Effects Of Changes In Time Research Articles

A flow shop batch scheduling model with pre-processing and time-changing effects to minimize total actual flow time

A flow shop batch scheduling model with pre-processing and time-changing effects to minimize total actual flow time

EXPRESS: Spring Forward = Fall Back? the Effect of Daylight Saving Time Change on Consumers’ Unhealthy Behavior

Prior research documents deleterious consequences of the annual clock change to daylight saving time in many contexts, but little is known about the effect the policy has on consumer behavior. While policy debates around ending seasonal clock changes continue, millions of consumers worldwide are potentially adversely affected by the time change. Drawing on the notions of sleepiness and self-control, the authors propose a framework of how the onset of daylight saving time increases unhealthy behavior. The hypotheses are tested via two studies cast in the difference-in-differences modeling framework capturing consumption before and after the time change and across consumers who experience the transition versus who do not. Results of the first study suggest that the onset of daylight saving time increases calorie consumption from packaged snacks that are largely unhealthy, specifically in the evening and on cloudy days. The effect of the end of daylight saving time is not significant, suggesting an overall asymmetric effect of the time change on unhealthy behavior. Study 2 reveals that the onset of daylight saving time decreases fitness center visits, particularly for consumers without healthy consumption habits and with high transaction costs. Analysis of social media data suggests that consumers find the time change disruptive. Overall, the findings imply that public policy makers and businesses should find ways to support consumers around the onset of daylight saving time.

Time changing effects of external shocks on macroeconomic fluctuations in Peru: empirical application using regime-switching VAR models with stochastic volatility

Time changing effects of external shocks on macroeconomic fluctuations in Peru: empirical application using regime-switching VAR models with stochastic volatility

Environmental Adaptation of Risk Preferences

Abstract We present incentivised panel data measuring risk preferences of subsistence farmers from across Ethiopia and pair them with rainfall data. We use these data to test the hypothesis that risk preferences may adapt to the environment of the decision maker. We find that rainfall shocks decrease risk tolerance for the same individuals over time. We also find that historical rainfall characteristics and geographical features can explain 40% of the variation in preferences across individuals. The time-changing effects are perfectly aligned with the geographical effects we document, painting a unified and highly coherent picture. This provides the first real-world evidence that preferences may systematically adapt to the environment of the decision maker.

Metal Antik conservation coatings on iron specimens

Abstract The surface treatment of historical iron artefacts involves application of right conservation coating to the material to prevent further corrosion deterioration. Among common conservation agent of iron belong tannate coating, which is considerably preferred with the desired black appearance of the surface. In this work the new potentional conservation agent Metal Antik was studied. The change of this possible surface treatment was evaluated over time. The comparison between long-term exposed samples (15 years), short-term exposed samples (1.5 year) and fresh cured samples was done by spectrocolorimetry measurement. This was also compared to standard samples prepared with tannate coating. Surface analysis for all types of samples was done by μ-Raman spectroscopy. Results proved that effect of time changes the surface of coatings. It was demonstrated by colour change of surface and by formation of areas with local corrosion. Another study of Metal Antik in order to improve corrosion resistance is open.

A batch scheduling and operator assignment model with time-changing effects to minimise total actual flow time

This paper investigates integrated problems of batch scheduling and operator assignment with time-changing effects due to the operators experiencing different degrees of learning and forgetting, and accumulating different degrees of fatigue. Each batch will be processed through a number of operations in a flow shop, where each operation can be performed by one of the alternative operators. Each operator will be assigned to a maximum of one machine, and a minimum of one operator will be assigned to each machine. The production process could produce a number of defective products that can be reworked. The problems are formulated in a model, and the decision variables are operators' assignment to machines, the number of batches, batch sizes, items allocation to batches, and the schedule of the resulting batches. A proposed algorithm is developed to solve the model, and numerical examples show that the model and the algorithm work effectively for the investigated problem. [Submitted 30 January 2020; Accepted 15 January 2021]

A Batch Scheduling and Operator Assignment Model with Time-Changing Effects to Minimise Total Actual Flow Time

A Batch Scheduling and Operator Assignment Model with Time-Changing Effects to Minimise Total Actual Flow Time

Time‐varying FMEA method based on interval‐valued spherical fuzzy theory

AbstractThis paper proposes a time‐varying failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) method based on interval‐valued spherical fuzzy theory, which not only improves the limitations in evaluating, weighting, and ranking but also considers the effect of time change. The process of distinguishing time changes enables the FMEA to have dynamic recognition capability, enabling it to identify critical failure modes more accurately. The interval‐valued spherical fuzzy theory is used to deal with the uncertainty of intuitionistic linguistic evaluations. The advantages of two traditional approaches are combined to improve the weight determined method. Risk factors are divided into subjective and objective types. In the subjective risk factors, which are severity (S) and detection (D), the consistency of judgment is used as the acceptance standard. In the objective risk factors, which are occurrence (O), the time‐varying characteristics are considered. The occurrence in a certain period is expressed as the integral of failure intensity in the time period. Interval‐valued spherical fuzzy exponential risk priority number is proposed as the criterion for measuring the priority of failure modes. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified using an example of spindle.

