Effects Of Tobacco Use Research Articles

Genotoxic effects of tobacco use in residents of hilly areas and foot hills of Western Ghats, Southern India

Smoking and smokeless tobacco consumption is a significant risk factor that provokes genetic alterations. The present investigation was to evaluate the biomarkers of genotoxicity including micronucleus (MN), chromosome aberrations (CA) and DNA strand breaks among tobacco consumers and control individuals residing in hilly areas of Western Ghats, Tamilnadu, South India. This study included 268 tobacco consumers with equal number of controls. The tobacco consumers were divided into Group I (<10 years of tobacco consumption with an age range from 15 to 35 years) and group II (>10 years consumption above 35 years of age). Chromosome aberration (CA) and comet assay were performed using blood and micronucleus assay from exfoliated buccal epithelial cells obtained from tobacco consumers and controls. Elevated levels of CA were found in group II (Chromatid type: 2.39 ± 1.13 and chromosome type: 1.44 ± 1.24) exposed subjects, high micronucleus and DNA damage (TL:4.48 ± 1.24 and TM:3.40 ± 1.58) levels were significantly (p < 0.05) observed in both smoking and smokeless tobacco consumers when comparison with group I and controls. This study also observed a lack of awareness among the tobacco consumers about the harmful health effects of tobacco. Tobacco consumption contributes to the significant alteration in genetic materials. In addition, a high rate of spontaneous abortion was also seen in the studied population.

Effectiveness of Health Teaching Program about the Knowledge of Tobacco Use Ill-Effects among High School Students

Introduction : Tobacco use is a major factor for non-communicable diseases like cerebrovascular accidents, acute coronary syndrome, hypertension, debilitating chronic diseases like atherosclerosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tobacco use is a bad habit that starts before the accomplishment of adulthood, and young people, specifically, are more in prone to create nicotine addiction. Nursing faculty can also teach and advice all students to change their state of mind in regards to tobacco utilization and help them to quit the use tobacco. Methods: Quasi experimental study performed on 54 male high school students to evaluate the effectiveness of health teaching session about the knowledge of tobacco use ill-effects. Results: Findings revealed that the mean post-test mean score was significantly higher than their mean pre-test score. The calculated “t” value (t=-88.520 p&lt;0.005) was greater than the table value at 0.05 in all sections. Therefore, the null hypothesis Conclusions: It is concluded that the educational program is effective in enhancing the knowledge of students regarding ill- effects of tobacco use. Keywords -, Health Teaching Program, Knowledge, and Tobacco use ill-effects. DOI : 10.7176/JHMN/67-10 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

Pattern and Predictors of Tobacco Use in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey (2015–2016)

Tobacco use continues to be of research interest due to the significant amount of tobacco-attributable non-communicable diseases and deaths in India. This study examines the pattern and predictors of smoking, chewing, and any tobacco use among adults of age 15–49 years in India. This study used secondary data from the fourth round of the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS, 2015–2016) which collected information on tobacco use from men and women in the age group 15–49 ( n = 803097). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to understand the socio-economic and demographic predictors. GIS maps have been used to show inter-state variation in smoking, chewing, and any tobacco use by gender. About one out of every ten adults aged 15–49 use any tobacco, predominantly in chewing forms. Women are significantly less likely to smoke (odds ratio [OR]: 0.05, confidence interval [CI]: 0.04–0.05), chew (OR: 0.25, CI: 0.24–0.25), and use any tobacco (OR: 0.14, CI: 0.13–0.14) compared with men. Tobacco usage was found more common among the uneducated and economically weak people. There is considerable inter-state heterogeneity in the prevalence and type of tobacco use, and adults in the north-east region are among the most vulnerable population subgroups. Tobacco use continues to be a significant burden due to its magnitude and different forms of use in India. The higher use among males, illiterates, economically weak, socially backward and alcohol users suggest the need for targeted efforts to improve their knowledge and awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco use and stronger enforcement of tobacco control policies.

