Effects Of Temperature Stress Research Articles

Interactive effect of boric acid and temperature stress on phenological characteristics and antioxidant system in Helianthus annuus L.

Plants have to cope with more than one abiotic stress at the same time in nature. Heat stress and mineral toxicity are at the forefront of these abiotic stresses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interactive effects of high and low-temperature stress and boric acid application on the sunflower and reveal the potential protection mechanisms against the combined effect of two types of stress. Two different boric acid concentrations (10 and 25 mM) were applied to sunflowers grown separately at low (15 °C), optimum (25 °C) and high (40 °C) temperature. Then, root length and stem height, root and stem fresh-dry weight, root and stem biomass, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme activities and changes in the gene expression levels of these enzymes were determined. It was determined that there were reductions in the phenological properties of the roots and stems of the samples grown at 40 °C based on the increasing boric acid concentration, while the samples grown at 15 °C were positively affected. The antioxidant enzyme activities and mRNA levels of the root and leaf samples at 40 °C were observed to increase. For the samples at 15 °C, the antioxidant enzyme activities and mRNA levels increased in the roots and decreased in the leaves. Considering phenological parameters, it was revealed that high boric acid application at low temperatures promoted plant growth, and considering the antioxidant enzyme activities and mRNA expression levels, it was highly effective in the plant's toleration of low temperatures.

Germination characteristics of three key species and their implications for vegetation restoration in northern China

Seed germination is a complex physiological process that can affect species establishment as well as vegetation restoration and dynamics; however, the germination characteristics of several key species used to combat desertification remain unclear. In light, temperature, and air humidity-controlled growth chambers, four different light treatments, five alternative temperature treatments, 11 levels of water potential, and five constant temperatures were set up to study the effects of light, temperature, and water stress on the completion of germination of Medicago sativa L., Astragalus adsurgens Pall., and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. The results showed that completion of germination of G. uralensis seeds occurred significantly less than that of M. sativa and A. adsurgens. Light intensity had no significant effect on the final germination percentage of M. sativa, A. adsurgens, and G. uralensis, but the germination rate under 100 and 400 μmol·m–2·s–1 light was significantly greater than that under 25 μmol·m–2·s–1. Temperature had no significant effect on the final germination percentage of these species’ seeds, and the germination rate was greater at 15/25 °C and 20/30 °C. The germination rate decreased as the water potential decreased. The germination results indicate that late spring is a suitable sowing time for G. uralensis to obtain optimal levels of completion of germination.

Screening and Transcriptome Analysis of Different Materials with Low Temperature Tolerance in Eggplant (<i>Solanum melongena</i>)

The growth and fruit quality of eggplant were seriously affected by low temperature stress. In order to screen low temperature tolerance germplasm of eggplant and reveal its correlation with low temperature tolerance at molecular level. In this study, two eggplant inbred lines with different genotypes were selected on the basis of preliminary experiments. The effects of low temperature stress on the seed germination and seedling chilling injury were studied. The transcriptome of seedling leaves under 4°C low temperature was sequenced, and the differentially expressed genes were classified and enriched. The results showed that CHEN18 was much stronger than 819 in seed germination and seedling low temperature tolerance. The analysis of transcriptome data showed that there were some differences in genetic background between the two eggplant materials, and the differentially expressed genes were mainly concentrated in biological regulation, cell process, metabolic process and single organism process. Up-regulated differentially expressed genes are mainly enriched in cell processes, environmental information processing, genetic information processing and metabolism. The results of this study laid a foundation for the selection of cold tolerance germplasm and the excavation of cold tolerance genes in eggplant.

Navel orange peel hydroethanolic extract as a phytogenic feed supplement: impacts on growth, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and serum metabolites of heat stressed growing rabbits

