Effect Of Storage Environment Research Articles

Analysis of volatile components in inkjet printouts by GC–MS: A classification method

Considering the high use of inkjet printing in forgery cases, the classification of inkjet printing is particularly important in questioned document examination. In this work, a universal GC–MS method has been developed to analyze various ink components extracted from inkjet printouts. The results indicated that several components detected and identified across 195 inks could be used to distinguish printer manufacturers. A trend of decreasing solvent concentration over time was observed through the continuous monitoring of 7 samples. The results shown that this method is useful for forensic classification purposes, and can be useful regardless effects of storage environment, paper or printer. Furthermore, the application of this method in the analysis of counterfeit banknotes illustrated its feasibility and applicability.

Classification of raw Pu-erh teas with different storage time based on characteristic compounds and effect of storage environment

Contents of catechins, flavonoids, purine alkaloids and amino acids in raw Pu-erh teas (RPTs) of a storage time scale below 10 years and old RPTs stored in Yunnan and Guangdong Province, were determined by HPLC. Tea quality improved highly significantly (p < 0.01) after 8 years of storage through sensory evaluation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) could classify RPTs into 3 categories (new, chen and old tea group, respectively) completely based on detected compounds. Gallic acid (GA), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (−)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG), (−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-gallocatechin, l-tyrosine, l-theanine, l-glutamic acid, l-asparagine and l-valine with highly significant (p < 0.01) variations could discriminate the storage time. The highly significant (p < 0.01) increase of GA might be attributed to the hydrolyzation of ECG, EGCG and GCG by existed microbes in the storage. Kaempferol and myricetin contents were increased highly significant (p < 0.01) during the storage. Hot-humid storage environment accelerated the degradation of ester catechins, l-theanine, l-asparagine, l-alanine and l-valine, and the accumulation of GA, kaempferol and quercetin. This study helps to reveal quality and chemical change rules of RPTs during the storage.

Effect of storage environment on the crystallinity and compressive load of starch based biodegradable cup

The effect of storage environment on the overall crystallinity and compressive load of commercially sold starch based biodegradable cup was determined. Using FTIR and DSC, the components of the cup was identified as starch, polypropylene (PP) and organic acid as compatibilizer. Using TGA, the weight percentage of starch and PP components were 13 and 58%, respectively. The samples were stored 20°C, 80% RH and 40°C, 40% RH for 4 months. Using DSC, the overall crystallinity was evaluated based on the heat of fusion (Hf). Using XRD, the crystalline structure was evaluated based on peaks and full width at maximum height (FWMH). After 4 months, DSC results showed only one endothermic peak with melting point of ≈165°C at both conditions. The Hf was remained ≈50 J/g. Based on XRD results, there were no development of new crystalline peaks and the peak FHWM remained unchanged. Initially, the percentage samples below the set limit of compressive load was ≈20%. The percentage below the set limit was ≈40% for samples stored at 20°C, 80% RH, whereas ≈20% for samples stored at 40°C, 40% RH. The 80% RH at 20°C increased the moisture content from 2% to 3.1%. The overall crystallinity remained unchanged after storage. Water became a plasticizer for the starch component. The increase in moisture content could have decreased the compressive load during storage.

Effect of storage environment and period on viability of breadnut (Artocarpus camansi Blanco) seeds in rainforest agroecology, Nigeria

Effect of storage environment and period on viability of breadnut (Artocarpus camansi Blanco) seeds in rainforest agroecology, Nigeria

The Effect of Storage Environment on Dimensional Changes of Acrylic Resin Post Patterns

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare dimensional changes of two types of auto polymerizing acrylic resin patterns (APARPs) in three different storing environments. Methods: 60 acrylic post and core patterns were made of two types of Duralay acrylic resins (Aria dent, Iran and Reliance, Dental Mfg. Co, USA) using a canine model. Then coronal, apical diameter and coronoapical length of patterns were measured. Afterwards, they were divided into two categories of 30 for each type of Duralay acrylic resin type. Each category was divided into three groups of ten randomly to immerse in three storage environments (Deconex®53plus Borer ChemieAG, Switzerland), Unident ® Impre(USF Healthcare S.A, Sweitzerland) and water. After one hour, three mentioned values were measured again. Data were analyzed by SPSS20 using t-test, paired t-test and ANOVA. Results: Results showed that there were no statistically difference (p value> 0.05) about all dimensions of auto polymerizing acrylic post and core patterns except apical diameter and coronoapical length of Dental Mfg. Co, USA in Deconex®53 plus. Conclusion: The best environment to store Duralay APARPs with minimal changes was water and for disinfection, Deconex®53plus and Unident ® Imprecan showed acceptable properties with both of Duralay types.