Influence of anti-tobacco advertisements on the attitude of slum dwellers about use of tobacco: a cross-sectional study from Mandya city

Background: As per the Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) rules, the anti-tobacco health spots and disclaimers are being provided by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India. These advertisements are aimed at creating awareness about the ill effects of tobacco use. Mass media anti-tobacco advertising campaigns play an important role as part of a comprehensive tobacco control program and are associated with increase in smoking cessation and declines in adult tobacco use prevalence.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the influence of anti-tobacco advertisements among slum dwellers of Mandya city. A self-structured, close-ended questionnaire was used to interview 700 slum dwellers. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic data, tobacco usage status, questions related to awareness about anti-tobacco advertisements, and influence of anti-tobacco advertisements on attitude toward tobacco use. Frequency distributions and percentages were examined for each item and Chi-square test was used.Results: Out of 700 participants 54.5% were males and 45.5% were females. Nearly 87.7% of males and 70.2% of females had noticed the statutory warning which is shown during tobacco products’ usage on television/movies. Almost 66.4% of males and 68.0% of females had a positive change in attitude toward tobacco use due to influence of anti-tobacco advertisements.Conclusions: There is awareness against use of tobacco and this awareness should be used to motivate them to quit tobacco as well as to stop them from initiating tobacco use.

Oral Health Effects of Combusted and Smokeless Tobacco Products.

The oral cavity is usually the first part of a consumer's body exposed to the constituents of tobacco products or their emissions. Consequently, the oral cavity is a frequent site for carcinogenic, microbial, immunologic, and clinical effects of tobacco use. This article summarizes 5 presentations on various aspects of oral health affected by combusted or noncombusted tobacco products from a recent conference, "Oral Health Effects of Tobacco Products: Science and Regulatory Policy," sponsored by the American Association for Dental Research and the Food and Drug Administration.

P109. Tobacco use is associated with worse patient-reported outcomes following elective cervical spine surgery

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Tobacco use has been shown to be a major modifiable risk factor for the development of postoperative complications in elective orthopedic surgeries. Numerous studies have described the adverse health effects of tobacco use and the associations between tobacco use and poor surgical outcomes, as well as increased post-operative health care utilization. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of preoperative tobacco use on (1) pre- and postoperative patient-reported outcomes, (2) complications, and (3) pre- and postoperative opioid consumption in patients undergoing elective cervical spine surgery. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Retrospective chart review. PATIENT SAMPLE A total of 179 consecutive patients who underwent elective cervical spine surgery at a single academic institution from 2014-2016 with 2-year follow up data. OUTCOME MEASURES Perioperative variables, pre- and postoperative, opiod consumption, Neck Disabiity Index (NDI) score, VAS (visual analog scale) pain scores and Distressed Communities Index (DCI) METHODS Patient tobacco use, baseline characteristics, medical comorbidities, operative variables, and surgical complications (superficial and deep infection, wound complication, emergency department [ED] visits, readmissions, and repeat operations) were recorded. Additionally, preoperative ED visits, pre- and postoperative opioid use, total postoperative opioid prescription quantities, and most recent date of opioid prescription were collected. Quantitative measurements of pain (VAS) and disease specific disability score (NDI) were recorded preoperatively and 3 months after surgery. In addition, the Economic Innovation Group's 2017 Distressed Communities Index (DCI) was recorded for each patient's home zip code. DCI Scores are based on percentages of adults without a high school education, percentage living under the poverty line, unemployment rates, and the overall housing and business climate in a given area. DCI Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicative of greater economic distress, and DCI Scores ≥80 are considered to be highly distressed regions. Continuous variables were compared between patients that did vs did not use tobacco using two-tailed independent t-test, and categorical variables were compared using chi-square or Fisher Exact tests. RESULTS Of the 179 patients involved in this study, 98 (54.7%) were current tobacco users. Compared to non-users, current tobacco users were more likely to have COPD (p=0.001), illicit drug abuse (p=0.002), and worse distressed community index scores (p=0.02). Tobacco users had less pain relief than non-smokers at 3 months postoperatively (4.9±2.7 vs. 2.7±2.3, respectively), as they experienced significantly less improvement in VAS pain score (p 0.05). There were no other between-group differences. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco users undergoing elective cervical spine surgery may experience significantly worse pain during the early postoperative period compared to non-smokers. Tobacco use may represent a modifiable risk factor for persistent pain in this population. Surgeons should counsel patients about reducing tobacco use before cervical spine surgery, and socioeconomic status should be considered when developing patient education materials and smoking cessation programs for this at risk subset. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.

