Effect Of Surface Preparation Research Articles

The Effect of Surface Preparation on Result Deviations During Roughness Measurements Using the Contact Method

This paper presents the influence of the preparation of the inspected surface on the deviations obtained when measuring the basic roughness parameters using the contact method. The problems described in the article are often encountered in industry when measurements are performed in mass production conditions, where a short measurement time is extremely important. Presented are the measurement results of five samples made of 1.0503 steel after the grinding process, subjected to various methods of preparation for roughness measurement: sample immediately after treatment, sample after treatment and after evaporation of liquid part of the coolant, sample after blowing with compressed air, sample after blowing with compressed air and washing in isopropyl alcohol, and the sample after blowing with compressed air and washing with acetone. The measurement results obtained from the contact profilometer provide the basis for developing recommendations regarding the preparation of surfaces for inter-operational and final measurements in the production process.

Surface preparation by femtosecond laser - An adhesion strength perspective for suspension plasma sprayed ceramic coatings

Surface preparation is very important for the adhesion of thermal sprayed coatings. In this work, the effect of surface preparation on the adhesion strength of suspension plasma sprayed (SPS) Al2O3 coatings is investigated. Aluminum (Al-2024) substrates were micromachined by femtosecond laser (FSL) and also mechanically blasted by conventional grit blasting for surface preparation prior to SPS coating. Surface morphology results showed laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) produced by FSL, whereas grit blasting produced random irregularities with peaks and undercuts. Surface chemistry analysis showed that the FSL-prepared substrates were functionalized by -OH and O, while the grit-blasted substrates were not functionalized. The prepared substrates were coated by the SPS process under two spray conditions, where one condition was selected to produce a dense coating and the other condition was selected to produce a porous coating. The dense coating showed poor adhesion regardless of surface preparation, while the porous coating showed good adhesion for both grit-blasted and FSL-treated substrates. The adhesion strength of the porous coating was evaluated using the ASTM C-633 pull test protocol. A significant improvement (4.5 factors higher) in adhesion strength was achieved for the FSL-prepared substrates compared to the grit-blasted substrates. The improved adhesion of the FSL-prepared substrates was assessed by surface chemistry and surface morphology analyses of the prepared substrates, as well as by further analysis of the failed samples after the adhesion test and splat analysis. Results from this research showed that FSL has potential as an effective surface preparation technique for SPS.

The effect of surface preparation on the nucleation of zinc-nickel alloy electroplated in acidic electrolyte on steel substrate

The effect of surface preparation on the nucleation of zinc-nickel alloy electroplated in acidic electrolyte on steel substrate

Analysis of the Effect of Surface Preparation of Aluminum Alloy Sheets on the Load-Bearing Capacity and Failure Energy of an Epoxy-Bonded Adhesive Joint.

Surface preparation is an important step in adhesive technology. A variety of abrasive, chemical, or concentrated energy source treatments are used. The effects of these treatments vary due to the variety of factors affecting the final strength of bonded joints. This paper presents the results of an experimental study conducted to determine the feasibility of using fiber laser surface treatments in place of technologically and environmentally cumbersome methods. The effect of surface modification was studied on three materials: aluminum EN AW-1050A and aluminum alloys EN AW-2024 and EN AW-5083. For comparison purposes, joints were made with sandblasted and laser-textured surfaces and those rolled as reference samples for the selected overlap variant, glued with epoxy adhesive. The joints were made with an overlap of 8, 10, 12.5, 14, and 16 mm, and these tests made it possible to demonstrate laser processing as a useful technique to reduce the size of the overlap and achieve even higher load-bearing capacity of the joint compared to sandblasting. A comparative analysis was also carried out for the failure force of the adhesive bond and the failure energy. The results show the efficiency and desirability of using lasers in bonding, allowing us to reduce harmful technologies and reduce the weight of the bonded structure.

