Effect Of Split Application Research Articles

Effects of Split Application of Urea on Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Emissions From a Rainfed Maize Field in Northeast China

Split application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers during different crop growth stages to fulfill the crop N requirements reduces soil mineral N concentrations and improves the efficiency of crop N fertilizer use, and can decrease nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from the soil. However, inconsistent results regarding N2O emissions have been reported in rainfed areas. Furthermore, few long-term studies have explained the effects of split N application on soil methane (CH4) flux, thus limiting complete assessment of the effects of split N application on total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, long-term monitoring is urgently required to understand the impacts of split N application on GHG emissions in rainfed areas. In this study, a 6-year field experiment was conducted in a rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) field in Northeast China. The experiment included three treatments: no N application representing control (CK), single application at the sowing stage of maize (SU), and split N at the sowing and jointing stages at a ratio of 1: 2 (SF). Between the sowing and jointing stages, N2O emissions were significantly higher in SU than in SF. However, high N2O emissions were observed in SF for 1 month after N application at the jointing stage possibly because the time of N application coincided with optimum precipitation and soil temperature conditions, which stimulated N2O emissions. Overall, the total N2O emissions showed no significant difference between SU and SF. During the study period, split application of N fertilizer did not significantly affect the cumulative CH4 flux. Compared to CK, the yield-scaled GWP in SF treatment increased by 18.7% (p < 0.05). Ammonia (NH3) volatilization in SF was 272% higher than that in SU. The findings indicated that split N application exhibited an environmental risk by increasing the yield-scaled GWP and NH3 emissions in the field. Thus, this study suggested that single N application applied in the sowing stage should be employed in rainfed fields to mitigate the yield-scaled GWP and NH3 emissions, and maintain efficient maize yields.

Reguladores de crescimento na cultura do algodão (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

A aplicação adequada de reguladores de crescimento no manejo do algodoeiro permite maior controle do crescimento vegetativo, interferindo positivamente na produtividade da cultura. Objetivou-se comparar os efeitos de níveis de reguladores de crescimento vegetal aplicados no algodoeiro. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Fitotecnia da Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul - UUA, com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x4, cujos tratamentos foram compostos por dois reguladores de crescimento (cloreto de mepiquat e cloreto de clormequat) aplicados em quatro níveis (0 mL; 100 mL; 200 mL e 300 mL por hectare do produto comercial), com quatro repetições. As aplicações foram parceladas em 4 etapas (25% da respectiva dose total em cada uma delas). A primeira aplicação foi feita quando as plantas atingiram 50 cm de altura média (estádio fenológico B1). As aplicações subsequentes foram realizadas quando as plantas apresentaram média de comprimento dos cinco últimos entrenós da haste principal, igual ou superior a 3,5 centímetros. O cloreto de mepiquat proporciona redução na altura de plantas, menor diâmetro da haste e maior estande de plantas. Para ambos os reguladores, o nível de 200 mL ha 1-1 do p.c promove menores alturas de plantas e diâmetros da haste. O aumento dos níveis dos reguladores resulta em menores produtividades de algodão em caroço e redução no número de capulhos abertos por planta. A massa de 100 sementes, a produtividade e o rendimento de fibra não são afetados pelo uso dos reguladores em diferentes níveis.

Effects of Improved Nursery Management, Seedling Transplanting Age and Split Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Growth and Yield of Lowland Rice in Eastern Uganda