Tobacco use among male inmates and their attitudes toward its prevention in Khartoum State: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTIONTobacco use remains the most preventable cause of death and disability, with prisoners being a neglected population of tobacco users. The aim was to determine the prevalence of tobacco use and attitudes toward its prevention among adult male prisoners.METHODSWe conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among 349 adult male inmates from three prisons in Khartoum State. The interview questionnaire included questions related to tobacco use status, type of tobacco used, previous attempts to quit, smoking inside a room, frequency of tobacco use before and after incarceration, and attitude toward its prevention. Chi-squared and paired t-test were used to compare between different variables, with the level of significance set at p≤0.05.RESULTSThe majority (69.1%) were in the age group 30–50 years. All of the studied prisoners were tobacco users of which: 43.8% used oral snuff (toombak); 22.1% were cigarette smokers; 30.9% used both cigarette and toombak; 0.6% used cigarette and waterpipe; and 3.2% used cigarette, toombak and waterpipe. Toombak users (alone or with other types of tobacco) were 272 (78%) with the majority (62.4%) dipping 2–5 times per day. There were 96 (57%) cigarette smokers (alone or with other types), and waterpipe users were 12 (3.8%). The majority (74.6%) of cigarette users shared their cell with other toombak users. For the majority (79.6%), the number of cigarettes and snuff dipping per day was directly proportional to the period of incarceration. Almost all (99.1%) prisoners know the harmful effects of tobacco use, and 64.5% had previously attempted to quit. Also, 98% of tobacco users reported a desire to quit and expressed willingness to participate in a tobacco-cessation program.CONCLUSIONSDifferent patterns and methods of tobacco use were explored, and all the studied prisoners were users. Tobacco use increased after incarceration. The willingness to participate in tobacco-cessation counselling should be met with the implementation of a planned and well-designed prevention program.

Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Young Adults: A Hospital‑Based Study

Abstract Background: Head and neck cancers (HNCs) account for 30% of all cancers in India. In north eastern India, tobacco-related cancers are very common because of the widespread use of tobacco. The paucity of any study from this region in young head and neck patients has prompted us to take up this study. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted at Dr. B Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati during January 2015–December 2015. Data regarding tumor site, age, sex, education, habit of tobacco (smokeless and smoke), and betel nut consumption were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 19. P &lt; 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: About 75.1% patients were males. Among patients ≤39 years, 83.7% were tobacco chewers, 50.5% were smokers, and 83.7% betel nut chewers, and among &gt;39 years, these proportions were 83.7%, 56.2%, and 78.7%, respectively. The most common site among ≤39 years and &gt;39 were mouth (40.8%) and hypopharynx (36.8%). Among tobacco and betel nut chewers and smokers, the most common sites were mouth (40.3%, 42.5%) and hypopharynx (41.5%). The site of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was highly associated with chewing and smoking habit (P &lt; 0.05). Among illiterate patients, proportions of tobacco and betel nut chewers and smokers were 65.3%, 61.6%, and 67.9%, respectively. Conclusion: A positive association between tobacco use, male gender, and low education levels were found. The younger generation should be made aware about the adverse health consequences of tobacco use to reduce the preventable risk factors of HNC.