Surface preparation of aluminum by atmospheric-pressure plasma jet for suspension plasma sprayed ceramic coatings

Surface preparation is a key step preceding the deposition of suspension plasma spray (SPS) coatings, a type of thermal spray coatings. This work evaluates the effect of surface preparation by atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment on the adhesion of SPS-deposited Al2O3 ceramic coatings on aluminum (Al-2024) substrates. For comparison, the substrate surfaces were also prepared by grit-blasting. Surface roughness (R) parameters and surface morphology of both grit-blasted and APPJ-treated substrates were characterized by confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, surface chemistry was evaluated by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Based on morphological analyses, the grit-blasted surfaces exhibit typical random peaks and valleys, whereas those subjected to APPJ treatment show self-organized patterns with multilayered and multiscale features. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy analyses also demonstrated a significant difference in surface chemistry for both surface preparation types. After the characterization of both types of prepared substrates, SPS coating was deposited on the substrates under two spray conditions. One spray condition demonstrated poor adherence of the coatings for both types of the prepared substrates; the other spray condition produced coatings with good adherence. The microstructures of the coating were evaluated for both spray conditions. The Adhesion strength of the coating was evaluated for the condition, which produced a coating with good adhesion. ASTM-C-633 pull test protocol was followed for the adhesion evaluation, and the pull test revealed significant adhesion improvements when the surface was prepared by APPJ. Improved adhesion strength was linked to the surface morphology and also to the surface chemistry of the surface prepared by APPJ. In addition, splat morphology was investigated on both grit-blasted and APPJ-treated substrates to correlate the improved adhesion.

Vibratory polishing effects on passivity of 304L stainless steel surfaces

ABSTRACT Surface spectroscopy analysis and electrochemistry were applied to study the effects of surface preparation by vibratory polishing on the passivity of stainless steel 304L surfaces. Compared to grinding by traditional mechanical polishing, vibratory polishing promotes the enrichment of Cr(III) oxide and hydroxide species in the duplex chemical structure of the surface native oxide film by enhancing selective Fe oxidation and dissolution. As a result, spontaneous passivity, tested in aggressive sulphuric acid electrolyte, is enhanced. However, in the absence of enrichment in Mo(IV) and Mo(VI) species in the passive film, the Cr enrichment does not enhance passivity upon anodic polarisation nor increase the resistance to Cl-induced passivity breakdown and initiation of localised corrosion in accelerated testing conditions. The results provide comprehensive insight into the mechanisms underlying the passivity enhancement of stainless steel by surface engineering.

Effect of surface preparation by high-temperature hydrogen annealing on the passivation of Ni-20 at.% Cr alloy in sulfuric acid

The effect of high-temperature annealing under hydrogen gas (H2) surface preparation on a binary polycrystalline Ni-20 at.% Cr alloy was investigated in comparison with conventional mechanical grinding surface preparation. Duplex surface films with inner Cr(III) oxide and outer Ni(II) and Cr(III) hydroxide layers natively formed before and after H2 annealing were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. A thinner and less homogeneous inner barrier layer formed after H2 annealing caused an oxidation peak at the active/passive transition in the linear sweep voltammetry measurement in a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. Despite this high oxidation peak, passivation of the H2 annealed surface resulted in the formation of a more corrosion resistant inner layer than on the mechanically ground surface, as demonstrated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The corrosion resistant passive film formation of the H2 annealed surface is attributed to the increased Cr enrichment of the inner layer caused by the selective Ni dissolution providing corrosion resistance to the initially weakly protected sites of the natively formed surface film.

Influence of nonthermal argon plasma on the micro-shear bond strength between resin cement and translucent zirconia.

Considering the potential of translucent zirconia for application in esthetic restorations, it is necessary to find effective methods with the least adverse effects to increase its bond strength to resin cement. This study aimed to test if different conservative surface treatments and cement types could affect the micro-shear bond strength (μSBS), failure mode, and bonding interface between resin cement and translucent zirconia. In this in vitro experimental study, translucent zirconia blocks were divided into four groups based on the surface treatment they received: no treatment, argon plasma, primer (Pr), and Pr + plasma. Each group was further divided into two subgroups based on the applied cement: PANAVIA F2 and Duo-Link cement. Fourteen cement columns with a diameter of 1 mm were placed on each block (n = 14); all the specimens were immersed in 37°C water for 24 h. Afterward, μSBS was evaluated (P < 0.05), and the mode of failure was determined by a stereomicroscope (×10). The cement-zirconia interface and the surface hydrophilicity (contact angle) were also evaluated. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the effect of surface preparation, cement types, and incubator, simultaneously (P < 0.05). The bond strengths after incubation were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05). Failure mode, contact angle, and cement-zirconia interface were analyzed descriptively. The highest bond strength was seen in Pr surface treatment for Duo-Link cement; however, this group was not significantly different from Pr and PANAVIA F2 cement and Pr + plasma and Duo-Link cement (P = 0.075) groups. All plasma specimens in the incubator failed prematurely. The mode of failure in all specimens was adhesive. The lowest and highest contact angles were seen in Pr + plasma and the control groups, respectively. The use of Pr could successfully improve the bond strength of resin cement to translucent zirconia while plasma was not an acceptable and durable substitute.

