Effects Of Swimming Training Research Articles

Effects of swimming training on aerobic capacity and exercise induced bronchoconstriction in children with bronchial asthma

BACKGROUNDA study was undertaken to determine whether swimming training improved aerobic capacity, exercise induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), and bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine in children with asthma.METHODSEight children with mild or...

Effects of swim training on body weight, carbohydrate metabolism,lipid and lipoprotein profile

The beneficial effects of regular exercise are primarily based on data using land-based exercise. Currently, no data exist that demonstrate the efficacy of swimming exercise for the treatment of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors, despite the fact that swimming is a widely recommended exercise mode. Eighteen previously sedentary obese individuals were divided into a swim-training group and a non-exercising control group. The training group swam at 60% of maximal heart rate reserve for 45 min per day for 3 days per week for 10 weeks, whereas the control group remained sedentary. The swim-training programme produced significant cardiovascular training effects, as evidenced by reductions (P < 0.05) in resting and submaximal heart rate values in the training group. Significant reductions (P < 0.05) were also observed in the rating of perceived exertion and blood lactate concentrations during fixed submaximal exercise on an arm cycle ergometer. Caloric and macronutrient intake estimated from the dietary records stayed constant before and after training. Body mass, body fat percentage (36 +/- 2% vs. 35 +/- 2%) and body mass index, as well as regional adiposity, showed no statistically significant changes. Neither the training nor the control groups experienced significant changes in fasting serum glucose and insulin concentrations and glucose-insulin ratio during the study. Total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol did not change significantly in either group. It was concluded that swim training of the duration, frequency and intensity used in the present study failed to elicit favourable modifications in these traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

Effects of Swim Training on Blood Pressure in Individuals with Hypertension 556

Despite the fact that swimming is widely recommended for the prevention and treatment of hypertension, no study has examined the potential efficacy of regular swimming exercise for lowering blood pressure in hypertensive humans. To test the hypothesis that regular swimming exercise lowers resting blood pressure, previously-sedentary individuals with stage I to II hypertension were divided into a swim training (n=12) and non-exercising control group(n=6). The training group swam at 60% of maximal heart rate reserve for 45 minutes per day 3 days/week for 10 weeks whereas the control group remained sedentary. In the swim training group, systolic blood pressure fell from 150±5 to 144±4 mmHg (P<0.05). Diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure did not change significantly. Resting heart rate decreased from 81±4 to 71±3 bpm (P<0.05). Although caloric and macronutrient intake estimated from the dietary records stayed constant before and after training, body mass and body fat percentage showed no statistically significant changes. No significant changes were observed in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations, casual forearm vascular resistance, plasma volume and blood volume. There were no significant changes in any of these variables in the control group. It was concluded that swim training elicited a significant reduction in arterial blood pressure in individuals with hypertension although the magnitude of the blood pressure reduction was smaller than that typically observed in land-based exercise training.

Effects of swimming training on the lysosomal enzyme system in brown adipose tissue of rats: an analogy between swimming exercise and cold acclimation

Effects of swimming training on the lysosomal enzyme system in brown adipose tissue of rats: an analogy between swimming exercise and cold acclimation

Effects of swim training on blood pressure, catecholamines and prostaglandins in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

A 6-month program of exercise with a daily swimming time of 30 minutes 3 times a week was carried out in female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to assess the roles of catecholamine and prostaglandin metabolism in the antihypertensive effect of chronic exercise conditioning. Swim training resulted in a significant reduction of mean blood pressure in SHR by 13.3 mmHg as compared with sedentary controls (158.8 +/- 5.0 versus 172.1 +/- 3.3 mmHg, p < 0.05). The increase in plasma levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine after acute blood loss of 2% of body weight were smaller in trained than control SHR. The daily urinary excretion of thromboxane B2, a stable metabolite of thromboxane A2, was significantly decreased by 33% in swim trained SHR as compared with control SHR (p < 0.01), while there was no difference in urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 or 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, a stable metabolite of prostacyclin. These findings indicate that both the suppression of the sympathoadrenal system and decrease in vasoconstrictory prostaglandins in the kidney may have shared in the antihypertensive effect of exercise training in SHR.

