Effect Of Sucrose Supplementation Research Articles

The effect of sucrose supplementation on chondrocyte viability in porcine articular cartilage following vitrification

Vitrification can extend the banking life of articular cartilage (AC) and improve osteochondral transplantation success. Current vitrification protocols require optimization to enable them to be implemented in clinical practice. Sucrose as a non-permeating cryoprotective agent (CPA) and clinical grade chondroitin sulfate (CS) and ascorbic acid (AA) as antioxidants were investigated for their ability to improve a current vitrification protocol for AC. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of sucrose and CS/AA supplementation on post-warming chondrocyte viability in vitrified AC. Porcine osteochondral dowels were randomly vitrified and warmed with one established protocol (Protocol 1) and seven modified protocols (Protocols 2–8) followed by chondrocyte viability assessment. Sucrose supplementation in both vitrification and warming media (Protocol 4) resulted in significantly higher (p = 0.018) post-warming chondrocyte viability compared to the protocol without sucrose (Protocol 1). There was no significant difference (p = 0.298) in terms of post-warming chondrocyte viability between sucrose-supplemented DMEM + CS solution (Protocol 4) and Unisol-CV (UCV) + CS (Protocol 6) solution. Clinical grade CS and AA contributed to similar post-warming chondrocyte viability to previous studies using research grade CS and AA, indicating their suitability for clinical use. The addition of an initial step (step 0) to reduce the initial concentration of CPAs to minimize osmotic effects did not enhance chondrocyte viability in the superficial layer of AC. In conclusion, sucrose-supplemented DMEM + clinical grade CS (Protocol 4) could be an ideal protocol to be investigated for future use in clinical applications involving vitrified AC.

The Effect of Sucrose Supplementation on the Micropropagation of Salix viminalis L. Shoots in Semisolid Medium and Temporary Immersion Bioreactors

The effect of sucrose concentration on the micropropagation of axillary shoots of willow was investigated. The following factors were examined: the culture system (semisolid medium in glass jars versus liquid medium in temporary immersion bioreactors), the type of explant (apical and basal sections), the frequency of immersion, and CO2 enrichment. Shoots and leaf growth were significantly higher in RITA® bioreactors than in the jars for all the sucrose treatments. Apical or basal sections of willow cultured in bioreactors under high light intensity (150 µmol m−2 s−1) and ventilated six times a day with CO2-enriched air were successfully proliferated without sucrose, whereas shoots cultured in jars did not proliferate well if sucrose concentration was 0.5% or lower. More roots were formed when sucrose was added to the medium. Shoots cultured in bioreactors were successfully acclimatized irrespective of the sucrose treatment and the root biomass when transferred to ex vitro conditions. This is the first report of photoautotrophic willow micropropagation, our results confirm the importance of proper gaseous exchange to attain autotrophy during in vitro propagation.

Effects of Sucrose Supplementation on Dry Matter Intake, Milk Yield, and Blood Metabolites of Periparturient Holstein Dairy Cows

Thirty-four multiparous Holstein dairy cows (780±17.2kg body weight; 3.4±0.08 body condition score) were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of fermentable carbohydrate source on dry matter (DM) intake, milk production, and blood metabolites of transition cows. Treatments were initiated 30 d before expected calving date. After calving, all cows went onto a similar lactating cow diet. Dry matter intake was measured daily, and milk production and composition were measured weekly for 56 d after calving The control diet consisted of 11.5% ground corn, whereas the treatment diet consisted of sucrose replacing 2.7% of ground corn on a DM basis. Prepartum plasma glucose concentrations were higher (66.3 vs. 69.3±1.13 mg/dl) for cows fed the diet containing sucrose. Glucose concentrations were not different postpartum. Prepartum and postpartum nonesterified fatty acids, blood urea N, and insulin did not differ between treatments. Substitution of sucrose as a readily available carbohydrate source for ground corn did not affect prepartum or postpartum DM intake. Milk yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, and milk components did not differ between treatments. Results from this research demonstrated that partially replacing ground corn with sucrose did not enhance prepartum or postpartum intake or performance.

