Effect Of Tin Addition Research Articles

Effect of Tin Addition on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Aluminium Bronze Alloyed with 4% Nickel

The current study investigates the impact of adding tin to aluminium bronze alloyed with 4% nickel on its microstructure and mechanical properties. Sand casting was chosen as the most cost-effective and efficient method of preparing the aluminium bronze alloy. Following their melting points, six distinct samples of aluminium bronze alloyed with 0% to 10% tin were added into the crucible furnace. Nickel with the highest melting point of 1453°C was added into the crucible furnace first, while tin with the lowest melting of 231.9°C was added last into the crucible furnace. The alloying components were mixed well by manually mixing the liquid for around five minutes. After sand casting, the specimens were machined, sectioned, and grounded then tests were carried out to measure their hardness, tensile strength, and impact resistance. The results of the tests indicate that the tensile strength first increases and subsequently declines as the tin addition increases. The hardness of the aluminium bronze alloy increases as the proportion of tin addition increases. The results of the investigations also demonstrate that as the hardness of the specimens increases, their impact resistance decreases and the tensile stress of each specimen increases with strain.

Effect of tin addition on the corrosion resistance of low‐alloyed steel in simulated coastal‐industrial atmosphere environment

AbstractIn simulated coastal‐industrial atmosphere, the atmospheric corrosion behavior of three different tin content low‐alloy steels has been investigated by indoor wet/dry cyclic corrosion test. The results indicate that in the early stage of atmospheric corrosion, tin addition has beneficial effect on the corrosion resistance improvement, and corrosion resistance increases as tin content increases. However, increased corrosion resistance due to tin addition does not last long. After a large amount of corrosion products are formed on the surface of the sample, the stability and compactness of rust layer are degraded by tin. Therefore, in the long‐term atmospheric corrosion process, the lower the tin content in steel, the better the corrosion resistance of steel.

Unveiling the influence of TiN on the microstructure and high-temperature oxidation behavior of Ti-Al-Cr composite coating

The effect of TiN addition on the high temperature oxidation behavior of Ti-Al-Cr coating was investigated. Results revealed that the coating with 4 wt.% TiN addition exhibited superior oxidation resistance. The minimum mass gain after being oxidized at 850 ℃ was 0.56 mg/cm2, which was 40.1% less than that of the TiN-free coating. The mechanisms for TiN addition can enhance the high-temperature oxidation resistance of Ti-Al-Cr coating include the dispersed TiN resulting in more grain boundaries and prolonging the diffusion paths of oxygen and contributing to the generation of a protective CrAlN layer to diminish the inward oxygen diffusion, as well as facilitating the formation of the dense internal oxide layer Al2O3 and Cr2O3.

Effect of Tin Addition on the Degradability and Corrosion Properties of a New Zn-1.0 wt.% Mg Alloy

Effect of Tin Addition on the Degradability and Corrosion Properties of a New Zn-1.0 wt.% Mg Alloy

The effect of tin addition on wear resistance of Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy

The research work was aimed to investigate the effect of Tin with the addition of three different amounts (0.5,1,3) % to a Cu-14%Al-4.5Ni. alloy. The Alloys were manufactured by casting in an Induction Furnace in an Argon Atmosphere then wear and microhardness tests were applied to the Alloys with Microstructure via Optical Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope. The Results showed a significant decrease in the Wear rate and a sharp rise in the Hardness relating to the increased percentage of Tin addition (3%) which provides promising results.

Effect of Tin Addition on Shape Memory Effect and Mechanical Properties of Cu-Al-Ni Shape Memory Alloy

This study examines the effect of Sn additions on Cu-14%Al-4.5%Ni shape memory alloy. Sn was added in three different percentages (0.3,1,3) %. The alloys were mechanically tested both in compression test and micro hardness test. Also, a thermo-mechanical test was performed on the alloys. Results showed an increase in the transformation temperature outside the domain and also a better recovery strain with the increase of Sn percentage of 3% Sn addition showed the best results in mechanical properties while the 3% Sn showed a better Shape Memory Properties near to super elastic.