Rice yields in Uganda are still low due to poor rice production methods on smallholder farms in particular poor nursery and nitrogen fertilizer management practices. The study was set up to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, nursery management and age of seedlings at transplanting on the yield of four rice cultivars (WITA 9, GSR 007, K 85 and K 5) in eastern Uganda. The nursery experiment was established with five treatments: 1) control (no chemical + transplanting 30-day old seedling), 2) di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) + fungicide + transplanting 14-day old seedlings, 3) DAP + transplanting 14-day old seedlings, 4) DAP + transplanting 30-day seedlings and 5) fungicide + transplanting 30-day old seedlings. Effect of split application of N on yield, was studied with urea (46% N) as the fertilizer source using a split-plot design with control (no fertilizer added) and 23 and 46 kg N ha-1 applied either basally or in two splits. Applying fertilizer in the nursery and transplanting 14-day old seedlings increased yields by 23-30% relative to the control, while using 30-day old seedlings did not result in any yield gain irrespective of the treatment. Splitting N applications increased yields by 0.1-0.3 t ha-1 and increased agronomic efficiency marginally. Applying 23 kg of N in two splits gave the highest return over fertilizer cost (US$ 855/ha). This demonstrates that lowland rice production in Uganda can be increased by a combination of nutrient management in the nursery, transplanting young seedlings and splitting applications of nitrogen fertilizer and represents a simple and economical option for farmers to increase rice yields. This is especially important considering that fertilizer use among smallholder farmers is restricted by high prices and limited availability. Improving N- and nursery management has great prospects for increasing rice yields on all cultivars in smallholder farms at minimal costs.

Transition in quality attributes of true potato seed (TPS) under split application of nitrogen and boron

In Bangladesh, the utilization and expansion of potato production is limited via TPS technology due to the quality of true potato seed (TPS). Keeping it in view, two experiments were conducted during October 2013 to April 2014 and October 2014 to April 2015 to investigate the effect of split application of nitrogen (SN) and boron (B) on quality hybrid TPS. The TPS-67 (♂) and MF-II (♀) were used. The experiment comprised two factors namely factor-A [nitrogen splitting (4 levels): SN0 = 2 splits (conventional), SN1 = 3 splits, SN2 = 4 splits and SN3 = 5 splits (SN)] and factor-B [boron (4 levels): B0 = 0 kg B ha− 1, B1 = 4 kg B ha− 1, B2 = 6 kg B ha− 1 and B3 = 8 kg B ha− 1] whereas SN and B were treated as main plot and sub-plot, respectively under split-plot design with three replications. Most of the quality traits increase significantly up to SN3 which were statistically similar to SN2 and similar trends were found in the case of B application. Although, we found the maximum TPS yield in both years from the combination of SN1B3 (3 split applications of N and 8 kg B ha− 1); but based on quality parameters, the combination of SN3B3 exhibited the maximum results in case of 100-TPS (86.87 mg), protein (11.01%), lipid (21.95%) and germination (98.11%) which was statistically similar to SN2B3 and SN2B2 combinations whereas the SN0B0 exhibited the worst one. Finally, it may be concluded that the combination of SN2B2 (4 split applications of N and 6 kg B ha− 1) is the best for producing quality TPS from the potato mother plant under the prevailing climatic condition of Bangladesh.

The effects of split application of enhanced efficiency fertilizers on non-winter nitrous oxide emissions from winter wheat

This study tested if non-winter cumulative nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, emission factors, and yield-scaled N2O emissions were affected by split application of enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers in a rain-fed winter wheat crop. Based on initial soil tests, fertilizers were applied at 84 kg N ha−1in year 1 and 72 kg N ha−1in year 2. Two trials were completed each year. Trial 1 applied (1) urea, (2) urea with nitrification inhibitor, (3) nitrification and urease inhibitors, and (4) polymer-coated urea as (1) 100% side-banded at planting, 30% side-banded at planting and (2) 70% surface-applied in late fall, or (3) 70% surface-applied in spring at Feekes growth stage 4 (GS4). Trial 2 applied (1) urea–ammonium nitrate (UAN), (2) UAN treated with nitrification inhibitor, (3) urease inhibitor, (4) a combination of both, (5) granular urea, and (6) polymer-coated urea, all applied 50% side-banded at planting and 50% surface-applied at GS4. Cumulative N2O emissions from fertilized soils ranged from 0.101 to 0.433 kg N ha−1. The emission factors for trial 1 were greater in year 1 than year 2 (P ≤ 0.05). There were no treatment differences in cumulative N2O emissions in trial 2. However, cumulative N2O emissions, emission factors, and yield-scaled N2O emissions from trial 1 were higher when fertilizer was split-applied in late fall compared with at GS4 (all P ≤ 0.05). This study demonstrates that under best management practices, it is better to apply the required rate in the form of conventional fertilizer at planting rather than split application.