Characterization of Lymphoid Cells in the Lungs of Mice Following Oral Administration of 4NQO

IntroductionChronic inflammation is a risk factor in development and progression of lung cancer. The carcinogen 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide (4NQO) induces oral cancer in mice and mimics the effects of tobacco use. Here we investigated whether oral administration of 4NQO could cause injury and inflammatory changes in the lung. We also examined the possible effect of sex and a high or low in saturated fat diet on lung inflammation as manifested by the presence of lymphoid cells. The number and pattern of distribution of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils were evaluated in lung tissues. We hypothesized that treatment with 4NQO would induce inflammation and cancer in lungs, and that sex and dietary fat content would affect 4NQO‐induced lung pathology.Materials and methodsMale and female C57Bl/6 mice (n=36 each gender, 5 weeks old), were divided into low fat (10kcal% fat; LF) and high fat (60 kcal% fat; HF) diet groups. After one week mice in the experimental groups began a treatment with 50μg/mL of 4NQO in 1.25% propylene glycol (PG) in water (4NQO group). Mice in control groups were provided with water or PG in water. After 17 weeks of treatment all mice were given water alone for 6 weeks prior to euthanasia. Lung tissues were harvested, fixed in formalin, and processed for histological evaluation. Lung tissue sections were stained with antibodies against CD3 to detect T lymphocytes, CD68 to detect macrophages, and Ly6‐g to detect neutrophils. Positively‐stained cells were counted in 4 randomly chosen areas at 10× magnification using ImageJ software. Analysis was done using GraphPad Prism 7.0. All animal work was in compliance with the regulations of IACUC at Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL.ResultsLymphoid cells were present in the control lung tissue, however, 4NQO treatment resulted in a significant increase in all three cell populations (T lymphocytes 194 vs. 283, macrophages 136 vs. 195, and neutrophils 102 vs. 266 cells/per mm2, p&lt;0.002). Neutrophils and macrophages were primarily located in lung parenchyma, while T cells were located both in parenchyma and lymphoid nodules. In 4NQO mice the number of neutrophils and macrophages, but not T cells, was significantly higher (p&lt;0.001) in males than in females (354 vs. 179, 250 vs. 138, and 177 vs. 288 cells/per mm2, respectively). HF diet resulted in significantly more neutrophils in the 4NQO male lungs (324 vs. 100 cells/mm2, p&lt;0.001), but had no effect on the number of macrophages and T cells.ConclusionOral administration of 4NQO induced lung inflammation as manifested by a significant increase in the presence of lymphoid cells. The inflammatory responses in the lungs may be affected by dietary fat and sex. This mouse model of oral cancer that was developed to mimic the effects of smoking may be extended to serve as a model to study the effects of tobacco and diet on the lungs.Support or Funding InformationThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Expression of Folate Transport Proteins in a Mouse Model of 4NQO‐Induced Oral Cancer