Effect of storage environment on hydrogen generation by the reaction of Al with water

Water vapor rather than oxygen is responsible for the degradation of Al activity during storage in atmospheric environment.

Dry matter, Free Sugar and Starch Changes in Tuber Regions of White Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.), and the Effect of Storage Environment

This study was conducted to determine the changes in dry matter (DM), free sugar (FS) and starch contents in the three yam (D. rotundata) tuber regions under two storage environmental conditions (natural light- yam barn, or and darkness). Three varieties of D. rotundata (alaako, Dodoro and Odo) were studied. The dry matter content of the Head region was the highest (28.6%), followed by the Middle (26.9%) and Tail (22.3%) regions. Change in dry matter content of the tuber is mainly due to rapid changes in the dry matter content of the Tail region over time. Storage environment significantly (P&lt; 0.05) affected dry matter content of the three tuber regions at 8 and 16 weeks in storage (WIS). Head regions per variety were lower in dry matter when stored under Light than in the Dark at 8 WIS, while the reverse was the case for the Tail. This may relate to the release of endodormancy. By 16 WIS, when tubers stored under Light had well developed sprouts and those stored in the Dark only showed the first sign of sprouting, all Head regions had higher dry matter content under Light than in Dark storage. This may be due to the presence of sprouts. Storage environment did not significantly affect starch content at the various tuber regions. Head regions had higher percentage free sugar content under Light than Dark storage, and these effects were manifested between 8 and 16 WIS.

Effect of Storage Environment on the Extent of Lipid Oxidation in Peanut and Cowpea Based Infant Food

Effect of Storage Environment on the Extent of Lipid Oxidation in Peanut and Cowpea Based Infant Food

Effect of selected modified atmosphere packaging on Campylobacter survival in raw poultry

Most current research on Campylobacter has focused on preharvest or processing plant cross-contamination. Little is known about the effect of storage environment on the survival of Campylobacter on raw poultry. We evaluated the effects of modified storage atmosphere and freezing on the survival of naturally occurring Campylobacter on raw poultry. Broiler carcasses (n = 560) were collected as they exited the chiller in 2 commercial processing plants and were sampled for the detection of Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, psychrophiles, and total aerobes at 0 and 14 d of refrigerated (2°C) storage. Gases evaluated were air, 100% O(2), 100% CO(2), and a standard poultry modified atmosphere packaging mixture (5% O(2) + 10% CO(2) + 85% N). Freezing was included as a control group. All carcasses were sampled by the whole-carcass rinse method. The rinse fluid was recovered and pooled from 5 individual rinses, and serial dilutions were made for examination of Campylobacter (42°C, 48 h), E. coli (37°C, 24 h), psychrophiles (plate count agar, 4°C, 7 d), and total aerobic bacterial populations (plate count agar, 37°C, 24 h). Campylobacter counts for all treatments were reduced during the 14-d storage period but the 100% O(2) treatment caused a significantly (P < 0.05) greater reduction than the other gas treatments. For the psychrophiles, storage in air resulted in the greatest growth after 14 d, with reduced psychrophilic growth allowed by either O(2) or the modified atmosphere packaging mixture (not different from each other). Of the treatments evaluated, CO(2) allowed the least growth of psychrophiles. Proliferation of E. coli and aerobes was the greatest when packaged in air after 14 d, whereas CO(2) packaging resulted in the least growth. These data suggest that storage under O(2) may reduce Campylobacter recovery and slow psychrophile and aerobe recovery following storage.