Currently, using agricultural wastes in animal production has gained worldwide interest. Hence, herein, an eight-week trial was performed to explore the effects of supplemental navel orange peel extract (NPE) on the growth, feed utilization, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant, and hematological parameters of heat-stressed rabbits. In total, 75 weaned rabbits were randomly assigned into five groups. The first group was reared in the winter (mild weather) and fed an untreated pelleted diet (W-NPE-0; control). The other four groups were reared in the summer (hot climate) and fed the control diet fortified with 0 (S-NPE-0), 250 (S-NPE-250), 500 (S-NPE-500), or 1000 (S-NPE-1000) mg NPE/kg diet. The results indicated that thermal-stressed rabbits (S-NPE-0) had significantly lower feed intake, growth performance, hematological indices, serum lipid profile, and antioxidative status, but higher lipid peroxidation compared to the W-NPE-0 group. However, the highest final weight and feed intake were recorded in the S-NPE-1000 group compared with the S-NPE-0 group. Also, supplemental NPE in the growing rabbit diet, especially the S-NPE-1000 group, enhanced the hematological and antioxidative indicators. In conclusion, NPE supplementation in growing rabbit diets could be used to efficiently mitigate the detrimental effects of chronic temperature stress on performance, hematobiochemical features, and oxidative stability.

The Influence of genotypic and phenotypic factors on indicators of cow comfort

The aim of this article is to summarize the available knowledge about the effects of temperature stress on cow health, productivity and comfort levels, and to discuss management strategies that would mitigate these factors. he study of the influence of weather phenomena on behavioral and physiological processes takes an important place in the development of highly effective methods for managing dairy cattle breeding. Climate and weather factors have become important in the system of interaction «organism-environment». One of the main factors in increasing the comfort indicators of conditions for keeping cows in premises of various types, on walking grounds and on pastures is the creation of such microclimate indicators that would better correspond to the biological needs of dairy cows, depending on the season and productivity. Among the weather factors affecting the functioning of dairy cattle, the ambient temperature has the greatest influence, (the temperature in the range from -5 to 25 °C is thermally neutral for the organism of dairy cattle). Due to the constancy of metabolic processes, the body of cattle is very vulnerable to the effects of ambient temperature. This is especially felt during periods of prolonged low or high temperature loads. Disruption of metabolic and thermoregulatory processes directly affects the duration and nature of behavioral and physiological reactions and causes stress in animals. Prolonged temperature stress is the cause of fluctuations in productivity indicators, the qualitative composition of milk, problems with reproduction and, taken together, significantly affects the profitability of production. To reduce the effect of temperature stresses on the body of dairy cows, scientists have proposed management strategies during periods of high and low temperature loads. These strategies divided into genotypic: selection of temperature resistant individuals of different breeds and phenotypic: the use of microclimate control means and modernization of feeding management methods. Key words: cows, temperature stresses, productivity, comfort, behavior, housing options.

Genotype-dependent and temperature-induced modulation of secondary metabolites, antioxidative defense and gene expression profile in Solanum viarum Dunal

The medicinal plant, Solanum viarum Dunal includes a number of compounds with important pharmacological effects. The effect of temperature (heat and cold) stress on growth, secondary metabolite levels and defense mechanism in two genotypes (prickled and prickleless) of S. viarum was evaluated. The two thermal regimes (4 °C for cold and 35 °C for heat stress) were found to be the most optimum for the accumulation of metabolites (steroidal alkaloids and glycoalkaloids, phenolic acids as well as flavonoids). Prickleless genotype showed 4.08 and 1.51 fold higher total alkaloids/glycoalkaloid content at 35 °C and 4 °C temperatures respectively, in comparison with prickled plants. Prickleless plants also registered 2.03 and 2.28 higher fresh and dry biomass accumulation respectively, under cold stress over the control plants. The accretion of phenolic and flavonoid compounds under heat and cold stress is mainly contributed by gallic and ferulic acid in both the genotypes. The quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis showed the abundance of gene transcript involve in the biosynthesis of alkaloids/glycoalkaloid and phenolics/flavonoids that corroborates with the accumulation of their respective metabolites in prickleless plants under temperature stress. Results revealed that the prickleless plants inhibiting the reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated oxidative damage by activating the enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) and non-enzymatic (alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids and proline) antioxidants mechanism that confirms its efficiency to tolerate thermal stress under both the thermal regimes. The overall result showed that the prickleless genotype served as a better accumulator of biomass, secondary metabolites with an improved antioxidative mechanism in comparison to prickled genotype. Our findings suggest that thermal stress responses differ significantly between genotypes, emphasizing the necessity of maintaining genotypic diversity in adaptive evolution as in the context of global warming and climate change. The present study also opens the possibility of exploiting improved prickleless genotype of S. viarum as a potential system that can be cultivated under different temperature stress conditions to attain the phytopharmaceutical benefits.