IntroductionHead and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Risk factors include tobacco exposure, alcohol use, male sex, and a poor diet. Administration of 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide (4NQO) in drinking water causes oral cancer in mice, and mimics the effects of tobacco use. Folate is essential for nucleotide biosynthesis as well as epigenetic regulation. Folate is imported by folate receptors (FR), proton‐coupled folate transporters (PCFT), and the reduced folate carrier (RFC). This study aimed to investigate the effects of a high saturated fat (HF) or low fat (LF) diet, sex, and 4NQO treatment on expression of folate transport proteins in mice tongues. We hypothesized that there would be a decreased expression of these proteins in the HNSCC tongue samples compared to the control tongue samples.Materials and MethodsFive week old mice (C57BI/6, 36 per sex) were provided either a low saturated fat diet (10 kcal% fat; LF) or a high fat diet (60 kcal% fat, HF). After one week, mice were then randomly assigned to 17 weeks on one of three water treatment groups: water alone (control); propylene glycol in water (1.25%, PG‐water); or 4NQO in PG‐water (50 mg/ml; 4NQO). After 17 weeks, the mice were provided water alone for six more weeks but maintained on their diet. Tongues from euthanized animals were fixed in formalin and processed for histological examination. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of FR, PCFT, and RFC in these samples. Slides were visually graded, and the total score for the expression of each protein was acquired by adding the intensity grade (0–3) and distribution grade (0–3). Statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad Prism 7.0. All animal work was in compliance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL.ResultsCompared to the control tongues, there was decreased expression of all three folate transport proteins in tumors (p&lt;0.001). The total score (intensity + distribution) in oral cancer versus control tissue for FR, RFC, and PCFT, respectively were: 3.21 ± 0.10 vs 4.48 + 0.14; 4.38 ± 0.11 vs 5.13 ± 0.10; and 4.22 ± 0.11 vs 5.65 ± 0.69. All slides displayed a 100% distribution rate of FR, PCFT, and RFC in the epithelium. There were no significant differences in folate transport protein expression in males versus females. In the 4NQO tongues, a statistically significant decrease in FR expression was observed between the HF diet group and the LF group (3.97 ± 0.20 vs 3.05 ± 0.10, p &lt;0.0002). No differences were observed in the expression of RFC and PCFT proteins with regards to diet or sex.ConclusionWe measured decreased expression in all three folate transport proteins in oral cancers when compared to normal tongue epithelium. We speculate that mutations leading to decreased folate import can promote carcinogenesis through epigenetic mechanisms.Support or Funding InformationThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Effects of a Low Fat Diet versus a High Fat Diet on Lymphoid Cell Infiltration in a Mouse Model of Oral Cancer

IntroductionRisk factors for oral cancer include tobacco use, male sex, and possibly dietary fat. Exposure to 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide (4NQO) in the drinking water causes oral cancer in mice and models the effects of tobacco use. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of a high saturated fat (HF) or low fat (LF) diet and sex on presence of lymphoid cells in cancerous tongues. We hypothesized that inflammation, characterized by the increased presence of lymphoid cells, would accompany development of tumor lesions and that sex and diet would affect the levels of inflammation.MethodsMale and female C57Bl/6 mice (36 each gender), 5 weeks old, were divided into a low fat (10kcal% fat; LF) or HF (60 kcal% fat) diet. Within each dietary group, mice were randomly assigned to one of 3 water treatment groups for 17 weeks: water alone (control); propylene glycol in water (1.25%; PG‐H2O); or 4NQO in PG‐H2O (50 mg/ml; 4NQO). After 17 weeks, all mice were given water alone for 6 more weeks. Tongues harvested from the euthanized animals were fixed in formalin and processed for histological examination. T cells (CD3+ cells), macrophages (CD68+ cells), and neutrophils (Ly6+ cells) were detected by immunohistochemistry, counted, and normalized to tissue area. Analysis was done using GraphPad Prism 7.0. All animal work was in compliance with the regulations of IACUC at Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL.ResultsOral cancer developed in all mice exposed to 4NQO and was absent in all controls. All three lymphoid cell types were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in the 4NQO mice versus the control mice: CD3+ (11.2 vs 0.9 cells/mm2), CD68+ (3.6 vs 1.5 cells/mm2), and Ly6+ (9.4 vs 0.38 cells/mm2). Among the 4NQO treated mice, there were no significant differences between males and females, or between HF and LF mice for T cells or macrophages. 4NQO treated males had a significantly higher numbers of neutrophils than females (12 vs 6.6 cells/mm2). LF diet increased the levels of neutrophils in both males and females (15 and 7.7 cells/mm2 respectively) when compared to the HF diet in both males and females (9.3 and 5.3 cells/mm2 respectively); however, this trend was not statistically significant. We speculate that the higher carbohydrate content of the LF diet may support increased anaerobic glycolytic metabolism via the Warburg effect.ConclusionDevelopment of 4NQO‐induced oral cancer was accompanied by inflammatory responses as manifested by the presence of T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. Neutrophils were the only cell type affected by sex and possibly by the content of dietary fat.Support or Funding InformationThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Magnitude and socio-economic effects of tobacco use among youths in resource limited settings

Magnitude and socio-economic effects of tobacco use among youths in resource limited settings

Youth's Perceptions of E-cigarette Advertisements with Cessation Claims.