The bond properties between UHPC and stone under different interface treatment methods

Interfacial connection between repair layer and substrate is the key factor influencing the efficiency of masonry structures strengthened with ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). However, the bonding properties between UHPC and stone remain unclear. In this study, the interfacial shear tests of UHPC-stone composite specimens under different surface preparations, interfacial wettability and UHPC curing regimes were carried out to research the corresponding bond properties. Results show that the effect of surface preparation on the shear strength of UHPC-stone interface is most significant. Compared with the chipping group, the interfacial shear strength of specimens in groups of planting bar and keyway was increased by 98.8 % and 189.4 %, respectively. Besides, the average interfacial shear strength of room-temperature-cured specimens was 2.02–3.43 MPa higher than that of steam-cured specimens. Stone split and interface failure account for 66.6 % of the failure modes of all specimens. The influence coefficient (labelled as α) of surface preparation is presented for calculating the shear strength of UHPC-stone bonding interfaces. This α values of the specimens in higher wetness of substrate and room-temperature-cured groups were respectively 0.016848 and 0.014230, which were greater than those in control groups. The combination of chipping and planting reinforcement for the interfacial treatment is recommended in strengthening stone masonry structures with UHPC.

Effects of surface preparation on the adhesion of UV-aged polyurethane coatings

This paper focuses on the manufacturing and quality evaluation of polyurethane coatings deposited onto composite substrates. Various methods of surface preparation and roughness development were used to enhance adhesion: degreasing with acetone, abrasive blasting with F30 alumina, abrasive blasting and degreasing with acetone, and no preparation. As well as the influence of substrate preparation on the pull-off strength of the coatings, the influence of ageing on the coating adhesion was also investigated. This research shows that the choice of preparation of the laminate substrate has a significant impact on its surface roughness, which directly affects the strength of adhesion of polyurethane coatings to the composite substrate. The most effective method of surface modification turned out to be the use of abrasive blasting for coatings applied with the traditional method (increasing the strength by 41%). Coatings subjected to the process of accelerated ageing through ultraviolet radiation are characterised by a significant reduction in the adhesion force to the composite substrate in comparison to unaged coatings. The photodestruction of UV-aged coatings was documented by the characteristics obtained during tests carried out with differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (in the attenuated total reflectance mode). Thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis/dynamic thermogravimetry) also was used to study the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the coatings.

Effects of Surface Preparation with Sodium Hypochlorite on Shear Bond Strength and Residual Adhesive of Orthodontic Brackets on Primary and Permanent Teeth

Objective: To investigate the effects of surface preparation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on bracket shear bond strength and amount of residual adhesive on primary and permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: 24 permanent premolars, 12 in each group (groups I and III), and 24 primary molars, 12 in each group (groups II and IV) were included. In group I and II, 37% phosphoric acid was applied to the tooth surfaces, without using any other agent. In Group III and IV, 5.25% NaOCl was first applied. Following washing and drying, surface roughening was performed with phosphoric acid. The shear bond strengths (SBS) of the brackets bonded to the tooth surfaces was measured. After debonding, the base of each bracket was examined for adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in SBS values between primary and permanent teeth with and without preparation with NaOCl(P&amp;gt;0.05). Mean SBS(18.55±14.98 MPa) was higher in permanent premolars subjected to surface deproteinization with NaOCl (group III) when compared with other groups, but the difference was not significant. There was no significant difference in ARI scores between the groups. Conclusions: The bond strength of orthodontic brackets or the distribution of ARI scores were similar between groups with and without NaOCl pretreatment. Hence, it can be concluded that conventional bonding procedures applied without any additional preparation to primary teeth are sufficient and the debonding of brackets didn’t cause any harm to enamel surfaces.