Regional warming exacerbates match/mismatch vulnerability for cod larvae in Alaska

The match-mismatch hypothesis predicts that variability in spring primary production will increase starvation risk for marine fish populations. However, it is often unclear whether the synergic effects of temperature, phytoplankton phenology and metabolic demands of fish support these prediction within and across regions. In this study, we combine experimentally-derived rates of larval survival in relation to water temperature with satellite remote-sensing estimates of chlorophyll a and sea surface temperature to predict habitat quality of first feeding Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) larvae in two adjacent large marine ecosystems; southeast Bering Sea (BS) and Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Predictions are made from 1998 to 2019, a period comprised of both warm and cool springs, followed by a series of extreme warming events (heatwaves) beginning in 2014. Model results indicate that the drivers of a mismatch between cod larvae and their food is fundamentally different between the two systems. In the GOA, larval habitat suitability is highly dependent on interannual fluctuations in sea surface temperature that regulate yolk reserves in embryos. In contrast, larval habitat suitability in the BS was more sensitive to the onset of the surface expression of Chl a production. The combined effects of changes in timing of Chl a and increased metabolic demands of larvae were captured by the model during the GOA marine heatwave (2014–16, 2019), which predicted significant loss of larval habitat across the entire region. These habitat models integrate important spatial, temporal and physiological components of match-mismatch theory that can be used to examine marine fish populations experiencing different rates of climate stress across regions.

Assessing Collaborative Physical Tasks Via Gestural Analysis

Recent studies have shown that gestures are useful indicators of understanding, learning, and memory retention. However, and specially in collaborative settings, current metrics that estimate task understanding often neglect the information expressed through gestures. This work introduces the physical instruction assimilation (PIA) metric, a novel approach to estimate task understanding by analyzing the way in which collaborators use gestures to convey, assimilate, and execute physical instructions. PIA estimates task understanding by inspecting the number of necessary gestures required to complete a shared task. PIA is calculated based on the multiagent gestural instruction comparer (MAGIC) architecture, a previously proposed framework to represent, assess, and compare gestures. To evaluate our metric, we collected gestures from collaborators remotely completing the following three tasks: block assembly, origami, and ultrasound training. The PIA scores of these individuals are compared against two other metrics used to estimate task understanding: number of errors and amount of idle time during the task. Statistically significant correlations between PIA and these metrics are found. Additionally, a Taguchi design is used to evaluate PIA's sensitivity to changes in the MAGIC architecture. The factors evaluated the effect of changes in time, order, and motion trajectories of the collaborators' gestures. PIA is shown to be robust to these changes, having an average mean change of 0.45. These results hint that gestures, in the form of the assimilation of physical instructions, can reveal insights of task understanding and complement other commonly used metrics.

Evaluation of the effect of temperature and time on the conversion factor of acrylic resin denture base material

Aim: To evaluate the effect of change in time, temperature (increase or decrease) on the degree of conversion and residual monomer release of the vertex heat cured acrylic resin. Material and Methods: The total number of samples (176) were divided into three main groups cured according to ADA and three curing cycles with modifications in time and temperature, degree of conversion and residual monomer properties were measured for all the samples. Results: Analyzed statistically by (Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test) and showed that both changes in time and temperature showed significant changes in the degree of conversion, residual monomer. Conclusion: The rapid simplified and regular manufacturer’s instruction curing cycles showed the best results regarding the degree of conversion, residual monomer. Keywords: Temperature, Time, Conversion factor, Acrylic resin.