E-cigarettes are not FDA-approved smoking cessation aids. Nevertheless, content analyses have shown that e-cigarette companies make claims about cessation efficacy. Some advertisements are explicit (directly mentioning their product can help smokers quit or stop smoking), while others are implicit (not containing cessation-related language, but implying cessation efficacy through subtle wording and imagery). This is the first study to examine directly how adolescents and young adults (AYAs) perceived these ads, and specifically whether they identify the cessation claims in e-cigarette advertisements. 248 AYAs in California viewed 4 e-cigarette advertisements with cessation claims, then selected claims made by each advertisement. Descriptive statistics and multi-level logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between the type of claims and perception. The claim "helps me quit smoking" was most frequently selected after viewing advertisements with explicit cessation claims, but not after viewing implicit claims. No significant effect of tobacco use and age on claim selection was observed. E-cigarette manufacturers make claims about cessation efficacy, and AYAs can identify such claims in advertisements, especially the explicit ones. FDA should regulate these advertisements as making therapeutic claims.

Dental Care Utilization among Veterans by Smoking Status.

Background Given the critical importance of dental care utilization among veterans and the overall health consequences of tobacco use in all populations, the purpose of this research is to examine smoking as a risk factor for poor dental care utilization among United States Veterans. Methods A secondary data analysis of cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Veterans was conducted. The primary outcome was dental care utilization (Yes, No). Frequency, chi-square analyses, and multivariate logistic regression statistical tests were performed while adjusting for confounding factors. Results There were 6,308 veterans in the study. Veterans who were current smokers were less likely to have dental care utilization within the previous six months than former smokers or never smokers. In unadjusted logistic regression analysis, current smokers had an odds ratio of 2.83 [95% CI: 2.36, 3.40] as compared with never smokers. The adjusted odds ratio for current smoking on dental care utilization was 1.71 [95% CI: 1.40, 2.09] as compared with never smoking. Conclusions Since veterans who smoked are less likely to have dental care utilization within the previous six months, they are at higher risk for later diagnosis of dental problems. Veterans who smoke should be specifically targeted with interventions to ensure frequent dental visits, so future problems may be averted or managed early in their development.

Tobacco use results in inferior outcomes after anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty

Background: This study examined the effect of tobacco use on outcomes of primary anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Methods: A retrospective search identified 59 nonsmokers, 29 former smokers, and 14 current smokers with primary anatomic TSA and at least 2 yr of follow-up. At mean follow-up of 3 yr, patients were assessed with a visual analog scale (VAS), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) scores and range-of-motion testing. Results: Smokers were significantly younger than nonsmokers or former smokers; there were no other statistically significant differences. VAS scores were significantly higher in current smokers and ASES scores were significantly lower. Complication rates were 36% in current smokers, 15% in nonsmokers, and 7% in former smokers (P = 0.05). Conclusions: Current smokers had significantly worse pain and functional scores and more complications. Former smokers had results similar to nonsmokers, suggesting improved outcomes are possible in patients who quit smoking preoperatively.

Comparison of attitude of smokeless tobacco users taking dental treatment versus not seeking dental treatment toward cessation of smokeless tobacco use