Susceptor-assisted fast microwave sintering of TiN reinforced SiAlON composites in a single mode cavity

In the present study, 17 wt % TiN reinforced α-β SiAlON composites were sintered at low temperature by susceptor-assisted microwave heating. The effect of TiN addition on dielectrical properties of starting powders, as well as the influence of sintering temperature on phase evolution, microstructure development and mechanical properties of α/β-SiAlON-TiN composites were investigated. The obtained results showed that TiN addition increased the microwave absorbing properties which is reflected in the peak sintering temperature. Thus, the α:β ratio decreased and mechanical properties were improved, especially the fracture toughness of the composites. Furthermore, an estimate of energy consumption during microwave assisted sintering at the laboratory scale is presented. As a result, the highest values for relative density (97.1%), Vickers hardness (13.35 ± 0.47 GPa), and fracture toughness (7.52 ± 0.54 MPa m1/2) were obtained by microwave sintering for 30 min at 1300 °C.

Effect of tin addition on the microstructure, wettability and mechanical properties of Cu–Mn–Ni braze fillers

A series of Cu–34Mn–6Ni–[Formula: see text]Sn (wt.%) braze fillers that were used for brazing stainless steel (SS) were prepared. The microstructures, melting temperatures, wettability and mechanical properties of the braze fillers were investigated. An Sn-rich phase was formed in braze fillers with an Sn content above 6 wt.% (including) because of the segregation performance of Sn. The melting temperatures of braze fillers decreased markedly with an increase in Sn content. The addition of 6 wt.% Sn resulted in the highest wettability of braze fillers on the SS. With an increase in Sn content, the tensile strength and hardness increased, whereas the plasticity and toughness of the braze fillers decreased owing to the solid solution and segregation of Sn.

Effect of tin addition on corrosion behavior of a low-alloy steel in simulated costal-industrial atmosphere

The effect of tin addition on the atmospheric corrosion behavior of a low-alloy steel in simulated coastal-industrial atmosphere has been investigated by indoor wet/dry cyclic corrosion test (CCT). The results indicate that tin addition can obviously make the steel substrate more resistant to atmospheric corrosion by suppressing the cathodic H+ reduction reaction, and but tin addition is not of obvious beneficial effect when the steel is covered with a thicker rust layer during long-term corrosion process. The reason lies in the fact that the presence of un-reduced H+ can lower the electrolyte pH value and lead to a loose and porous rust layer on tin-containing steel sample than that on tin-free steel sample. In addition, the 120 CCT cycles corrosion process of the two steels can be divided into three stages. Both the tin-free and tin-containing steels show an increasing corrosion rate during the initial corrosion stage and then exhibit a decreasing corrosion rate during the second and third corrosion stages. Moreover, tin addition makes the tin-containing steel rust layer have a higher amount of α-FeOOH and lower amount of γ-FeOOH and Fe3O4 than the tin-free steel rust layer.

Effect of TiN addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiB2-FeNi based cermets

The TiB2-x vol% TiN-20 vol% (Fe-Ni) system cermets with various volume fraction of TiN were successfully fabricated through gas pressure sintering. The effects of TiN content on the mechanical properties and microstructure of TiB2-based cermets was explored in detail. The microstructure and compositional analyses of TiB2-based cermets were investigated by SEM, EPMA, TEM, and X-ray diffraction. The results shown that only TiB2, TiN and Fe0.64Ni0.36 phases in the TiB2-based cermets, not any other brittle phases such as M2B, M23B6 could be found. The TiB2 grains formed a typical core-rim structure, but the TiN particles didn't. The dominant fracture mode of TiB2-based cermets transformed from intergranular fracture to transgranular fracture as the TiN content increasing from 0 to 25 vol%. Toughening mechanisms of TiB2-based cermets transformed from debonding, crack deflection to crack bridging and crack deflection as the TiN content increasing. The properties of TiB2-based cermets have been greatly enhanced as the TiN content varying from 0 to 25 vol%. The transversal rupture strength, indentation fracture toughness, Vickers hardness, and relative density of TiB2–20 vol% TiN-20 vol% (Fe-Ni) cermet reached up to 1191.12 ± 40 MPa, 18.77 ± 0.40 MPa m1/2, 14.40 ± 0.20 GPa, and 99.74 ± 0.20%, respectively.