A flow shop batch scheduling and operator assignment model with time-changing effects of learning and forgetting to minimize total actual flow time

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate simultaneous problems of batch scheduling and operator assignment with time-changing effects caused by learning and forgetting.Design/methodology/approach: A number of parts will be processed in batches, each of which will be processed through a number of operations where there are alternative operators for each operation bringing different set up and processing times as operators experience different degree of learning and forgetting. A mathematical model is developed for the problems, and the decision variables are operator assignment, the number of batches, batch sizes and the schedule of the resulting batches. A proposed algorithm works by trying different number of batches, starting from one, and increasing the number of batches one by one until the objective function value does not improve anymore.Findings: We show both mathematically and numerically that the closest batch to the due date always becomes the largest batch in the schedule, and the faster operators learn, the larger the difference between the closest batch to the due date and the other batches, the lower optimal number of batches, and the lower the total actual flow time.Originality/value: Previous papers have considered the existence of alternative operators but have not considered learning and forgetting, or have considered learning and forgetting but only in a single-stage system and without considering alternative operators.

Improvements of Automatic Extraction of FA Words Tendency using Non_linear Approach

Field association (FA) terms are used to identify the subject of text (document field) by extracting specific words in that text. In this paper we use FA terms to study the effect of time change on specific terms by calculating the frequency of this terms, which associated with the archive field in a specific period. This paper also introduces a new approach for automatic evaluation of the stabilization classes using non-linear approach. The stabilization classes refer to the changing of FA terms with time in a specific period. The new approach improves the performance of decision tree than linear approach by using non-linear approach. The corpus that used in this approach has number of 1,356 files, and it is about 7.49 MB, after comparing the presented approach with the traditional one, we conclusion that the new approach enhanced the F-measure for increment, steady, decrement classes by 7.7%, 3.1%, 2.2%, sequentially.  

An Ecosystem Service Value Model to Quantify Eco-environment Cost

With the development of society, ecological environmental protection has become more and more important. In this paper, an Ecosystem Service Value Model (ESVM) was developed to quantify the value of all types of ecosystem services. Through the ecosystem service value evaluation index system we established, we determined ecosystem service value equivalent factors of different ecosystem services. Then we combine the baseline value of the ecosystem service value equivalent factor to determine the ecosystem service value per unit area of different ecosystems. The amount of ecological service value reduction can be calculated with the amount of change in ecosystem area caused by land use projects. Ecological costs are equal to the reduction in the value of ecosystem services. The true economic cost of land use project consists of two parts: project construction cost and ecological cost. The model established in this paper considers the effects of time changes. And the introduction of dynamic adjustment of biomass changes and dynamic adjustment of currency changes make the model more adaptable to time changes. The research can evaluate the value of ecosystem services, which promotes the harmonious development of human and ecological environment.

Культурный код в системе визуальных искусств: специфика формирования и развития

The dialectical unity of the essence and the cultural code phenomenon regarding of the visual arts are dealt with in that article. Artworks are considered based on Lotman`s understanding of artwork as culture text. Discusses multiplicity of art forms and multifunctionality of arts form. Effect of changes in time and historical periods an impact on satisfaction of secular and profane human`s requirements. The author focuses on visual and illustrative forms of fine arts and focuses on analysis of traditional fine arts categories. The cultural code in visual art system is considered at Paleolithic artifacts, ancient Egypt`s art and medieval art examples.

Trends in self-reported oral health of US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2014.

Single-item self-reported oral health (SROH) is a convenient and reliable measure for the assessment of population-based oral health. However, little is known about trends and its associations among US adults. This study investigated trends in SROH (aged 20+ years) and the associated factors among adults living in the United States. Self-reported oral health data for 41621 adults aged 20+ years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 to 2014 were analysed. Survey-weighted descriptive statistics were computed to provide nationally representative estimates. Multivariable logistic regression was performed separately for each survey period with SROH as the primary outcome. Independent variables included were age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level and family poverty income ratio or PIR. Pooled survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression was also performed to consider possible time-changing effects. The survey-weighted proportions of "excellent or very good" in SROH increased from 27% in 1999-2000 (n=4873) to 38% in 2013-2014 (n=5765). Separate multivariable logistic analyses for each survey period suggested that females, Whites (vs Mexican and Black Americans) as well as respondents from high family PIR had higher odds of reporting their oral health as "excellent or very good" (P<.05). The pooled multivariable logistic model confirmed results in the separate logistic regression, and respondents in the more recent survey periods had higher probabilities of reporting "excellent or very good" oral health. Respondents aged 50-59years were found to have relatively lower probabilities of reporting "excellent or very good" oral health, while people aged 20-29years had higher probabilities than those aged 30-39years. Compared to respondents with lower education, those with higher education were more likely to report their oral health as excellent or very good. Self-reported oral health improved from 1999 to 2014. In general, respondents who were young, female, White, had higher education or higher income or were surveyed in more recent years reported excellent or very good oral health.