Background: Tobacco exposure is the single greatest preventable cause of morbidity, disability, and mortality for chronic and debilitating diseases. In public health education, an important aspect is the treatment of tobacco use dependence. This experimental study is intended to deter the use of smokeless tobacco (ST) for the users who seek treatment and who do not seek treatment as well. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a pretest–posttest design on ST users (dental group = 40 and nondental group = 40) in a tertiary care setting. Educational video: A video film of 14 min was developed by a researcher that included contents related to the chemical properties of tobacco, its harmful health effects, the diseases caused by tobacco use, and the facilities available for treatment. Tools: The tools used were subject datasheet and attitude questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the participants in dental group was 39 years and in nondental group was 34 years. Most of the participants in dental group and nondental group were using gutka. Attitude scores of participants significantly increase from pretest (55.32 ± 7.0) to posttest (62.74 ± 4.2). There was a statistically significant difference between attitude scores of participants in dental group (60.3 ± 13.23) and nondental group (62.6 ± 4.19) at 1-month follow-up (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The educational video film regarding the ill effects of tobacco use and its treatment was effective in enhancing positive attitude of both the equally useful.

Prevalence and determinants of hookah use among college-going women of Delhi.

As governments across the world implement tobacco-control measures, the tobacco industry responds by coming up with new products such as hookah, which are more appealing and affordable for young people-especially women-their primary target group. We assessed the prevalence and determinants of tobacco use among undergraduate women students of the University of Delhi with special emphasis on hookah use. Using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire, we conducted a survey among the undergraduate women students of four colleges of the University of Delhi during March 2016. The tool was adapted from standard global surveys and had specific sections on tobacco use and patterns-use of shisha (hookah), smokeless tobacco as well as cessation and exposure to media and awareness about the harmful health effects of tobacco use. Point estimates along with 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression was done to identify the determinants of current tobacco use and hookah use. Of the 780 respondents (mean [SD] age 19.3 [1.08] years), 22.9% (20.1-26.0) used tobacco in any form, with hookah being the most prevalent form (20.3%). One-third of the respondents believed that hookah smoking was less harmful than cigarette smoking. The major determinants of hookah use were-attending a private school (1.84; 1.11-3.01) or all-women college (2.79; 1.80-4.33); tobacco use by friends (2.47; 1.61-3.77); belief that smoking is a sign of women empowerment (2.09; 1.05-4.1 7) and the belief that hookah smoking is less harmful than cigarette smoking (2.81; 1.92-4.13). High prevalence of hookah use among young girls and women calls for a comprehensive approach including legislative options as well as increasing awareness about tobacco-cessation programmes among them.

Prevalence of Oral mucosal lesions and their association with Pattern of tobacco use among patients visiting a dental institution.

Oral mucous membrane is an integral part of the complex oral cavity which is associated with maintenance of oral as well as general body health. Oral mucosal lesion (OML) is one of the most prevalent diseases in India, which is caused by consumption of smokeless and smoked forms of tobacco. To assess the prevalence of OMLs and their association with pattern of tobacco use among patients visiting dental institution in Bhilai. This descriptive cross-sectional study included 872 participants who visited the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rungta College of Dental Science and Research, and fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and the study was carried out from July to September 2016. Self-designed proforma was used for recording demographic details, and WHO Assessment Form for Oral Mucosal Diseases was used to record the tobacco use status and findings of the clinical and laboratory investigation. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 23, and the mean, frequency, and percentage were calculated. Among the 872 participants, 69.26% were male and 30.74% were female. The mean age of the study population was 46.19 ± 12.33 years. The prevalence of tobacco use among study participants was 51.26% and that of the OML was 36.36%. Aphthous ulcer was the most prevalent OML followed by oral submucous fibrosis and leukoplakia. The study emphasizes the harmful effects of tobacco use toward oral mucous membrane and also serves as a path for future tobacco cessation programs that would be helpful to prevent OML.

