Effects Of Thyroid Disease Research Articles

The impact of thyroid disorders on the clinical outcome of assisted reproductive techniques: a systematic approach over the last 10 years.

To verify from a systematic literature review the possible effects of thyroid diseases on assisted reproduction techniques. The studies were analyzed from the PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS databases. The articles selected for the review included: cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, and clinical trials that addressed the proposed theme and which were published within the period stipulated from January 1, 2012, to March 5, 2022, in English, Portuguese and Spanish. These would later have to go through stages of inclusion as a framework of the type of study and exclusion criteria that were review articles, case reports, abstracts, articles with animal models, and duplicate articles and letters to the editor. Author's name; Number of patients; Clinical outcome; Use of drugs; Control group (in case it had); Clinical outcome. In in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection it was verified that thyroid diseases can lead to effects such as a reduction in the rate of recovered oocytes, a decrease in the number of embryos, lower pregnancy rates, and increased chances of congenital anomalies in these patients and a reduction in the rate of implantation. Levothyroxine can increase the number of cycle cancellations. Thyroid diseases may have deleterious effects on the clinical outcome of in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

A STUDY OF EVALUATION OF THYROID FUNCTION STATUS IN CONTINOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PATIENTS

Background/Aim: End-stage-renal-disease (ESRD) patients/CAPD have a high rate of abnormal thyroid hormone (include subclinical hypothyroidism and non-thyroidal illness syndrome) compared with those without kidney disease. These thyroid dysfunctions are associated with higher death risk due to cardiovascular disease in the general population, little is known about the effect of thyroid disease in patients received peritoneal dialysis. Methods: Cross-sectional research, 118 participants (59 healthy people, 57 CAPD patients) were enrolled. We examined the association of thyroid status, assessed by serum TSH, free T3, free T4 levels which were measured by immunoassay method. Results: Mean serum TSH level of patients were higher than those of control group, p<0.05 (3.15±2.28 μUI/mL versus 1.65±0.82 μUI/mL); mean FT3 level of patients were lower than those of control group, p<0.05 (2.42±0.46 pg/mL versus 3.01±0.41 pg/mL); mean FT4 level of patients were lower than those of control group, p>0.05(1.26±0.24 ng/dL vs 1.18±0.18 ng/dL). Among 57 CAPD patients, 35.1% abnormal thyroid function; 19.3% subclinical hypothyroidism; 15.8% low FT3; 1 patient has low FT4. Mean serum TSH level of patients were higher than those of control group, p<0.05 (3.15±2.28 μUI/mL versus 1.65±0.82 μUI/mL); mean FT3 level of patients were lower than those of control group, p<0.05 (2.42±0.46 pg/mL versus 3.01±0.41 pg/mL); mean FT4 level of patients were lower than those of control group, (p>0.05, 1.26±0.24 ng/dL vs 1.18±0.18 ng/dL). Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism and low FT3syndrome are high in CAPD patients. Additionally, FT4 serum concentration is associated with PD duration and serum creatinine; FT3 is dependent risk factor of rate Kt/V Urea weekly, also cardiovascular disease. Key words: ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients (CAPD), abnormal thyroid function, subclinical hypothyroidism

Do Thyroid Diseases during Pregnancy and Lactation Affect the Nutritional Composition of Human Milk?

To identify whether the effects of thyroid disease during pregnancy and lactation affect the nutritional composition of human milk. Systematic review of the scientific literature using the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/MedLine databases to evaluate the association of thyroid diseases during pregnancy and lactation with the nutritional composition of human milk. There was no delimitation by period or by language, and the searches were completed in March 2019. The following descriptors were applied: human milk AND thyroid AND composition, using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol for data search, selection, and extraction. The flowchart proposed for bibliographic search resulted in 12 articles and, of these, four were selected. The articles elected for this review were published between 1976 and 2018. Two studies found significant differences in the nutritional composition of mothers' milk with hypothyroidism or overweight compared with the milk of those without hypothyroidism. Studies have shown that the presence of the disease led to changes in the nutritional composition of human milk, especially a higher concentration of human milk fat. It is extremely important that these women have continuous nutritional follow-up to minimize the impact of these morbidities on the nutritional composition of human milk.

The relationship between chronic health conditions and cognitive deficits in children, adolescents, and young adults with down syndrome: A systematic review.

Individuals with Down syndrome are predisposed to a number of chronic health conditions, but the relationship between these conditions and cognitive ability is not clear. The primary objective of this systematic review is to assess this relationship by evaluating studies that measure cognitive performance in the context of Down syndrome-associated chronic health conditions. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies included in this review (1) included children, adolescent, and young adult participants with Down syndrome and one or more co-occurring health conditions; (2) were quantitative; and (3) reported outcomes related to both chronic health conditions and cognitive performance. A set of predetermined chronic health conditions that are common in Down syndrome (e.g. sleep disorders, congenital heart disease, thyroid disease, seizure disorders, and pulmonary hypertension) were selected based on prevalence rates in Down syndrome. Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria. The majority these of studies assessed cognitive performance in association with sleep disorders (47%) and congenital heart disease (47%). Fewer studies reported on the effect of thyroid disease (7%) and seizure disorders (7%) on cognitive ability. None of the studies reported cognitive outcomes related to pulmonary hypertension. Of the chronic health conditions evaluated, associations between sleep disorders and cognitive dysfunction were most common among individuals with Down syndrome. Individuals with Down syndrome exhibit deficits in cognitive ability, particularly related to attention, executive function and verbal processing. These deficits may be further exacerbated by the presence of chronic health conditions, particularly sleep disorders. Individuals with Down syndrome and co-occurring sleep disorders may benefit from early interventions to mitigate their risk for adverse cognitive outcomes.