The Effect of Temperature Stress Associated With Different Planting Dates and Levels of Gibberellic Acid on The Growth of Sorghum Spring

A field experiment was carried out in the experimental field of the Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture/University of Al-Muthanna during the spring season 2021 to determine the effect of planting dates on some growth characteristics of sorghum. The experiment was applied by arranging the split panels according to the RCBD design and with three replications. The main panels included three planting dates (4/15 ’ 4\\5 ’ 3/25) while the secondary panels included gibberellin treatments (0, 100ppm) and the results were as follows: The planting date exceeded the first date 3/25 in the number of days to 75% flowering (97.5 days), the height of the plant (143.74 cm) and the diameter of the stem(2.34 cm) and the number of leaves per plant (8.73 leaves). 75% flowering, giving(92.33) days, plant height (136.55 cm), stem diameter (2.04 cm) and number of leaves (8.10 leaves).

Impact of Heat Stress on Selected Parameters of Robotic Milking.

Simple SummaryThe aim of this study was to verify the effect of temperature stress on dairy cows milked in an automatic milking system in the temperate climate of central Europe. The study showed that there was not a decrease in the daily milk yield per milking if the temperature-humidity index value was lower than 68. This was accomplished with the dairy cows having an average daily milk yield of 29 kg to 31 kg. A decrease of the daily milk yield per cow was recorded if the temperature-humidity index value was greater than 72. A higher average milk speed, as well as a higher maximum milk speed, may occur with a temperature-humidity index value higher than 68.The values of the temperature-humidity index and its influence on the performance parameters of dairy cows were monitored on four farms located in the southern part of the central Slovakia during a period of three years. The observed parameters included: the milk yield per cow per day, average milk speed and maximum milk speed. The thermal-humidity index was calculated based on a formula. The individual periods were divided according to the achieved THI. The results of dairy cows with a milk yield of 29 kg to 31 kg show that there is not a decrease in the milk yield per milking if the THI value is lower than 68. It was also found that there was a decrease in the milk yield per dairy cow in the robotic milking parlor for a THI value greater than 72. The influence of a THI value higher than 68 in these dairy cows results in a higher average milk speed, as well as a higher maximum milk speed. These two parameters are not yet in the main area of research interest. This study enriches the area with new knowledge, according to which dairy cows can show thermal stress by increasing the milk speed as well as the maximum milk speed.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Alleviate the Negative Effect of Temperature Stress in Millet Lines with Contrasting Soil Aggregation Potential

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Alleviate the Negative Effect of Temperature Stress in Millet Lines with Contrasting Soil Aggregation Potential

Climate Change-Induced Stress Reduce Quantity and Alter Composition of Nectar and Pollen From a Bee-Pollinated Species (Borago officinalis, Boraginaceae).

In temperate ecosystems, elevated temperatures, and drought occur especially during spring and summer, which are crucial periods for flowering, pollination, and reproduction of a majority of temperate plants. While many mechanisms may underlie pollinator decline in the wake of climate change, the interactive effects of temperature and water stress on the quantity and quality of floral nectar and pollen resources remain poorly studied. We investigated the impact of temperature rise (+3 and +6°C) and water stress (soil humidity lower than 15%) on the floral resources produced by the bee-pollinated species Borago officinalis. Nectar volume decreased with both temperature rise and water stress (6.1 ± 0.5 μl per flower under control conditions, 0.8 ± 0.1 μl per flower under high temperature and water stress conditions), resulting in a 60% decrease in the total quantity of nectar sugars (mg) produced per flower. Temperature rise but not water stress also induced a 50% decrease in pollen weight per flower but a 65% increase in pollen polypeptide concentration. Both temperature rise and water stress increased the total amino acid concentration and the essential amino acid percentage in nectar but not in pollen. In both pollen and nectar, the relative percentage of the different amino acids were modified under stresses. We discuss these modifications in floral resources in regards to plant–pollinator interactions and consequences on plant pollination success and on insect nutritional needs.

Impacts of environmental stress on resistance and resilience of algal-associated bacterial communities.