Effect of Split N-Fertilizer Application on Soil Quality and Maize Yield of Tropical Alfisol

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of split application of nitrogen fertilizer on soil properties and maize yield. Two sites at Apatapiti layout, South gate of the Federal University of Technology Akure were used as the experimental sites. The experiment was designed in a randomized-complete-block design arrangement with three replications. The treatments consisted of urea applied at four levels of split application (0kgha-1, 60kgha-1 basal application, 30kgha-1 basal application+ 30kgha-1 applied at 15 days after planting, 30kgha-1basal application + 20kgha-1applied at 15 days after planting + 10kgha-1applied at 30 days after planting). The plot size was 2 m x 2 m with 1 m space between plots and blocks. Maize (Zea mays L. var. TZB-SR) was planted at 75 cm by 25 cm spacing and 10 were sampled per unit for yield parameters. Split application of urea (30kgha-1basal application + 20kgha-1applied at 15 days after planting + 10kgha-1applied at 30 days after planting) significantly (p>0.05) increased N content of the soil. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference with regard to other nutrients. Soil pH was significantly (p>0.05) reduced as a result of urea application in all treatments. Split urea fertilizer application retained a considerable amount of nitrogen in soil even after the harvest of maize. Exchangeable cations were not significantly different from one another as well as CEC. Split application of urea (30kgha-1basal application + 20kgha-1applied at 15 days after planting + 10kgha-1applied at 30 days after planting) gave the highest grain yield of maize for both sites. Also, plant biomass of both split application were better than the basal application and control.

The split application of potassium influence the production, nutrients extraction, and quality of sweet potatoes

The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of split application of potassium (K) fertilizer on the production and quality of sweet potatoes. Ten treatments were evaluated in factorial design (3 × 3 + 1): three doses of potassium (60, 90, and 120 kg K2O ha−1); three application types (100% applied at planting; 50% applied at planting and 50% was given as topdressing; 25% applied at planting and 75% was given as topdressing) and one control (without the application of K2O either at planting or topdressing). The experiment used a randomized complete block design and four repetitions. The following parameters were studied: root number; root fresh matter per plant; total dry matter; yield; total macronutrient extraction; sugar content of starch; and commercial starch. The production characteristics of the roots presented a significant interaction between the factors doses of potassium and application types (parcelaments). Finally, better results were obtained when potassium was applied 50% at planting and 50% as topdressing.

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Effect of split application of nitrogen fertilizer on yield traits and yield of high yielding aromatic rice varieties in Bangladesh

A field experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during Aman season in 2013 to evaluate the effect of proper time of nitrogen application on yield and yield parameters of high yielding rice varieties. Two transplanted aromatic aman rice varieties (BRRI dhan37 and BRRI dhan38) and four timing of nitrogen fertilizer application (N 1 = ½ during final land preparation + ½ at 30 DAT, N 2 = 1 / 3 at 15 DAT + 1 / 3 at 30 DAT + 1 / 3 at 45 DAT, N 3 = 1 / 4 at 15 DAT + ½ at 30 DAT + 1 / 4 at 45 DAT and N 4 = 2 / 3 at 15 DAT + 1 / 3 at 45 DAT) were used in this experiment. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications as factorial arrangement. All agronomic practices were applied as recommended for each cultivar. Yield and yield traits (plant height, total tillers, effective panicle, panicle length, grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index) was measured. Results showed that the effect of nitrogen split application on plant height, total tillers, effective panicle, panicle length, grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and straw yield was significant. The results revealed that three equal splits of nitrogen (N 2 ) application ( 1 / 3 at 15 DAT + 1 / 3 at 30 DAT + 1 / 3 at 45 DAT) produced the highest grain yield (3.29 t ha -1 ) which was statistical differed from all N splits application treatments and the lowest grain yield (2.41 tha -1 ) was obtained from N 1 treatment which was statistically similar to N 4 treatment. The variety effect was significant on all traits except plant height, number of grains panicle -1 , number sterile spikelets panicle -1 and stubble yield. The variety BRRI dhan38 produced more grain yield than BRRI dhan37. The effect of nitrogen split application and variety (N×V) on total traits was significant and N 2 ×V 2 combination produced the highest grain yield among all the combinations.