Effect of sucrose supplementation by stem injection on the development of soybean plants

Effect of sucrose supplementation by stem injection on the development of soybean plants

Effect of sucrose supplementation by stem injection on the development of soybean plants

soybean plants for most of their period of growth and development. The sucrose supplementation had Over the past half decade several stem injection positive effects on soybean growth but suppressed methods have been developed for cereal plants. These photosynthesis. methods allow researchers to administer solutions to cereal plants to study their effects on plant physiology. Key words: Soybean, sucrose, injection. However, little work has been done to extend this technique to non-cereals. An experiment was con

The effect of sucrose supplementation on kinetics of nitrogen, ruminal propionate and plasma glucose in sheep

SUMMARYThe effects of dietary sucrose on the metabolic rate of plasma glucose and ruminal propionate as well as the change in nitrogen kinetics were examined in four mature wethers fitted with rumen fistulas in Tsukuba, Japan in 1990. Wethers were fed at 12 equal intervals daily on crushed lucerne hay cubes (1233 g DM/day), with or without 204 g/day of sucrose. Plasma urea and glucose kinetics were determined following a single intravenous injection of [I5N]urea and [U-13C]glucose respectively; and the kinetics of ruminal ammonia and propionate were determined following a single intraruminal injection of [15N]ammonium chloride and [2–13c]sodium propionate respectively. Following supplementation of sucrose to the diet, nitrogen retention was increased (P< 0·05) with a decrease in plasma urea concentration (P< 0·05) and urinary urea excretion (P< 0·05). Sucrose supplementation decreased (P< 005) the concentration and irreversible loss rate of ruminal ammonia. Urinary allantoin excretion did not change with sucrose treatment, but the flow rate of non-ammonia-nitrogen from the rumen was increasedP< 0·05). The transfer rate of ruminal ammonia to plasma urea was also decreased (P< 0·01), whilst the transfer rate of plasma urea to ruminal ammonia was increased (P< 0·05) by dietary sucrose. Sucrose supplementation resulted in a higher concentration of propionate and butyrate (P< 0·05) in the rumen with no significant change in acetate or pH. The concentration of plasma glucose did not change with sucrose treatment, but the concentration of insulin, pool size (P< 0·05) and the irreversible loss rate of glucose (P< 0·01) were increased, reflecting the increase in the production rate of ruminal propionate (P< 0·05). It was concluded that the supplementation of sucrose affected the metabolism of urea and glucose in plasma via a change in ruminal production rate of ammonia and propionate, respectively.

Sucrose Supplementation and Feed of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation

Based on results from previous 14-d sequential elimination trials, which indicated that cows in early lactation preferred a sucrose-sweetened diet, a 12-wk lactation trial was conducted to evaluate further the effects of sucrose supplementation. Twenty-four cows (16 multiparous Jerseys and 8 primiparous Holsteins) were assigned at parturition to a control or sucrose-sweetened (1.5% of dietary DM) TMR in a randomized complete block design. The diet included 10% corn silage, 30% alfalfa haylage, and 60% concentrate based on corn and soybean meal on a DM basis and was fed to ensure 10% orts. An additional 2.3kg of alfalfa hay were fed for the first 5 d postpartum. Covariant-adjusted (BW on the day of parturition) mean DMI, milk yields, 3.5% FCM yields, and percentages of milk fat, milk protein, and SNF were unaffected by treatment and averaged 19.0 and 19.1 kg/d, 28.4 and 29.3 kg/d. 28.4 and 28.4 kg/d, and 3.40 and 3.30%, 3.51 and 3.28%, and 8.4 and 8.3%, respectively, for cows on control and sucrose-supplemented diets. In the absence of a choice of diets, sucrose at 1.5% of dietary DM did not enhance mean DMI over the first 12 wk postpartum; however, a transient increase in consumption of the sucrose-supplemented diet may have occurred over the a 2-wk period after parturition. Variation in feed consumption during early lactation suggests that additional data are needed to examine this potential effect.

Influence of sucrose supplementation on nitrogen kinetics and energy metabolism in sheep fed with lucerne hay cubes

SummaryThe effects of sucrose supplementation on nitrogen kinetics and energy metabolism were examined in sheep fed lucerne hay cubes using a15N isotope dilution method and balance and respiration trials in Tsukuba, Japan in 1988. Sheep were fed lucerne hay cubes (1183 g DM/day), with or without 204 g/day sucrose, at 2 h intervals from continuous feeders. Supplementation with sucrose decreased urinary N excretion (P< 0·01), resulting in an increase in N retention from – 1·1 to + 2·0 g N/day (P< 0·01). Supplementation with sucrose resulted in no change in faeces and methane energy, a decrease in urinary energy (P< 0·01) and an increase in heat production and energy balance (P< 0·01). Sucrose supplementation also resulted in lower rumen ammonia (P< 0·05) and plasma urea concentrations (P< 0·05) and reduced urinary urea excretion (P< 0·01). The fermentation of sucrose in the rumen resulted in a decrease in rumen pH (P< 0·01) and in the acetate: propionate ratio (P< 0·05). Sucrose supplementation increased the proportion of urea transferred to the rumen (P< 0·05), non-ammonia N (NAN) concentration in the rumen (P< 0·001) and NAN flow from the rumen to the lower digestive tract (P< 0·001). Urinary allantoin excretion rate increased with sucrose supplementation (P< 0·05). The plasma glucose concentration was unchanged but plasma insulin concentration was increased with sucrose supplementation (P< 0·05). The influence of energy-rich supplements, such as sucrose, on N kinetics and the mechanism of the increase in N retention with sucrose supplementation are discussed.

