is little information about the physiological responses, such as cardiorespiratory and lactate (La) responses, during exercise from light to moderate intensity combined with transdermal nicotine patches (TNPs) in smokers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TNPs on the cardiorespiratory and La responses during exercise at light to moderate intensity. Materials and Methods: Fourteen young men (8 non-smokers, 6 current smokers) aged 20 to 26 years participated in this study. They performed an incremental graded submaximal exercise test using an electromagnetic cycle ergometer set from 30 to 210 W with (TNP condition) or without a TNP (control condition) in a random order. The TNP was applied to the left arm 8–10 h prior to starting the exercise to achieve the peak level of blood nicotine concentration. Heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), oxygen consumption (VO2), ventilation (VE), and blood La at rest and during exercise were measured and analyzed. Results: The HR at rest was significantly higher in the TNP condition than in the control condition (TNP; 74.7 ± 13.8 bpm, control; 65.3 ± 10.8 bpm, p < 0.001). There was no interaction (condition × exercise intensity) between any of the variables, and VO2, VE, RPE, and La during exercise were not significantly different between the conditions. However, HR during exercise was 6.7 bpm higher on average in the TNP condition. Conclusions: The HR during exercise was greater at light to moderate intensity with a TNP. Our study results will guide clinicians or health professionals when prescribing exercise programs combined with TNPs for healthy young smokers.
Highlights
Smoking is a major cause of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and many other diseases; smoking cessation reduces the risk of developing these major chronic diseases and extends life expectancy [1,2,3]
heart rate (HR) at rest was significantly higher in the transdermal nicotine patches (TNPs) condition than in the control condition (TNP; 74.7 ± 13.8 bpm, control; 65.3 ± 10.8, p < 0.001)
HR was significantly higher in the TNP condition than in the control condition (p < 0.001), HR during exercise was 6.7 bpm higher on average in the TNP condition than in the control condition
Summary
Smoking is a major cause of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and many other diseases; smoking cessation reduces the risk of developing these major chronic diseases and extends life expectancy [1,2,3]. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms, such as cravings, anxiety and irritability, depression, and smoking urges, appear in the early stages of smoking cessation [6]. For this reason, the majority of smokers who attempt to quit smoking relapsed. The majority of smokers who attempt to quit smoking relapsed To solve this problem and reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), such as the transdermal nicotine patches (TNPs) and nicotine gum, in addition to counseling are the most common methods for smokers in the clinical setting.
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