Algal‐associated bacteria are fundamental to the ecological success of marine green macroalgae such as Caulerpa. The resistance and resilience of algal‐associated microbiota to environmental stress can promote algal health and genetic adaptation to changing environments. The composition of bacterial communities has been shown to be unique to algal morphological niches. Therefore, the level of response to various environmental perturbations may in fact be different for each niche‐specific community. Factorial in situ experiments were set up to investigate the effect of nutrient enrichment and temperature stress on the bacterial communities associated with Caulerpa cylindracea. Bacteria were characterized using the 16S rRNA gene, and the community compositions were compared between different parts of the algal thallus (endo‐, epi‐, and rhizomicrobiome). Resistance and resilience were calculated to further understand the changes of microbial composition in response to perturbations. The results of this study provide evidence that nutrient enrichment has a significant influence on the taxonomic and functional structure of the epimicrobiota, with a low community resistance index observed for both. Temperature and nutrient stress had a significant effect on the rhizomicrobiota taxonomic composition, exhibiting the lowest overall resistance to change. The functional performance of the rhizomicrobiota had low resilience to the combination of stressors, indicating potential additive effects. Interestingly, the endomicrobiota had the highest overall resistance, yet the lowest overall resilience to environmental stress. This further contributes to our understanding of algal microbiome dynamics in response to environmental changes.

The Effect of Low Temperature Stress on the Leaves and MicroRNA Expression of Potato Seedlings

In recent years, with the wanton destruction of the ecological environment by humans and the frequent occurrence of extreme bad weather, many places that should have been warm and blooming in spring have instead experienced the phenomenon of the “April blizzard,” which has seriously affected China's crops, especially spring potato production in most areas. Potato cultivars, especially potato seedlings, are sensitive to frost, and low temperature frost has become one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting potato production. Potato cold tolerance is regulated by a complex gene network. Although some low temperature resistant microRNAs have been identified, little is known about the role of miRNAs in response to low temperature stress in potato. Therefore, the objective of this study is to clarify the influence of low temperature stress on the miRNA expression of potato by comparing the expression differences of miRNA in potato which was treated with different low temperatures. For the study, 307 known miRNAs belonging to 73 small RNA families and 211 novel miRNAs were obtained. When the temperature decreased, the number of both known and novel miRNA decreased, and the minimum temperature was −2°C. Most of the miRNAs respond to low temperature, drought, and disease stress; some conserved miRNAs were first found to respond to low temperature stress in potato, such as stu-miR530, stu-miR156d, and stu-miR167b. The Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes, and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis of 442 different expression miRNAs target genes indicated that there existed diversified low temperature responsive pathways, but Abscisic Acid was found likely to play a central coordinating role in response to low temperature stress in many metabolism pathways. Quantitative real-time PCR assays indicated that the related targets were negatively regulated by the tested different expression miRNAs during low temperature stress. The results indicated that miRNAs may play an important coordination role in response to low temperature stress in many metabolic pathways by regulating abscisic acid and gibberellin, which provided insight into the roles of miRNAs during low temperature stress and would be helpful for alleviating low temperature stress and promoting low temperature resistant breeding in potatoes.

Effect of Banana Bunchy Top Virus on the Heat Shock Protein Genes of Pentalonia nigronervosa during Temperature Susceptibility and Its Effect on Virus Transmission

Acquisition of plant viruses is known to exert various effects on vectors’ developmental biology. Pentalonia nigronervosa is the only known vector of banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), which is an economically detrimental virus infecting banana cultivars all over the world. In the present study, the developmental biology of viruliferous (Vr) and non-viruliferous (NVr) aphids was compared, with a marked reduction noted in the lifespan of aphids upon acquisition of BBTV. Among all the environmental parameters temperature is an important determinant of an insect’s abundance and geographical distribution. Temperature susceptibility of P. nigronervosa was scrutinized by comparing the mortality percentage and differential expression pattern of three heat shock proteins (Hsps; Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp90) at the mRNA level between NVr and Vr aphids. After exposure to different temperature stress (5 °C, 15 °C, 38 °C and 25 °C as control) highest mortality of Vr aphids were recorded at 5 °C. Analysis of expression levels of Hsp genes using qPCR showed that both cold and heat shock treatment stimulated higher expression of the three Hsps at various rates in Vr than NVr aphids.. Finally, the effect of temperature stress on the BBTV titer level and their transmission by P.nigronervosa was determined by absolute quantification. The transmission efficiency along with the virus titer was found to be the lowest at 15 °C compared to 38 °C. Overall, our results provide a novel insight into the intricate interaction between aphid fitness and thermal stress concerning the acquisition and transmission of BBTV, which could be a roadmap for the future epidemiological control system.