Scleroglucan and oxalic acid formation by Sclerotium glucanicum in sucrose supplemented fermentations

Strategies for adding sucrose to stationary phase cultures of Sclerotium glucanicum to improve scleroglucan production were examined. Particular attention was paid to the effect of sucrose supplementation on the formation of the toxic by-product, oxalic acid. The rate of addition of sucrose was found to markedly influence the outcome of the process, with addition at a rate of 0.084 gl−1h−1 giving a 50% improvement in broth biopolymer concentration. Additions at higher rates seemed to cause inhibition of the culture. However, greatly increased oxalic acid concentrations in the sucrose supplemented fermentations, and the impact of unfavourable changes in productivity and specific productivity call into question the utility of this proposed method of process improvement for this microorganism.

The effect of sucrose supplements on particle-associated carboxymethylcellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) and xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) activities in cattle given grass-silage-based diet.

Carboxymethylcellulase (EC 3.2.1.4; CMCase) and xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) activities were assayed in rumen fluid and from microbes closely associated either with rumen particulate material or with feed particles incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of cattle. The cattle were fitted with a permanent rumen cannula and a simple 'T'-piece duodenal cannula and were given four diets in a 4 x 4 Latin Square experiment. The basal diet (diet C) consisted of grass silage, barley and rapeseed meal (700, 240 and 60 g/kg total dry matter (DM)) given at the rate of 5.3 kg/d or supplemented with 1.0 kg sucrose/d given twice daily (diet S), twice daily with 0.25 kg sodium bicarbonate/d (diet B) or as a continuous intrarumen infusion (diet I). Giving sucrose supplements decreased CMCase and xylanase activities extracted from microbes associated with rumen particulate material or feed particles incubated in nylon bags as compared with diet C. Supplementation of the sucrose diet with sodium bicarbonate resulted in higher CMCase and xylanase activities than other sucrose diets (S and I). Particle-associated CMCase and xylanase activities were found to be very sensitive in detecting differences in the rumen environment and were related to changes in cell wall digestion. The activities were highly correlated with disappearance of DM and neutral-detergent fibre from nylon bags incubated in the rumen, rumen and total digestion of cell-wall carbohydrates and rumen pool size of cell-wall carbohydrates. It was concluded that the attachment of fibrinolytic enzymes is involved in the depression of fibre digestion. Particle-associated CMCase and xylanase activities were much higher when measured from rumen particulate material than from feed particles incubated in nylon bags.

Dietary sucrose supplementation fails to modify fat deposition in lean or obese rats.

The effects of sucrose supplementation on body composition and heat production were studied in lean, dietary (cafeteria diet) and genetically (Zucker fa/fa) obese adult (60 days) rats. Sucrose supplement (29 kJ) for 10 days did not result in significant changes in the pattern of energy (fat) deposition or carcass composition. There were no alterations, either, in heat production measured by direct calorimetry. Under the conditions studied, sucrose intake did not affect lipid deposition or thermogenesis.

Sucrose supplements in cattle given grass silage-based diet. 2. Digestion of cell wall carbohydrates

The effect of sucrose supplements on cell wall digestion was studied in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment using male cattle fitted with a rumen cannula and a simple T-piece duodenal cannula. The control diet (C), fed at the level of 5.3 kg dry matter (DM) day −1, consisted of grass silage (700 g kg −1 DM), barley (240 g kg −1 DM) and rapeseed meal (60 kg −1 DM). The three other diets were supplemented with 1.0 kg of sucrose given twice daily (S), or twice daily with 0.25 kg day −1 of sodium bicarbonate (B), or as a continuous intraruminal infusion (I). Duodenal flows of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), cellulose and hemicellulose were estimated using chromium (Cr)-mordanted straw and CoEDTA as flow markers. The degradation characteristics of silage DM, NDF and ADF were determined by incubating the samples in nylon bags in the rumen for different periods of time. Sucrose supplements increased duodenal flows of NDF ( P < 0.1), ADF ( P < 0.05), cellulose ( P < 0.05) and hemicellulose ( P < 0.1) compared with Diet C. In spite of partial compensation for the reduced rumen digestion in the hindgut, the total digestibility of cell wall carbohydrates decreased when sucrose was included in the diet. Among the sucrose diets, bicarbonate supplement alleviated the adverse effect of sucrose on fibre digestion and the values observed with Diet B were similar to those with Diet C. Continuous infusion of sucrose had a similar adverse effect on fibre digestion to Diet S. Feeding Diets S and I decreased the disappearance of silage DM, NDF and ADF from nylon bags, especially after incubation periods of 12–48 h, and as a result the rate constants for the degradation of different silage components were lower ( P < 0.05) than with Diets C and B. Sucrose supplements increased the lag time of fibre digestion.