Effect of nitrogen-sulphur nutrition and inhibitors of nitrification on the yield and quality of maize grain

Effect of nitrogen-sulphur nutrition and inhibitors of nitrification on the yield and quality of maize grain

Effect of split applications of oil cake on leaf nutrient contents, tree growth, and fruit quality in non-astringent persimmon trees

ABSTRACTOil cake, widely used as an organic source of nutrients in horticultural production in South Korea, is a by-product when oil is extracted from various oilseeds. Split applications of oil cake were supplied to evaluate their effects on tree growth and fruit production in organic, non-astringent persimmon (Diospyros × kaki Thunb.) trees in 2009 and in 2010. Treatments included a single annual application of oil cake at 150 kg N ha−1 in April (single application), two applications in April and July (105 and 45 kg N ha−1, respectively; two-split application), or three applications in April, June, and August (60, 45, and 45 kg N ha−1, respectively; three-split application), as well as zero application of oil cake (control). All applications of oil cake significantly increased the amount of ground-cover vegetation compared to the control. The single and two-split applications increased soil organic matter (OM), K2O, CaO, and MgO concentrations, and cation exchange capacity to a soil depth of 0–30 cm in 2010. Oil cake applications increased soil porosity in 2010, as well as overall chlorophyll (SPAD values) and macronutrient concentrations in leaves in 2009 and 2010. Single and two-split applications stimulated water-sprout development, reduced the light intensity inside the tree canopy, and increased fruit drop. Fruit yield was higher in the two-split [24.7 metric tonnes (MT) ha−1] and three-split application trees (25.0 MT ha−1) compared to zero application control trees (19.8 MT ha−1) and single application trees (21.0 MT ha−1) in 2010. A single application resulted in soft fruit and slow skin colouration during maturation. Total soluble solids contents were higher in the control and three-split application trees in both years. The three-split application in 2010 increased the estimated production income by approx. 21% compared to the zero application, and by approx. 33% compared to a single application of oil cake.

Optimizing fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency by intensively managed spring wheat in humid regions: Effect of split application

Velasco, J. L., Rozas, H. S., Echeverría, H. E. and Barbieri, P. A. 2012. Optimizing fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency by intensively managed spring wheat in humid regions: Effect of split application. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 847–856. Efficient N fertilizer management is critical for the economical production of wheat and the long-term protection of the environment. Six experiments were conducted at three locations in the south-east of the province of Buenos Aires (SE), Argentina, during a 4-yr period, on Typic Argiudoll and Petrocalcic Paleudoll. The study was designed to evaluate the effects of splitting nitrogen (N) fertilizer on N use efficiency (NUE) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Rates of 0 to 150 kg N ha−1were used, applied at tillering (Z24) or split between Z24 and flag leaf (Z39). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Grain yield ranged from 3522 to 8185 kg ha−1, according to N availability and application time. In the experiments without water stress (three out of six), average grain yield (across experiments) was 6669 and 6989 kg ha−1for full and split fertilization, respectively. In four out of six experiments, average N in above-ground biomass (NAB), N recovery fraction (NRF), and grain protein content (GPC) for split N application were greater than for full N at Z24 (NAB, 176 and 157 kg N ha−1; NRF, 66 and 51%; GPC, 100 and 92 g kg−1, for split and full N application, respectively). In years without water stress, splitting N between Z24 and Z39 is an appropriate strategy to improve NRF, reducing N losses, and minimizing the environmental impact of fertilization.