Effects of acute exercise and prolonged exercise training on blood pressure, vasopressin and plasma renin activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of swimming training on systolic blood pressure (BPs), plasma and brain vasopressin (AVP), and plasma renin activity (PRA) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) during rest and after exercise. Resting and postexercise heart rate, as well as blood parameters such as packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), plasma sodium and potassium concentrations ([Na+], [K+]) osmolality and proteins were also studied. Hypophyseal AVP had reduced significantly after exercise in the SHR, whereas PRA had increased significantly in the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strain used as normotensive controls. Plasma AVP concentration increased in both strains. By the end of the experiment, training had reduced body mass and BPs by only 10% and 6%, respectively. Maximal oxygen uptake was increased 10% and plasma osmolality 2% by training. The postexercise elevation of heart rate was not significantly attenuated by training. A statistically significant reduction in postexercise plasma osmolality (10%) and [Na+] (4%) was observed. These results suggested that swimming training reduced BPs. Plasma and brain AVP played a small role in the hypertensive process of SHR in basal conditions because changes in AVP contents did not correlate with those of BPs. Moreover, there were no differences between SHR and WKY in plasma, hypophyseal and hypothalamic AVP content in these basal conditions. Finally, during moderate exercise a haemodilution probably occurred with an increase of plasma protein content. This was confirmed by the exercise-induced increase of plasma AVP and the reduction of hypophyseal AVP content, suggesting a release of this hormone, which probably contributed to the water retention and haemodilution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of Swim Training Alone and in Combination with Clonidine and Rilmenidine on Blood Pressure, Plasma Electrolytes, Vasopressin, and Renin Activity in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Adaptations to the effects of clonidine (CL) and rilmenidine (R) were studied during a 12-week training program (swimming) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was regularly measured during this period. Body weight (BW) was determined at the beginning and at the 12th week. Plasma parameters, cardiac determinations, vasopressin (pAVP), and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured only at the end of the experiment. Both SBP and ponderal benefit were reduced by CL, R, and training. Contrary to beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, we found no inhibition of the beneficial effect on SBP of training in combination with CL or R. Plasma and hypothalamic vasopressin were reduced by both drugs but only CL increased plasma renin activity (PRA) although its mechanisms of action are still not clearly understood. Our results suggest that CL and R as well as swim training can be considered as an effective countermeasure in SHR. Moreover, the heterogeneity of action of CL and R on some of the parameters tested is in favor of different pharmacological properties for these drugs.

Subacute and long term effect of swimming training on blood pressure in young and old spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The effects of swimming training (three weeks' training with the duration increasing up to a maximum of 180 min per day, at a water temperature of 36 degrees C) on arterial blood pressure were studied in 4, 11, and 18 month old spontaneously hypertensive rats. In addition, in the 11 month old rats the change in blood pressure after individual exercise was determined. The significance of a training induced loss of body weight in lowering blood pressure was assessed by pair feeding of sedentary age matched spontaneously hypertensive rats. Blood pressure was reduced by approximately 50 mmHg within 8-10 days, except in the oldest rats, which tolerated the physical activity poorly and had, if any, only a moderate fall in blood pressure. It was possible to distinguish between subacute transient effects lasting for not more than one day and long term effects. Blood pressures were 20-25 mmHg lower after individual swimming routines than those before exercise when measured on the ninth day of the training programme. On cessation of training, blood pressures approached those of sedentary rats within two weeks. It seems that the loss of body weight was of minor importance in lowering blood pressure under these experimental conditions.

Effects of swim training on lung volumes and inspiratory muscle conditioning.

Lung volumes and inspiratory muscle (IM) function tests were measured in 16 competitive female swimmers (age 19 +/- 1 yr) before and after 12 wk of swim training. Eight underwent additional IM training; the remaining eight were controls. Vital capacity (VC) increased 0.25 +/- 0.25 liters (P less than 0.01), functional residual capacity (FRC) increased 0.39 +/- 0.29 liters (P less than 0.001), and total lung capacity (TLC) increased 0.35 +/- 0.47 (P less than 0.025) in swimmers, irrespective of IM training. Residual volume (RV) did not change. Maximum inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax) measured at FRC changed -43 +/- 18 cmH2O (P less than 0.005) in swimmers undergoing IM conditioning and -29 +/- 25 (P less than 0.05) in controls. The time that 65% of prestudy PImax could be endured increased in IM trainers (P less than 0.001) and controls (P less than 0.05). All results were compared with similar IM training in normal females (age 21.1 +/- 0.8 yr) in which significant increases in PImax and endurance were observed in IM trainers only with no changes in VC, FRC, or TLC (Clanton et al., Chest 87: 62-66, 1985). We conclude that 1) swim training in mature females increases VC, TLC, and FRC with no effect on RV, and 2) swim training increases IM strength and endurance measured near FRC.