Effect of sucrose supplementation on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus 2999 cultures in soybeans and cashew fruit juice

The aflatoxigenic potential ofAspergillus parasiticus 2999 on soybeans (raw and cooked) and cashew fruit juice (ripe, unripe, raw and cooked) variously supplemented with sucrose (0–20g) has been evaluated. Aflatoxin production showed a dual increase with increasing sucrose (0–20g) and soybeans (0.1–2.0g) concentrations which probably indicates the limited availability of suitable carbon sources in soybeans. This may be partly responsible for its resistance to aflatoxin synthesis. Two to five per cent (w/v) sucrose supplementation was optimal for maximal toxin production in cashew juice. Above this range aflatoxin production dropped steeply. Cooked soybeans supported higher yields of toxin than raw, in direct contrast with cashew fruit juice. Ripe cashew juice produced a greater quantity of toxin than the unripe. More fluorescent metabolites were synthesized in cashew fruit media than in soybeans. These results have been discussed in relation to the limiting role of the carbon source and the resistance to aflatoxin production on natural substrates.

Studies on the effect of sucrose supplements on nitrogen metabolism in sheep with infusions of dietary protein either into the rumen or into the abomasum

ZusammenfassungUntersuchungen über den Einfluß von Zuckerzulagen auf den Stickstoff‐Umsatz von Schafen bei Infusion des Futterproteins in den Pansen oder in den LabmagenZwei ausgewachsene Schafhammel mit permanenter Fistel in Pansen und Labmagen erhielten täglich 500 g Weizenstroh allein oder ergänzt durch 200 bzw. 400 g Saccharose. Zusätzlich wurden täglich 100 g Casein je durch eine der beiden Fisteln infundiert. Der Infusionsort hatte keinen Einfluß auf die Verdaulichkeit von organischer Substanz oder Rohfaser. Unabhängig vom Infusionsort bewirkten die Zucker‐Zulagen einen proportionalen Anstieg der Stickstoff‐Ausscheidung im Kot und eine stärkere Einschränkung der Harnstoff‐Ausscheidung im Harn bei gleichzeitigem Anstieg der Allantoin‐Ausscheidung im Harn. Für jede Höhe der Zucker‐Zulage gilt, daß bei Casein‐Infusion in den Labmagen deutlich weniger Harnstoff im Harn ausgeschieden wurde als bei der entsprechenden Infusion in den Pansen.

The effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the ensiling characteristics of perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot

SUMMARYThe effect of three levels of N fertilizer on the ensiling characteristics of S. 24 perennial ryegrass and S. 37 cocksfoot have been examined during first growth in two growing seasons. The effects of sucrose supplementation, inoculation with Lactobacillus plantarum and wilting were also examined in certain cuts. All silages were made in the laboratory using a small scale vacuum silage technique.The perennial ryegrass herbage was higher in water soluble carbohydrates than the cocksfoot, N fertilizers decreased soluble carbohydrates and dry-matter content in both species. Buffering capacity was not consistently different between grasses or between N levels.Herbage was cut at two stages of maturity in the first year. In the first cut (8 days before ear emergence), perennial ryegrass silages were well preserved irrespective of the amount of N applied to the grass. Cocksfoot silages were well preserved only when the lowest level of N fertilizer had been applied (50 kg/ha). Supplementation of cocksfoot with sucrose prior to ensiling markedly improved silage quality, but inoculation had no effect. In the second cut (26 days after ear emergence) the grasses were higher in drymatter content and showed a lower buffering capacity, but neither ryegrass nor cocksfoot silages were well preserved unless supplemented with sucrose prior to ensiling.In the second year of the experiment only one cut was taken (9 days after ear emergence). As in the previous year, silages made from herbage at a late stage of growth were poorly preserved. Wilting prior to ensiling resulted in well-preserved silages.It is concluded that the need for additives and wilting to ensure satisfactory preservation varies in relation to the variety of grass used and its stage of growth.

THE PROTEIN‐SPARING EFFECT OF CARBOHYDRATE IN NORMAL AND BURNED RATS

1. Studies of the nitrogen excretion of tube‐fed rats have been made under different dietary conditions, and following a standard burn.2. Substitution of carbohydrate for the fat of a 25 per cent. fat diet, without changing the caloric intake, results in a reduced nitrogen excretion.3. In unburned animals a sucrose supplement given with the meals substantially reduces the nitrogen excretion on a non‐fat diet during a 3‐day period, following which it rises toward its previous level.4. The data obtained upon the effect of sucrose supplements after burning, when examined statistically, did not permit of a decision either way.5. The significance of these findings is discussed.