Psychological distress and homeless duration

We examine whether psychological distress levels vary with homeless and housed duration. We do this using longitudinal data from a national survey of persons facing housing insecurity that, unlike prior studies, is not restricted to those who are currently homeless (or to particular subsets of the homeless), but instead follows a nationally representative sample of Australians experiencing housing insecurity. This allows us to use methods that isolate the effects of changes in time spent homeless and time spent housed on psychological distress holding constant all unobserved person-specific effects that are time invariant. We find that the relationship between psychological distress and homelessness varies by gender and by type of homelessness. Males recently experiencing literal homelessness (i.e. sleeping rough or in crisis accommodation) exhibit the highest levels of distress, but consistent with the adaptation hypothesis, distress levels decline as homeless duration increases. This pattern is not seen when examining a broader notion of homelessness for males. Likewise, there is no clear pattern with regard to homeless duration for females.

The effect of time changes in diagnosing lung cancer type on its recorded distribution, with particular reference to adenocarcinoma

Among lung cancers, a substantial shift over time has occurred in the recorded frequency of adenocarcinoma (AdC) relative to that of squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC). This is evident in many countries, and also in those who have never smoked. We attempted to address the extent to which this increase is real, or an artefact of changing diagnostic practices. We reviewed studies re-evaluating diagnoses using more up-to-date criteria, and studies applying standard criteria to cases collected over a long period. We also describe changes to classifications, and factors affecting diagnostic accuracy and consistency. While the four main types have long remained essentially unchanged, successive WHO classifications differ in how tumours are ascribed to these types. Despite refinement of classifications and technological advances, the decision is ultimately the pathologist's. In 11 studies, 189/1212(15.6%) originally diagnosed AdCs were reclassified as non-AdC on review, whereas 541/1564(34.6%) of non-AdCs were reclassified as AdC, increasing AdCs by 30%. Studies examining trends in the proportion of AdC were conflicting; three showing a declining trend, seven no trend, and six some increase. Some studies find lepidic (bronchioloalveolar) carcinoma, but not other AdC sub-types, increased. The rising AdC/SqCC ratio results at least partly from diagnostic changes.

Parenting as a Protective Factor against Criminogenic Settings? Interaction Effects between Three Aspects of Parenting and Unstructured Socializing in Disordered Areas

Objectives: We examined the extent to which different aspects of parenting are able to moderate the association between spending time unstructured socializing (US) in urban areas with high disorder and adolescent delinquency. Methods: We used detailed data on time use, disorder in neighborhoods, parenting, and delinquency among 603 adolescents (aged 11–17 at T1) from the study of peers, activities, and neighborhoods, a two-wave longitudinal study with an interval of two years between measurements. Longitudinal multilevel analyses were used to examine interactions effects between parenting aspects and mean differences as well as individual changes in time spent unstructured socializing in areas with high disorder. Results: We did not find between-person level interaction effects between parenting and time spent in criminogenic settings. Our cross-level analyses, however, indicated that levels of parental monitoring as well as the quality of the parent–adolescent relationship mitigated the effects of changes in time spent in criminogenic settings. Conclusions: Whether increases in time spent in criminogenic settings are related to increases in delinquency seems to be conditional on the level of parental monitoring and the quality of the parent–adolescent relationship. If these aspects of parenting are sufficient, changes in time spent in criminogenic settings are not necessarily detrimental.

Evaluation of the Effect of Time Change in Cognitive Function in Volunteers in Tehran

&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BACKGROUND:&lt;/strong&gt; Time change (which can lead to sleep duration decrements) can lead to brain dysfunction if repeated. In the present study, cognitive functions of the volunteers were evaluated before and after the time changes in Tehran.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;METHODS:&lt;/strong&gt; Eleven, voluntary healthy persons (21±2 year old) were evaluated for their cognitive functions including sustain attention, reaction time, and mental fatigue twenty-one days before the time changes and thirty-eight days after time change using PASAT software. In addition, plasma cortisol level was measured before and after the time changes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESULTS:&lt;/strong&gt; After the time changes salivary cortisol concentration increase, but general mental health was decreased. Sustain attention was shortened after time change which was significantly different compared with before the time changes. Reaction time was increased after the time changes in comparison with the before the time changes, but was not statistically significant. In addition, mental fatigue was increased after the time changes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CONCLUSION:&lt;/strong&gt; It seems that time change may reduce brain cognitive functions which are manifested by general mental health, sustain attention reduction, reaction time as well as mental fatigue.&lt;/p&gt;