Meta-analysis to predict the effects of temperature stress on meat quality of poultry

Temperature stress (TS) is a significant issue in poultry production, which has implications for animal health and welfare, productivity, and industry profitability. Temperature stress, including both hot (heat stress) and cold conditions (cold stress), is associated with increased incidence of meat quality defects such as pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) and dark, firm, and dry (DFD) meat costing poultry industries millions of dollars annually. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effect of ambient TS on meat quality parameters of poultry. Forty-eight publications which met specific criteria for inclusion were identified through a systematic literature review. Temperature stress was defined by extracting 2 descriptors for each treatment mean from the chosen studies: (1) temperature imposed for the experimental treatments (°C) and duration of temperature exposure. Treatment duration was categorized for analysis into acute (≤24 h) or chronic (>24 h) treatments. Meat quality parameters considered were color (L*-a*-b* scheme), pH (initial and ultimate), drip loss, cooking loss, and shear force. Linear mixed model analysis, including study as a random effect, was used to determine the effect of treatment temperature and duration on meat quality. Model evaluation was conducted by performing a k-fold cross-validation to estimate test error, and via assessment of the root mean square prediction error (RMSPE), and concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). Across both acute and chronic durations, treatment temperature was found to have a significant effect on all studied meat quality parameters. As treatment temperature increased, meat demonstrated characteristics of PSE meat and, as temperature decreased, meat demonstrated characteristics of DFD meat. The interaction between treatment temperature and duration was significant for most traits, however, the relative impact of treatment duration on the studied traits was inconsistent. Acute TS had a larger effect than chronic TS on ultimate pH, and chronic stress had a more considerable impact on color traits (L* and a*). This meta-analysis quantifies the effect of ambient TS on poultry meat quality. However, quantitative effects were generally small, and therefore may or may not be of practical significance from a processing perspective.

INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE INCREASE ON THE STRUCTURAL STATE OF LOW-CARBON LOW-ALLOY STEEL

Problem statement. The development and implementation of low-carbon low-alloy steels of high strength in the structural elements of blast furnaces, which will operate in conditions of heating to high temperatures is an urgent problem and can give a significant effect during the operation of buildings and structures.. Purpose of the article. establishing changes in the structural state of low-carbon low-alloy steels depending on the temperature rise. Conclusion. Conventionally, the temperatures at which the studied steels can be operated can be divided into two levels: the temperature below which no significant structural changes are detected; temperature at which significant structural changes are observed, which lead to a decrease in the reliability of structures. The presence of two levels associated with both the development of diffusion processes and the ability of the structural state to resist the effects of temperature stresses (structural stability). The structural stability of steel with increasing temperature is due to the processes that bring the system closer to the position of thermodynamic equilibrium compared to low temperature (structural state at room temperature), which is usually optimal in terms of performance. Such changes include the processes of recrystallization, coagulation of secretions and other phase transformations that lead to changes in the macro- and microstructure that impair the performance properties of the material. At relatively high temperatures, these processes occur at a significant rate, as a result of which they are crucial in limiting the possibility of using this material.

Effects of mobile phone radiofrequency radiation on sperm quality.

In the last decades, the universal use of mobile phones has contributed to radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation environmental pollution. The steady growth in mobile phone usage has raised concerns about the effects of phone radiation on male reproductive health. Epidemiological studies report a sharp decline in sperm counts in developing countries, and worldwide with c. 14% of couples having difficulties to conceive, many of which are attributed to a male infertility factor. Environment and lifestyle factors are known to contribute to male infertility. Exposure to heat, radiation, or radioactivity might induce damage to biological tissue organs, including the testis. Given the ubiquitous use of mobile phones, the potential adverse effects of the resulting environmental radiation needs to be elucidated further. It seems to be an apparent relationship between the increased exposure to mobile phone radiofrequency and sperm quality decline, but the evidence is not conclusive. Our review summarizes the evidence concerning the possible adverse effects of cell phone radiation on the male reproductive system, with a focus on sperm quality. Also, we critically analyze the effects of elevated testicular temperature and oxidative stress on male fertility and how these factors could interfere with the physiological activities of the testis.