Effect of thyroid disease in pregnancy on fetal development and neonatal health

Thyroid disease is one of the most common diseases in pregnant women.Thyroid diseases during pregnancy mainly include hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.Thyroxine in mothers flows throughout the placenta throughout pregnancy.Thyroxine plays an important role in fetal development, especially in brain development.In the early stages of pregnancy, thyroid hormones required for fetal growth and development are entirely dependent on the mother.Untimely treatment or poor control of thyroid diseases during pregnancy will not only increase the risk of adverse pregnancy complications, but also adversely affect the intelligence development and thyroid function of fetuses and neonates.Therefore, attention should be paid to the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases during pregnancy in order to reduce the harm to future generations.In addition, for neonates born to mothers with thyroid diseases during pregnancy, attention should be paid to physical examination, assessment of intellectual development and monitoring of thyroid function are required. Key words: Thyroid disease; Pregnancy; Fetus; Infant, newborn

Reversible dilated cardiomyopathy in a case of primary hypothyroidism

Abstract Dilated cardiomyopathy associated with progressive and irreversible myocardial dysfunction has a poor prognosis. Few metabolic etiologies of dilated cardiomyopathy when identified are reversible and easily amenable to therapy. One of them is hypothyroidism as thyroid hormones have many effects on the heart. We report here a case of a young male who presented with dilated cardiomyopathy and was found to have primary hypothyroidism. His cardiac function improved on hormone replacement therapy. This case highlights the importance of recognition of the effects of thyroid disease on the heart and reversal of abnormal cardiovascular function on restoration of normal thyroid function.

Thyroid Functional Disease and Mortality in a National Peritoneal Dialysis Cohort.

End-stage renal disease patients have a higher risk of thyroid disease compared with those without kidney disease. Although thyroid dysfunction is associated with higher death risk in the general population and those undergoing hemodialysis, little is known about the effect of thyroid disease upon mortality in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD). We examined the association of thyroid status, assessed by serum TSH, with all-cause mortality among PD patients from a large national dialysis organization who underwent one or more TSH measurements over 5 years (January 2007 to December 2011). Thyroid status was categorized as overt-hyperthyroid, subclinical-hyperthyroid, low-normal, high-normal, subclinical-hypothyroid, and overt-hypothyroid range (TSH < 0.1, 0.1–<0.5, 0.5–<3.0, 3.0–<5.0, 5.0–<10.0, and ≥10.0 mIU/L, respectively). We examined the association between TSH and mortality using case mix–adjusted time-dependent Cox models to assess short-term thyroid function–mortality associations and to account for changes in thyroid function over time. Among 1484 patients, 7 and 18% had hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, respectively, at baseline. We found that both lower and higher time-dependent TSH levels were associated with higher mortality (reference: TSH, 0.5-<3.0 mIU/L): adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) 2.09 (1.08-4.06), 1.53 (0.87-2.70), 1.05 (0.75-1.46), 1.63 (1.11-2.40), and 3.11 (2.08-4.63) for TSH levels, <0.1, 0.1-<0.5, 0.5-<3.0, 3.0-<5.0, 5.0-<10.0, and ≥10.0 mIU/L, respectively. Time-dependent TSH levels < 0.1 mIU/L and ≥ 5.0 mIU/L were associated with higher mortality, suggesting hyper- and hypothyroidism carry short-term risk in PD patients. Additional studies are needed to determine mechanisms underlying the thyroid dysfunction-mortality association, and whether normalization of TSH with treatment ameliorates mortality in this population.

Thyroid disease in relation to pregnancy: a decade of change.

Inspection of the references cited in this review indicates that much work has occurred in the area of thyroid and pregnancy during the last decade. Significant advances in our understanding of the immunology of pregnancy and the effect of thyroid disease on this process have taken place. The role of hCG in the physiology of pregnancy and its relevance to thyroid function has been an emerging theme. There is still no clear explanation for the association between thyroid antibodies and infertility or miscarriage. During the last decade a general concensus has developed in relation to the management of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy although there are still variations in antithyroid drug use at this time. The aetiological classification of congenital hyper- and hypothyroidism utilizing new technologies has opened up a new perspective on these disorders. Attention has been drawn to the importance of treating maternal hypothyroidism with adequate thyroid replacement therapy and to the possibility of impaired child neuropsychological development consequent on low maternal thyroid hormone concentration in early gestation in non iodine deficient areas. Significant advances have been made during the last decade in the description of the clinical features and in our understanding of the pathogenesis of postpartum thyroid disease. The importance of long-term follow up of selected patient groups has also been emphasized.