Effect of Surface Preparation on the Air Oxidation Behaviour of Modified 9Cr–1Mo Steel

Effect of Surface Preparation on the Air Oxidation Behaviour of Modified 9Cr–1Mo Steel

Effect of Surface Preparation on Mechanical Properties of Anodized A6061 in Sulfuric Acid Bath

The aims of this work are to examine the effect of the pickling conditions on the mechanical behavior of anodized A6061. Pickling was explored at 60°C for 30, 60, 90 and 120 second. The growth rate of the anodic layer, surface roughness, microhardness and tensile strength of anodized samples treated by alkaline pickling were investigated. The experimental results showed that the thickness of the anodic layer is directly related to the roughness of the substrate. In addition an important growth in thickness layer affects slightly the mechanical proprieties.

Laser-joined aluminium–polypropylene sheets: the effect of the surface preparation of aluminium

The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of aluminium surface preparation on the load-bearing capacity of laser-joined aluminium–polypropylene (Al-PP) specimens. The surface of the aluminium is prepared by chemical cleaning and laser engraving. The effect of pulse frequency, engraving speed and repetition number during laser engraving is investigated on the geometric parameters of the structure (straight groove) created on the surface of AA6082 aluminium alloy. Quasi-static shear testing of Al-PP joints is performed to determine how the amount and distance of the grooves affect the load-bearing capacity of the joints. The highest ultimate shear force (1250 ± 35 N) was achieved when many (21) grooves were formed with a laser engraving frequency of 20 kHz, a slow engraving speed (5 mm s−1) and many engraving repetitions (10) in the aluminium specimen. This corresponds to a shear strength of 3.1 MPa, which is 72.5% of the shear strength of the PP material used. Microscopic evaluation of joint cross-sections confirmed that the molten PP completely filled the grooves on the aluminium surface.Graphical abstract

Surface preparation effects on anodization and corrosion resistance of pure titanium grade 2

Abstract A layer of TiO2 nanotubes is widely used as a surface application on Titanium (Ti) implants because the nanotubes help promote cell adhesion and provide better cell response than the metal surface. Although several studies have reported the relationship between TiO2 nanotubes and cell osseointegration rate, the corrosion rate of the TiO2 nanotube layer under the circumstance of usage has yet to be fully evaluated. In this work, we have studied the effect of surface preparation conditions on the corrosion behavior of a TiO2 nanotube layer on a pure Ti substrate. The surface of the titanium substrate was prepared by different methods, followed by one-step anodization to obtain a TiO2 nanotube array. A surface roughness non-contact tester and field emission scanning electron microscope were used to characterize the surface roughness and surface morphology of the as-received, mechanically polished, and chemically polished substrate both pre and post anodization. The corrosion behavior of the prepared substrates was also investigated in Phosphate Buffered Saline solution using potentiodynamic polarization technique. The results suggest that surface roughness at the nanoscale of the prepared surfaces has no relationship with corrosion resistance. However, after anodization, the corrosion rate has a good relationship with the standard deviation of inner tube/pore diameter.

Effect of surface preparation technique on fatigue performance of steel structures repaired with self-stressing SMA/CFRP patch

An experimental program was conducted to evaluate the effect of surface preparation on the effectiveness of a shape-memory alloy / carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (SMA/CFRP) self-stressing patch for repair and strengthening of fatigue-sensitive steel elements. Steel surfaces were prepared through grit blasting and power tool cleaning. The fatigue lives of control and repaired specimens were measured to quantify the improvement provided by the patch under Mode-I loading. Fatigue crack growth curves were developed using a beach marking technique to track the evolution of crack growth. Digital-image correlation techniques were implemented in selected cases to study the debonding of the patch from the steel for different configurations and load levels. The fatigue performance of repaired specimens is investigated in terms of failure modes, fatigue lives, crack growth curves, and strain contours. This discussion is informed by the results of surface characterization tests performed on grit-blasted and power-tool-cleaned surfaces. It was found that grit-blasted repaired specimens exhibit approximately three-times the fatigue life improvement experienced by their power-tool-cleaned counterparts.