A Study to Assess the Oral Health Status and Knowledge on Oral Health Hazards among Tobacco Consuming Adults in Nanchiyampalayam, Dharapuram in view of Preparing a self Instructional Module

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social and spiritual wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Wellness is the condition in which an individual functions at optimum levels. Oral health is essential to general health and quality of life. It is a state of being free from mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infection and sores, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay, tooth loss, and other diseases and disorders that limit an individual's capacity in biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial wellbeing. Dental problems can occur at every stage of life. But some problems happen at a particular stage and age. And particularly in the period of adults, some of the common dental problems faced by adults. They are tooth decay, teeth discoloration and gum diseases. Use of tobacco is a risk factor for oral cancer, oral mucosal lesions, periodontal disease and impaired healing after periodontal treatment, gingival recession, and coronal and root caries. Available evidence suggests that the risks of oral diseases increase with greater use of tobacco and that quitting smoking can result in decreased risk. The magnitude of the effect of tobacco on the occurrence of oral diseases especially oral cancer is high, with users having many times the risk of non-users. Tobacco use is generally perceived as an adult problem. The diseases widely caused by tobacco are mostly seen to afflict the older population, yet tobacco use most often starts in youth, vast majority start consuming tobacco before the age of 25 years. Tobacco use has injurious effects on oral health. The oral health is an important aspect of community health. To plan important interventions it is necessary to find out the prevalence and factors associated with them. This study was aimed to assess the oral health status and knowledge on oral health hazards among tobacco consuming adults in Nanchiyampalayam, Dharapuram in view of preparing a self instructional module. The research approach used for the study was descriptive approach. The Non-experimental descriptive research design was used for this study. The conceptual frame work of the study was based on The Health Belief Model (Rosen Stock 1974 And Becker And Maiman 1975)”. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the 100 samples. The tool used for the study was the oral health assessment tool modified from Kayser-Jones et al. (1995) by Chalmers (2004) for assessing the oral health status and knowledge regarding oral health hazards was assessed by using a structured interview schedule. At the end of the data collection self instructional module regarding effects of tobacco use on oral health was distributed to the samples. Severe cases were instructed to go for further treatment. The collected data were analysed and tabulated by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The data analysis revealed that the mean and standard deviation scores of level of oral health status were 6(SD±3.12) and the mean and standard deviation scores of level of knowledge were 13(SD±5.16) respectively. The‘t’ value was 4.202 which was significant at P<0.05 level of significance. There was a low positive correlation r=0.4 between the oral health status and the level of knowledge on oral health hazards among tobacco consuming adults. There was no significant association of the level of oral health status among tobacco consuming adults with their selected demographic variables except for the age of the adults (χ2=6.81). There was no significant association of the level of knowledge among tobacco consuming with their selected demographic variables except for the age of the adult (χ2=13.09), education (χ2=39.57), monthly income (χ2=16.25), frequency of consuming tobacco (χ2=12.66), and the duration of consuming tobacco (χ2=24.04). The study revealed that even though the adults had good knowledge on hazards of tobacco consumption on oral health they had poor oral health status. The findings of the study support the need for conducting educational programme to increase the knowledge of adults on tobacco consumption and its related problems. Educating the youth and adults with correct information regarding hazards of tobacco consumption can help them to avoid/stop the bad habits and develop a healthy life style.

PRACTICE OF SMOKING

Introduction: Tobacco kills nearly 6 million people each year. More than fivemillion of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while more than 600 000 are theresult of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. Unless urgent action is taken, theannual death toll could rise to more than eight million by 20301. To reduce this heavy morbidityand mortality due to tobacco use, can only be reduced by educating the masses regardingharmful effects of tobacco use. This cross sectional study was conducted with the objective,to assess the awareness and factors responsible for smoking among adolescents in AbbasiaHigher secondary school and Umm ul Qura High School, Bahawalpur. Settings: The studywas carried out in Abbasia Higher secondary school and Umm ul Qura High School. Duration:From 1 May 2011 to 15 June 2011. Subject/Methods: A preformed questionnaire was usedto collect data from 150 subjects included in this study. Results: Of all the subjects, 74%were aware of smoking, 22.67% were smokers. According to this study, 76.47% of smokerssaid that they smoked to enjoy some occasion, 17.65% smoked due to stress and 5% forexam preparation. Conclusions: Students were well aware of smoking hazards; prevalence ofsmoking was higher in Umm ul Qura High School students.