Optimizing fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency by intensively managed spring wheat in humid regions: Effect of split application

Velasco, J. L., Rozas, H. S., Echeverria, H. E. and Barbieri, P. A. 2012. Optimizing fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency by intensively managed spring wheat in humid regions: Effect of split application. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 847-856. Efficient N fertilizer management is critical for the economical production of wheat and the long-term protection of the environment. Six experiments were conducted at three locations in the south-east of the province of Buenos Aires (SE), Argentina, during a 4-yr period, on Typic Argiudoll and Petrocalcic Paleudoll. The study was designed to evaluate the effects of splitting nitrogen (N) fertilizer on N use efficiency (NUE) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Rates of 0 to 150 kg N ha-1 were used, applied at tillering (Z24) or split between Z24 and flag leaf (Z39). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Grain yield ranged from 3522 to 8185 kg ha-1, according to N availability and application time. In the experiments without water stres...

Effect of split application of zinc on yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in an inceptisol

Rice is mostly transplanted under puddled low land soil conditions in India, where Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a common problem. The objective of this study was to find out the efficacy of split application of Zn on growth and yield of rice in an inceptisol. The split application of Zn as ZnSO4 · 7H2O performed better than its single basal application, while the split application of Zn-EDTA did not show any significant difference on yield and yield components of rice over its single basal application. Zn-EDTA was found to be better for growth and yield of rice among the two sources of Zn. The soil application of Zn at 1.0 kg ha−1 as Zn-EDTA (T7) recorded highest grain yield of 5.42 t ha−1, filled grain percentage of 90.2%, 1000-grain weight of 25.41 g and number of panicles m−2 of 452. The Zn content of grain and straw were found to be maximum in the treatment T7 i.e. 38.19 and 18.27 mg kg−1, respectively. Linear regression studies indicated that grain yield of rice is significantly influenced by Zn content of grain, Zn content of straw and DTPA extractable Zn content of soil at the level of 95.96, 96.74 and 95.57%, respectively.

Fertilizer Nitrogen Efficiency in Durum Wheat under Rainfed Mediterranean Conditions: Effect of Split Application

Efficient N fertilizer management is critical for the economic production of wheat and the long‐term protection of environmental quality. A 3‐yr field experiment on a rainfed Vertisol was designed to study the effects of N fertilizer timing on the efficiency of N in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf.). A single rate of 150 kg N ha−1 was used with different fractions being applied at planting, tillering, and stem elongation. A 15N experiment was also conducted within the main experiment area, with microplots, to quantify N uptake from fertilizer and soil. Mean wheat recovery of N fertilizer ranged from 12.7% when applied at sowing to 41.6% when applied as a topdressing at the beginning of stem elongation. The mean annual contribution of soil residual N and mineralization was 167 kg N ha−1, representing a considerable proportion of total wheat N uptake—ranging from 80.4% when N fertilizer was applied in the fall to 56.3% when it was applied at stem elongation. This would account for the poor and inconsistent response of grain yield and N efficiency indices, and for the importance of soil N in Vertisols for predicting wheat N fertilizer requirements, due to the carryover effect. It is recommended that N fertilizer be applied mainly as a topdressing in durum wheat, between tillering and stem elongation, to enhance crop N use efficiency (NUE) and reduce losses through leaching and runoff.

アラクロールの反復処理や徐放性製剤が土壌溶液中濃度および雑草防除効果に及ぼす影響

アラクロールの反復処理や徐放性製剤が土壌溶液中濃度および雑草防除効果に及ぼす影響

Model Analysis Of Forage Response To Split Applications Of Nitrogen. I. Plant Tops#

The extended logistic model was developed to relate crop production (dry matter and plant nutrient uptake) to applied nutrient. In this article the model is used to analyze the effect of split applications of applied nitrogen to Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) on a poorly drained soil. The model describes the response curves for seasonal dry matter yield (Y), seasonal plant N uptake (Nu ), and plant N concentration (Nc ) to applied nitrogen (N), as well as the phase relations (Y and Nc vs. Nu ). Detailed analysis showed no clear benefit for split vs. single applications. This agrees with findings with other crops on different soils. #Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-08814.