Effects of Surface Preparation on the Corrosion Behavior of Mild Steel

Surface preparation of engineering materials is necessary for preventing corrosion and subsequent failure of materials in service. There are different methods of surface preparations that can affect engineering materials in different ways. This study investigated the effect of surface preparation on the corrosion behavior of zinc sprayed and unsprayed mild steel. Quantitative analysis and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were used to evaluate the immersed samples of different surface preparations. The results indicated that the least corrosion rate was observed for the uncoated sample prepared with CC1200 grit paper at 0.041 mpy and successive samples in the order of CC220 grit paper at 0.047 mpy &lt; P60 grit paper at 0.052 mpy &lt; filing at 0.064 mpy and grinding at 0.074 mpy after 42-days of immersion. The prepared samples that were further coated with zinc spray demonstrated a similar trend. The sample prepared with CC1200 grit paper and further coated with zinc spray exhibited the lowest corrosion rate of 1.35 x 10-9 mpy. Potentiodynamic polarization results further suggested that the same behavior was observed in the quantitative analysis.

Study of effects of surface preparation on carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymer (CFRP) Single Lap Joints (SLJ) using positioning of gates in ultrasonic signals

ABSTRACT Ultrasonic inspection of adhesively bonded Single Lap Joint (SLJ) with composite material as adherend is quite challenging due to very close and overlapping reflections of ultrasonic waves from multiple interfaces across the joint. This study aims to precisely identify gate positions for these reflections in the pulse-echo technique. Further, investigation of surface roughness effects in the bonded region of SLJ is attempted using reflection coefficient R. For a real-valued A-scan signal in ultrasonic pulse-echo mode, a complex-valued analytic signal with amplitude and phase was obtained from the Hilbert transform. A sudden phase change of the analytic signal and a trough in the analytic signal’s envelope was observed at the reflection plane in A-scan. Analysis of spectra of reflected signals shows variation in magnitude at peak frequencies with the surface roughness of adherend. This paper provides a technique for identifying precise gate placement for the reflected signal and R-values evaluation for composite SLJ. For each surface roughness category, reflection coefficient R was experimentally evaluated at the adherend-adhesive interface of SLJ. These R values are correlated with the shear strength of the SLJ obtained from standard destructive tests.

Effects of surface preparation on bond behavior CFRP-to-PA6 bonded joints using different adhesives

This paper focuses on an experimental study of the explosive decompression on representative samples of the hyperbaric type IV hydrogen storage vessels. The adhesion of the composite to the liner is achieved by different adhesives. The bond behavior of liner-to-composite bonded joint considerably depends on the properties of adhesives, as well as the assembly process. X-ray tomography allows determining the damages before and after explosive decompression tests. Tomographic observations have revealed a certain level of porosity due to the assembly process with plasma treatment. This porosity influences the damage mechanisms induced by explosive decompression. Results show that 1) the increasing of the maximum hydrogen pressure (differential pressure induced during the depressurization step between the liner/adhesive interface or the adhesive/composite) increases the risk of liner collapse for the same gas exposure conditions, 2) Compared with soft adhesive, the stiff adhesive has proven better adhesion between the composite and the liner, 3) the flame treatment improved the surface energy of the PA6 and subsequently increased the collapse limit pressure, 4) adhesive RCA-20 with plasma preparation can be defined as a kind of low strength to collapse adhesive with a collapse limit pressure less than 2 MPa, 5)adhesive RCA-2000 with flame treatment can be defined as a kind of high strength to collapse adhesive in the present report with a collapse limit pressure between 15 MPa and 17.5 MPa.

Investigation and optimization of HfO2 gate dielectric on N-polar GaN: Impact of surface treatments, deposition, and annealing conditions

UV-assisted capacitance–voltage (C–V) and current–voltage (I–V) measurements were performed on ∼20 nm HfO2/GaN metal–insulator–semiconductor capacitors. The effects of surface preparation, predeposition treatment, HfO2 deposition process, and post-deposition annealing environment on interface characteristics were studied. Surface preparation by etching in diluted BHF and piranha etch prior to atomic layer deposition (ALD) suppressed the interface states compared to the baseline sample possibly due to the removal of the native oxide and impurities. UV/ozone treatment prior to HfO2 deposition reduced the interface states by one order of magnitude compared to the baseline sample possibly due to the formation of a thin Ga2O3 interlayer. In situ ALD pretreatment with tri-methyl-aluminum/N2 plasma was also found to reduce the surface states significantly compared to the baseline sample. In addition, thermal ALD improved the dielectric constant and breakdown voltage of the dielectric as compared to plasma ALD due to less surface damage. The lowest average interface trap density achieved was 1.64 × 1012 cm−2/eV with an HfO2 dielectric constant of 16 on the sample with UV/ozone and piranha treatment with in situ ALD treatment and thermal ALD deposition.