Effect of swimming training on cardiac function and myosin ATPase activity in SHR.

Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats (WKY) were subjected to swimming training 6 times/wk, commencing at 4 wk of age, to determine whether this type of endurance exercise might alter contractile proteins and cardiac function in young adult SHR. The total duration of exercise was 190 h. Myofibrillar adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity was assayed at various free [Ca2+] ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M. Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity of actomyosin and purified myosin was determined at various Ca2+ concentrations both in the low and high ionic strength buffers. Actin-activated myosin ATPase activity of purified myosin was assayed at several concentrations of actin purified from rabbit skeletal muscle. Under all these conditions the contractile protein ATPase activity was comparable between trained and untrained WKY and SHR. Analysis of myosin isoenzymes on pyrophosphate gels showed a single band corresponding to V1 isoenzyme, and there were no differences between swimming-trained and nontrained WKY and SHR. Ventricular performance was assessed by measuring cardiac output and stroke volume after rapid intravenous volume overloading. Both cardiac index and stroke index were comparable in nontrained WKY and SHR but were significantly increased in the trained groups compared with their respective nontrained controls. These results suggest that myosin ATPase activity and distribution of myosin isoenzymes are not altered in the moderately hypertrophied left ventricle whether the hypertrophy is due to genetic hypertension (SHR) or to exercise training (trained WKY). Moreover, the data indicate that SHR, despite the persistence of a pressure overload, undergo similar increases in left ventricular mass and peak cardiac index after training, as do normotensive WKY.

Profiling Swimmers

Research into the effects of swim training has generated more efficient turns, starts, and stroke mechanics based on biomechanical principles. Aerobic and anaerobic testing, muscle biopsy, and advanced strength measuring devices have identified the need for specificity in training sessions, which are based upon stroke and event.

Effect of swim training on development of obesity in the genetically obese rat.

Seven-week-old female lean and obese Zucker rats were swim trained or kept sedentary for 8 wk. Another group of obese rats was exercised plus food restricted. During exercise training, obese and lean rats ate more but gained less body weight than sedentary controls. Exercise favorably altered body composition, adipose cellularity, and plasma insulin of the obese rat. Exercise plus food restriction more dramatically affected body composition and adipose cellularity but was no more effective in depressing hyperinsulinemia than exercise alone. Following 8 wk of retirement, dorsal fat cell number remained depressed to formerly exercised obese rats whereas adipose cellularity in other depots, body composition, and plasma insulin were similar to control levels. Thus, exercise delayed but did not prevent the full development of obesity in the Zucker rat. Food restriction along with exercise resulted in more permanent effects on adipose cellularity than exercise alone but stunted muscle and skeletal growth.

The Effect of Swimming Training on Muscular Performance and Body Composition in Children

Fifteen boys and girls who were undertaking their first competitive age-group swimming training were studied before and after 7 months of training and compared to a similar group of control subject...

Effects of swimming training on children with asthma.

In a programme to examine the effect of 5 months of swimming training on school-children with asthma, 46 children swam a total distance of 3608 km (2242 miles) during 2806 training sessions. On post-training re-examination, nonspecific effects of physical conditioning were detected including improved posture and fitness, reduced fat folds, and enhanced swimming ability. Continuous monitoring of asthma and medication showed significant decreases in both parameters during the final phases of the study between children who continued to swim regularly and those who did not. The frequency and severity of exercise-induced asthma (after running) was unchanged by swimming training. Post-training questionnaires indicated a high degree of enthusiasm and acceptance of the programme by children and parents. No significant adverse effects were observed or reported during the study.