Effect of TiN Addition on 3Y-TZP Ceramics with Emphasis on Making EDM-Able Bodies

In this study, to produce electrically conductive ceramics, rapid hot press (RHP) sintering of 3 mol.% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP) and 3Y-TZP/TiN composites with TiN amounts of 25, 35, and 45 vol.% was performed at 1300, 1350, and 1400 °C. Interestingly, the toughness and hardness were improved in the presence of TiN up to 35 vol.% and maximum fracture toughness and hardness of 5.40 ± 0.05 MPa m1/2 and 14.50 ± 0.06 GPa, respectively, were obtained. However, the bending strength was decreased which could be attributed to the rather weak interfaces of nitride and oxide phases. Regarding the zirconia matrix, the effect of grain size on fracture toughness of the samples has been studied using x-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis. It was also found that electrical resistivity decreased to the value of 6.88 × 10−6 Ω m at 45 vol.% of TiN. It seems the TiN grains form a network to impose conductivity on the ZrO2 body; however, below 35 vol.% TiN, due to lack of percolation effect, this conductivity could not be maintained according to FESEM studies. Finally, electrically conductive samples were successfully machined by electrical discharge machining (EDM).

Effects of TiN addition on the properties of hot pressed TiN–Ti/Al2O3 composites

TiN–Ti/Al2O3 composites of varying TiN content (0–20 vol%) were prepared by vacuum hot-pressing sintering at different temperatures (1400 °C and 1500 °C) to investigate how TiN affected the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the composites. Sintered samples with added TiN exhibited better performance than those without it. The sample with 20 vol% TiN sintered 1500 °C had an optimal relative density of 99.49, Vickers hardness of 14.94 GPa, flexural strength of 321.55 MPa, and electrical resistivity of 1474.7 μΩ cm. However, this increased temperature did not improve the best sample resistivity of 930.3 μΩ cm, which was obtained at 1400 °C. Form SEM images and XRD patterns, the positive effect of TiN on composite mechanical properties may be ascribed to its good performance of high hardness and strength, a decrease of the brittle intermetallic phase, the form of AlTi3N, and the impact of the fine-grained strength of the TiN phase.

Influence of spark plasma sintering on microstructure and wear behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V reinforced with nanosized TiN

Abstract Ti-6Al-4V/TiN composites were successfully consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). TiN addition to Ti-6Al-4V was varied from 1% to 5% (volume fraction). The effect of TiN addition on the densification, microstructure, microhardness and wear behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V was studied. Experimental results showed reduction in sintered density of the compacts from 99% to 97% with increase in TiN content. However, an increase in microhardness value was recorded from HV0.1 389 to HV0.1 488. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the intensity of diffraction peaks of TiN phase in the composites increased also with formation of small amount of secondary Ti2N phase. SEM analysis of SPS sintered nanocomposites possessed a refinement of α/β phase microstructure in Ti-6Al-4V with the presence of uniformly dispersed TiN particles. The worn surface of the composite showed improved abrasive wear resistance with non-continuous grooves as compared to the sintered Ti-6Al-4V without TiN addition.

EFFECT OF TIN ADDITION ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PM STEELS

In this work, the effects of TIN additions on the microstructures and tensile behaviors of microalloyed powder metallurgy (PM) steels were investigated. The microstructure of the microaloyed PM steels was characterized by optic microscope, SEM and EDS. Results indicated that the addition of TiN in the percentage of 0.1, 0.2 or 0.5 increases the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the PM steels in the sintered conditions. Elongation also tends to improve with increasing TiN content. In addition, TiN prevented grain growth during sintering prior to cooling.