Effect of split applications of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and nitrogen composition of Chinese mustard

We assessed the effect of split applications of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the growth and N composition of Chinese mustard. There were six treatments in which various rates of N fertilizer were applied as a basal dressing and two top dressings. The plants were harvested 40 days after seeding and the N composition of the plants determined. The soil was also sampled and the pH, electrical conductivity (EC) of 1:1 soil:water ratio extract, organic matter, nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N), Bray Pl‐extractable phosphorus (P) as well as 1N neutral ammonium acetate‐extractable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations after harvesting of the plants determined. The results show that there was no significant difference in yield from the various treatments. Total N concentration in shoots receiving the 1–2–1 fertilizer treatment was higher than that of the other treatments. However, NO3‐N, soluble reduced N, and insoluble N concentrations in shoots as well as NO3‐N, soluble reduced N, insoluble N, and total N concentrations of roots were not significantly different due to the treatments.

Effect of Split Applications of GA3 on Flowerbud Density of Mature Peach Trees

The effect of divided GA3 applications on flowerbud density was investigated using mature `Redhaven' and `Sweet Sue' peach trees treated at 6, 12, and 24 g/acre in 1994 and `Redhaven' and `Loring', treated at 12, 24, and 48 g/acre in 1995. Flowerbud densities were found to be reduced, except in the cultivar Sweet Sue, which had poor vegetative vigor. The reduction averaged 10% for the 48 g/acre, single, and 32% for the split application of the same rate. For both `Loring' and `Redhaven', it was the basal most 10 cm that showed the largest effect of the split applications, flowerbud density was 86% (single) vs. 28% of control (split) for `Loring' and 94% vs. 42% for `Redhaven'. For the rest of the shoot the differences were not as marked, but were larger for the younger, more vigorous `Loring'. Vegetative bud densities were found to be increased in all cultivars, with the split applications showing a larger effect. The increases were most marked in the distal most 10 cm of the shoots, at the 48 g/acre rate densities were 127% vs. 195% of control for `Loring' and 159% vs. 233% for `Redhaven'. Other growth characteristics (node and blind node density, shoot length) were also evaluated, but significant changes were rarely found. Comparing the number of flower- and vegetative buds per node revealed that the GA3 applications were effective on nodes that had formed 10 to 15 nodes prior to the number of nodes present at spray application. The effect of split GA3 applications was visible on a larger number of nodes, showing that split applications were able to affect a larger portion of the continuously elongating shoot.

Effects of split application of nitrogen on yield and nitrogen recovery of spring-sown onions and on residual nitrogen

SummaryThe recovery of nitrogen (N) by a crop and its subsequent use for production can potentially be increased by the split application of N. The significance of this strategy for onions was tested in seven field experiments on Dutch clay soils from 1991 to 1994. An experimental recommendation system consisting of split N application accounting for soil mineral N by replenishing the soil mineral N with fertilizer N up to a crop stage-dependent threshold value, was compared with the pre-sowing fixed N rate of 100 kg ha–1 which is the current recommendation to farmers in the Netherlands. The experimental recommendation system resulted in an average application rate of 72–110 kg N ha–1 for a three-way respectively two-way N splitting. A loss of yield was not observed. Reduction of the threshold values used in the experimental recommendation system could further reduce the total N rate without yield loss. As onion growth until the 3–4 leaf stage did not appear to be influenced by the N rate before sowing, a soil sampling before sowing can be omitted from the sampling scheme of the experimental recommendation system. N splitting did not affect the estimated N loss during the growing season, the residual N in soil or the apparent recovery rate of the N applied. However, these variables were significantly influenced by the total N rate, which indicated that N loss to the environment could only be decreased by either lowering the fixed N rate before sowing or lowering the threshold values of the experimental recommendation system. However, the latter can be advantageous because the soil mineralization in spring is taken into account thereby adjusting for possible spring N losses.