Optical Brightening Agents in Photographic Paper

A reference collection of mostly 20th-century photographic paper was surveyed for the presence of optical brightening agents. Only fiber-based, gelatin silver paper was assessed. In all, 1,804 samples were examined, dating from 1896 to 2004 and representing 40 different manufacturers. No optical brightening agents were found in samples dating from 1896 to 1949. The first occurrence of optical brightening agent was found in samples dating between 1950 and 1954. Between 1955 and 1964, the frequency of occurrence for optical brightening agents increased rapidly. Toward the latter part of this date range the occurrence of optical brighteners rose, with 70% of all samples showing brighteners. Between 1965 and 1979, occurrence of optical brightening agents declined to a low of 39% of all samples. A marked increase in occurrence was observed after 1980, when 81% of samples exhibited optical brightening agents. These results indicate that a significant proportion, and for some time periods a significant majority, of black-and-white, paper-based photographs made after the early 1950s contain optical brightening agents. This finding has implications for the treatment and display of photographs, as the presence of optical brightening agents is not routinely documented and the effects of storage environment, display, and treatment are poorly understood.

Effects of Processing Conditions and Environmental Exposure on the Tensile Properties of Parboiled Rice

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and tensile modulus of elasticity (MOE) of parboiled rice were investigated. UTS and tensile modulus were measured for two rice varieties, Lemont and Rico-1, with respect to 5 and 10 min steaming durations, 21 and 40 °C drying temperatures, four storage environments of no exposure, 65, 86 and 100% relative humidity (RH) at room temperature, and six exposure durations of 0, 1, 2, 3, 9 and 24 h. Long grain, high amylose Lemont was found superior in UTS and MOE than medium grain, low amylose Rico-1, both before and after parboiling. Increasing steaming duration from 5 to 10 min increased the degree of parboiling, and consequently increased the UTS and MOE in both the varieties. Increasing drying temperature from 21 to 40 °C decreased the strength properties. Effect of storage environment and RH on the tensile strength properties revealed that in no exposure condition as well as 65% RH environment the tensile strength properties increased slightly or remained stable. When exposed to higher than 65% RH environment at room temperature the strength properties progressively decreased over storage period. The decrement rate was fast with high humidity of 100% and prolonged storage of 9–24 h, and the decrease was as high as 66·6% of the initial strength.

The effect of storage environment on the longevity of conidia of Beauveria bassiana

The effect of air-dry storage environment on the longevity of conidia from seven isolates of Beauveria bassiana produced at different times and locations was determined by estimating the parameters of a viability equation. Conidia were stored hermetically at six to 11 moisture contents between 2.3 and 32.0% with one (50 ± 0.5 °C) to five constant temperatures (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ± 0.5°) for various periods up to 372 d and then tested for viability. All isolates behaved similarly (P > 0.25) in terms of the relative effect of moisture content (Cw) and temperature (CH and CQ) on conidial longevity; common values were Cw = 3.05 (SE = 0.07), CH = 0.0293 (SE = 0.0078), and CQ = 0.00081 (SE = 0.00011). Estimates of the low-moisture-content limit to the negative logarithmic relation between conidial moisture content and longevity were 4.6 and 5.0% at 50° and 40°, respectively, for isolate I98–1140ss, and 5.2 and 5.1% moisture content, respectively, for isolate I97–1111. Absolute longevity (KE) varied considerably (P < 0.005) among isolates, even within an isolate when conidia were produced at different locations. Among the eight samples of seven isolates, two cohorts were identified with respect to KE (P < 0.005): conidia of three isolates which were produced at Ascot had a common estimate of KE of 6.696 (SE = 0.170), whereas those produced at Nairobi or Carolina provided a lower estimate (6.203, SE = 0.029). This difference in KE means that for any given viability period in any given environment, the conidia produced in Ascot provided about three times the longevity of the other samples.

Effects of Storage Environment on Farmers Stock Peanut Grade Factors in an Aerated Warehouse in West Texas