Effect of Tin Additions on the Anti-Tarnish Properties of Sterling Silver Alloy

Sterling alloy is widely used in the jewelry industry. Its anti-tarnish property is one of its most important characteristics. In this study, the effect of tin on the corrosion resistance, and tarnish resistance properties of sterling silver alloy were investigated quantized. The difference between anti-corrosion and anti-tarnish properties was investigated in this paper. The tarnish and corrosion resistance of sterling silver improved as tin content increased. However, there was a point at which increasing tin content further led to poor anti-tarnish properties, even though the alloy retained considerable anti-corrosive properties.

Effect of TiN addition on the properties of spark plasma sintered TiB<sub>2</sub>

Effect of TiN addition on the properties of spark plasma sintered TiB<sub>2</sub>

Isothermal oxidation behavior of experimental Ti−Al−Si alloys at 700 °C in air

In the present work the oxidation kinetics of a series of experimental Ti−Al−Si based alloys, additionally alloyed by zirconium and tin, was studied upon isothermal exposure at 700 °C in ambient air and compared with that of a commercially available Ti−6242 alloy. Examinations of the oxide scale microstructure, its phase composition and crystal morphology along with the measurements of the alpha-case thickness were performed in order to elucidate the oxidation mechanism of Ti−Al−Si based alloys. The oxidation rates of the experimental alloys obeyed a parabolic relationship and were 1.5–2 times lower than those of the reference Ti−6242 alloy. The alloying of the base Ti−6Al−1.4Si alloy with zirconium strongly reduced its oxidation rate, while the effect of tin addition appeared to be slightly deleterious. The zirconium addition reduced the thickness of the oxide scale and hindered recrystallization of the rutile crystals in the surface oxide layer. At the same time, the additional alloying with tin had practically no effect on the size of rutile crystals. The thickness of alpha-case was found to depend on the oxidation dwell time and followed a parabolic relationship. The most noticeable effect in reducing the alpha-case thickness was provided by zirconium addition, while the effect of additional alloying with tin on alpha-case was slightly unfavorable.

Effect of tin addition on the distribution of phosphorus and metallic impurities in Si–Al alloys

Metallurgical grade silicon was purified through solvent refining method by adding tin to the Si–Al alloy. The distribution of phosphorus and metallic impurities in the resulting Si–Al–Sn melts was investigated. Compared with the primary Si and the eutectic αAl+Si, the phosphorus and metallic impurities were more distinctly distributed in the βSn phase, which was always accompanied by needle-like intermetallic β-Al5SiFe compounds. To improve the phosphorus and metallic impurity removal ratios, Si–Al–Sn ternary alloys with different composition were investigated. The phosphorus removal ratio increased with the aluminum and tin content in the Si–Al–Sn ternary alloy. Compared to increasing the Al content and keeping the Si/Sn ratio fixed, the impurity removal ratios were higher when the Sn content was increased to the same mass percentage and the Si/Al ratio was kept fixed in the Si–Al–Sn melt.

Effect of Tin Addition on the Melting Temperatures and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Cu Brazing Filler Metals

For the development of a low-melting point filler metal for brazing aluminum alloy, we analyzed change of melting point and wettability with addition of Sn into Al-20Cu-10Si filler metal. DSC results showed that the addition of 5 wt% Sn into the Al-20Cu-10Si filler metal caused its liquidus temperature to decrease by about 30 oC. In the wettability test, spread area of melted Al-Cu-Si-Sn alloy is increased through the addition of Sn from 1 to 5 wt%. For the measuring of the mechanical properties of the joint region, Al 3003 plate is brazed by Al-20Cu-10Si-5Sn filler metal and the mechanical property is measured by tensile test. The results showed that the tensile strength of the joint region is higher than the tensile strength of Al 3003. Thus, failure occurred in the Al 3003 plate.

Effect of Tin Addition on Inhibition of Cast Cracking in Mg-Al-Ca Alloys

Effect of Tin Addition on Inhibition of Cast Cracking in Mg-Al-Ca Alloys