Low‐temperature stress during the flowering period alters the source–sink relationship and grain quality in field‐grown late‐season rice

AbstractLate‐season rice, a major contributor to the production of high‐quality rice in China, often experiences low temperatures during the flowering period. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of low temperature stress on grain quality and to identify related physiological factors in late‐season rice. Sink and source characteristics and grain quality traits of two high‐quality late‐season rice cultivars were compared between a year in which low temperatures occurred during the flowering period (2020) and a normal year (2019) under field conditions. Low temperatures during the flowering period in 2020 resulted in a reduction in spikelet filling and consequent increases in source–sink ratios and grain weight and N content compared to 2019. The head rice rate and protein content of the milled rice were increased in 2020 compared to 2019. Starch gel consistency and peak, trough, breakdown, final, and consistency viscosities were reduced while setback viscosity, paste temperature, and texture properties (hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, resilience, and chewiness) were increased for milled rice (or milled rice flour or cooked milled rice) in 2020 compared to 2019. The glucose production rate and total glucose production from in vitro digestion of cooked milled rice was reduced in 2020 compared to 2019. The results of this study suggest that low temperature stress during the flowering period can improve milling, nutritional, and health qualities but reduce the cooking and eating quality in late‐season rice by altering the source–sink relationship.

Queen honey bees exhibit variable resilience to temperature stress.

Extreme temperature exposure can reduce stored sperm viability within queen honey bees; however, little is known about how thermal stress may directly impact queen performance or other maternal quality metrics. Here, in a blind field trial, we recorded laying pattern, queen mass, and average callow worker mass before and after exposing queens to a cold temperature (4°C, 2 h), hot temperature (42°C, 2 h), and hive temperature (33°C, control). We measured sperm viability at experiment termination, and investigated potential vertical effects of maternal temperature stress on embryos using proteomics. We found that cold stress, but not heat stress, reduced stored sperm viability; however, we found no significant effect of temperature stress on any other recorded metrics (queen mass, average callow worker mass, laying patterns, the egg proteome, and queen spermathecal fluid proteome). Previously determined candidate heat and cold stress biomarkers were not differentially expressed in stressed queens, indicating that these markers only have short-term post-stress diagnostic utility. Combined with variable sperm viability responses to temperature stress reported in different studies, these data also suggest that there is substantial variation in temperature tolerance, with respect to impacts on fertility, amongst queens. Future research should aim to quantify the variation and heritability of temperature tolerance, particularly heat, in different populations of queens in an effort to promote queen resilience.

High-temperature shock consequences on the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae).

Temperature shocks have profound effects on biological and physiological functions at all levels of organization. However, the recovery periods from these shocks and their subsequent impacts remain unknown. Herein, our study investigated the effect of short temperature stress on survival, dormancy recovery time, nutritional indices, life traits and development rate for T. castaneum (larvae and adults) and S. oryzae adults. The results showed significant effects on survival rates of T. castaneum (larvae and adults) and S. oryzae adults. When both insects had been exposed to high-temperature shock, survival rates decreased with higher temperatures and longer periods of exposure. Furthermore, recovery times varied between and within the insect species, as prolonged exposure to thermal shocks increased recovery periods. Moreover, dormancy time resulting from the high-temperature shocks significantly affected food deterrence and food intake, regardless of the stage of development, species, exposure periods and temperature-exposure conditions. Subsequently, differences in body growth rates and food consumption rates are an appropriate indicator of differences in food conversion rates under high-temperature shocks, regardless of the species and developmental stages. On the other hand, our results indicated that as high-temperature shocks increased, the total development period increased of T. castaneum. Likewise, the pupal stage increased with increasing high-temperature shocks, and the larval stage decreased with increasing thermal shocks and increasing the periods of exposure. In summary, our study showed the importance of dormancy recovery time and its subsequent effects for improving disinfestation effectiveness of heat treatment, and understanding insect response to high temperatures.

Effect of Low Temperature Stress on Leaf Submicroscopic Structure and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Cassava ‘F200’ Seedlings

Effect of Low Temperature Stress on Leaf Submicroscopic Structure and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Cassava ‘F200’ Seedlings