Abstract Temperature and relative humidity (RH) in an aerated warehouse in west Texas were monitored during storage of 1994 and 1995 crop farmer stock (FS) peanuts. Temperature and RH were measured at various positions throughout a vertical cross section of the peanut mass in the overspace and outside the warehouse. Data were collected at 1-hr intervals throughout storage. Peanut mass temperatures averaged 9.6 C during storage for the 1994 crop and 10.3 C for the 1995 crop. Relative humidity for the 1994 crop storage averaged 68.3 and 57.9% for the 1995 crop storage. Farmer stock grades were collected at warehouse loading and unloading for 10- to 12-t lots of peanuts stored in the warehouse (Wpnuts) and for samples (Spnuts) positioned at temperature and RH sensor locations. Wpnuts, in approaching equilibrium moisture with ambient RH, lost 2% moisture content both storage years. Spnuts lost 1.4% moisture content during storage of both crops. Percentage sound mature kernels (SMK) from Wpnuts decreased by 3.3% during 1994 crop storage and 6.6% during 1995 crop storage. Percentage SMK from Spnuts decreased 2.2 and 6.2% for the two storage years. Percentage sound splits (SS) for the Wpnuts increased 2.2% during 1994 crop storage and 4.2% during the 1995 crop storage. Percentage SS for Spnuts increased 2.4 and 6.1%, respectively. Changes in other grade factors were not consistent comparing percentage values for Wpnuts and Spnuts. Data indicate that maintaining grade and quality during FS peanut storage in west Texas will require knowledge of moisture content of peanuts placed into the warehouse and environmental monitoring in order to determine storage length. For 3- to 5-mo storage, it is recommended that FS peanuts have a moisture content close to 10% when placed into storage for peanuts to be above 7% when unloaded from the warehouse.

Effect of storage environment on carrot root rots and biochemical changes during storage

The optimum temperature and relative humidity for the development of carrot root rot during storage were found to be 20°C and 60%, respectively, and rot development increased as these environmental factors increased in magnitude. Temperature and relative humidity both enhance the biodeterioration of the carrot root through an increase in the diameter the rotted area of infected roots. The rot during storage was found to be caused by Rhizopus oryzae, Trichoderma harzianum, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. The fungi enter through wounds and natural openings. The amounts of total soluble sugar in rotted carrot root were substantially decreased 2 – 4 days after infection and paper chromatography showed the presence of glucose, maltose, sucrose, lactose and galactose in healthy carrot roots, while only lactose and galactose were present in infected roots. The ascorbic acid, total nitrogen, crude protein, crude fibre, fat and mineral contens in infected carrot roots reduced as the storage period was prolonged.

Short‐Term Changes in the Molybdate Reactive Phosphorus of Stored Soil Waters

AbstractPrecise determination of molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP) in waters is needed to accurately quantify sources of bioavailable phosphorus (P) entering into fresh water systems. Leachate waters from soils were collected from lysimeters to study the short‐term stability of MRP during sample storage from 2 h up to 32 d. The effects of different chemical preservatives (iodine, sulfuric acid, and mercury) were different in different soil water types, sometimes causing an increase in MRP a few days after storage. The effects of storage environment (refrigeration, freezing, outside, darkness, and in ambient laboratory conditions) also varied between soil types, with the least changes noted in samples stored in the ambient laboratory conditions and under refrigeration. Larger vessels (25 L) retained MRP more effectively than smaller vessels (30 mL) and teflon‐polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was the vessel material preferred to polyethylene and polythene. The mechanisms responsible for the changes are thought to be a complex interaction between biological (microbial incorporation/release), chemical (adsorption/desorption and hydrolysis), and physical (presence/absence of particle material) factors. The conclusions were that different waters behave differently, that losses are rapid (hours and days) and that rapid analysis is essential to provide a correct assessment of water quality.

The effect of post-curing chemical changes on the mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement

Total joint replacement is a procedure which gives pain relief and renewed mobility to over 50 000 people each year in the UK alone. While offering new hope to many of these people, approximately 10% of these prostheses fail within 10 years. It is thought that cement fracture could be one cause of the failure of the implant. This study was primarily concerned with the effect of storage environment and time period on the work of fracture of Simplex P bone cement. It was found that the storage conditions had a significant influence on the work of fracture of bone cement. In particular, storage at body temperatures embrittled the cement, while storage in fluid media had a plasticizing effect. These trends were related to post-curing chemical changes within the cement mass, specifically the absorption of low molecular mass species from the storage environments, and the leaching of residual monomer from the cement.

The effect of storage environment on the infection of potato tubers byAlternaria solani

Manipulation of storage environment to provide favorable conditions for wound healing immediately after harvest reducedAlternaria solani tuber infection. Prestorage of tubers at 15.6°C for three weeks before final storage at 10°C normally maintained for commercial storage of potato chip stocks resulted in fewer and smaller lesions than constant storage at 10°C or 4.4°C or prestorage for varying periods at these temperatures. Prestorage of potatoes at a low temperature (4.4°C) for 1–3 months resulted in moreA. solani infection suggesting that low temperatures may inhibit the wound healing process more than they reduce rates ofA. solani infection or disease development.