Different Effects of Thyroid Disease on Serum Levels of Procollagen IIIN-Pep tide and Hyaluronic Acid

Serum levels of procollagen III N-peptide (PIIINP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) reflect secretion of procollagen III and HA from fibroblasts, a cell type sensitive to thyroid hormones. Serum PIIINP and HA concentrations were measured in different thyroid function states, the former by two different assays, one detecting intact and aggregated PIIINP (PIIINP assay) and another detecting low mol wt degradation products of PIIINP as well (Fab-PIIINP assay). Two thirds of 28 hyperthyroid patients had elevated serum PIIINP values (mean, 192% in the PIIINP assay and 243% in the Fab-PIIINP assay) compared to age- and sex-matched controls (P less than 0.001). Normalization was seen after medical treatment (n = 16). In contrast, serum HA levels increased from 49 +/- 30 to 68 +/- 37 ng/mL (P less than 0.01) when a euthyroid state was achieved. Hypothyroid patients (n = 23) had increased serum HA levels (mean, 162%; P less than 0.05), which normalized after L-T4 treatment (71 +/- 50 before and 41 +/- 20 ng/mL after treatment (n = 16; P less than 0.02). L-T4 treatment also increased serum PIIINP levels significantly. Subjects with familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (n = 8), representing a situation with elevated circulating levels of T4 due to enhanced protein binding, and patients with nontoxic goiter with serum TSH levels ranging from 3.6-0.05 mU/L had normal serum levels of PIIINP and HA. Our data suggest that the secretion of procollagen III and that of HA from fibroblasts are influenced differently by thyroid hormones, since the secretion of procollagen III seems enhanced by thyroid hormones, whereas the secretion of HA seems reduced. Neither euthyroidism with enhanced serum T4 levels (familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia) nor euthyroidism with reduced serum TSH levels (nontoxic goiter) seems associated with alterations at the connective tissue level.

Effects of thyroid disease on glucose oxidative metabolism in man. A compartmental model analysis.

Glucose oxidation to CO(2) in man at the fasted, steady state has been investigated in normal, hypothyroid, patients by monitoring the specific activity of plasma glucose and expired CO(2) after intravenous injection of glucose-1-(14)C, glucose-6-(14)C, and sodium bicarbonate-(24)C in tracer amounts. Making certain stoichiometric assumptions about the oxidation of the C-1 and C-6 carbons of glucose to CO(2), the data are incorporated into a multicompartmental model describing the kinetics of plasma glucose, plasma bicarbonate, and the conversion of glucose to CO(2) by the hexose monophosphate pathway and all other series and parallel pathways which oxidize glucose carbon to CO(2) (EMP-TCA). This formulation separates the distribution kinetics of glucose and bicarbonate from the kinetics of glucose oxidation to CO(2). It allows the calculation of a minimal fraction (varphi(t)) of glucose irreversibly oxidized to CO(2) which is based entirely on the duration of the experimental data. This calculation is independent of the extrapolative implications of the model beyond the experimental interval and of the particular model chosen to fit the data. All modeling and data fitting were performed on a digital computer with the SAAM program. Based on a 300 min experiment the analysis suggests that in hypothyroidism there is a decrease in the rate of glucose metabolized irreversibly (rhoG). There is also a decrease in the minimal fraction (varphi(300)) which is completely oxidized to CO(2) by way of the EMP-TCA. rhoG and varphi(300) are 0.56 and 0.42 mmole/min respectively as compared to 0.89 and 0.50 mmole/min respectively in normals. However, the fraction of the C-1 of glucose metabolized irreversibly which undergoes oxidation to CO(2) by the hexose monophosphate pathway (Psi) is not different from normal (0.07 and 0.07 respectively). The hyperthyroid studies suggest that rhoG and varphi(300) are within the normal range (1.01 and 0.46 mmoles/min respectively as compared to 0.89 and 0.50 mmole/min respectively in normals). However, Psi is decreased to less than half the normal value (0.03 as compared to 0.07 in normals).

THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM IN THYROID DISEASE

The effect of thyroid disease on the heart, and especially on the electrocardiogram, has been followed in the present investigation chiefly from two points of view. In twenty-three cases we have compared the severity of the disease, as shown by the variation of the total metabolism from the normal, with the amplitude of the T-wave in the electrocardiogram. In the second place, in forty-seven cases of hyperthyroidism we have determined the frequency and type of arrhythmia. Also heart rates, blood pressures and electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular preponderance and of general muscular tremor have been of interest. The basal metabolism was determined by means of the Benedict Unit apparatus.¹The electrocardiograms were taken with the Cambridge Model of the Einthoven string galvanometer and carefully standardized. It has been said that the T-wave is high in hyperthyroidism and low, absent, or even inverted in hypothyroidism. In our series of cases there