Effects Of Soybean Oil Research Articles

Óleo de soja e própolis na alimentação de cabras leiteiras

Objetivou-se, neste experimento, verificar os efeitos da adição de óleo de soja e/ou de extrato etanólico de própolis na alimentação de cabras leiteiras sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade de nutrientes, a produção e composição do leite e alguns parâmetros de fermentação ruminal. Foram utilizadas dezesseis cabras Alpinas (quatro fistuladas no rúmen). Os animais foram alocados em quatro quadrados latinos 4x4, em arranjo fatorial 2x2 dos tratamentos. Foram adicionados ao concentrado 0 ou 120 g de óleo de soja e 0 ou 10 mL de extrato etanólico de própolis/animal/dia (30% p/v de própolis bruta moída em solução alcoólica a 70% em água). As dietas foram isoprotéicas, com 11,5% de PB, e compostas de 67% de silagem de milho e 33% de concentrado à base de fubá de milho e farelo de soja. O óleo de soja reduziu os consumos de matéria seca (%PV e g/kg PV0,75), de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e de carboidratos não-fibrosos; diminuiu a digestibilidade da FDN; aumentou a digestibilidade da PB e do EE e o teor de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT); reduziu a produção e aumentou os percentuais de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais no leite; aumentou o pH; e reduziu a relação acetato:propionato no líquido ruminal. Houve interação entre óleo de soja e extrato etanólico de própolis, de modo que o óleo de soja reduziu os consumos de MS, MO e FDN (em kg/animal/dia) somente na presença de própolis e aumentou o consumo de PB na ausência de própolis. O óleo de soja mostrou-se mais efetivo em alterar as variáveis analisadas que o extrato etanólico de própolis.

Improved production of spiramycin by mutantStreptomyces ambofaciens

Strain improvement and medium optimization to increase the productivity of spiramycin were carried out. Of oil tolerant mutant strains screened, one mutant, Streptomyces ambofaciens XC 2-37, produced 9% more spiramycin than the parent strain S. ambofaciens XC 1-29. The effects of soybean oil and propyl alcohol on spiramycin production with S.ambofaciens XC 2-37 were studied. The potency orS. ambofaciens XC 2-37 was improved by 61.8% with addition of 2% soybean oil in the fermentation medium and 0.4% propyl alcohol at 24 hours after incubation. The suitable time for feeding propyl alcohol is at 24 hours after incubation in flask fermentation and at 20 hours after incubation in fermentor fermentation The new process with S. ambofaciens XC 2-37 was scaled up for industrial scale production of spiramycin in a 60 m^3 fermentor in Xinchang Pharmaceutical Factory, Zhejiang Medicine Company, Ltd., China, and the potency and productivity of fermentation were improved by 42.9%.

Improved production of spiramycin by mutant Streptomyces ambofaciens.

Strain improvement and medium optimization to increase the productivity of spiramycin were carried out. Of oil tolerant mutant strains screened, one mutant, Streptomyces ambofaciens XC 2-37, produced 9% more spiramycin than the parent strain S. ambofaciens XC 1-29. The effects of soybean oil and propyl alcohol on spiramycin production with S. ambofaciens XC 2-37 were studied. The potency of S. ambofaciens XC 2-37 was improved by 61.8% with addition of 2% soybean oil in the fermentation medium and 0.4% propyl alcohol at 24 hours after incubation. The suitable time for feeding propyl alcohol is at 24 hours after incubation in flask fermentation and at 20 hours after incubation in fermentor fermentation. The new process with S. ambofaciens XC 2-37 was scaled up for industrial scale production of spiramycin in a 60 m(3) fermentor in Xinchang Pharmaceutical Factory, Zhejiang Medicine Company, Ltd., China, and the potency and productivity of fermentation were improved by 42.9%.

Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) plasticized by biodegradable soybean oils

AbstractThe effects of soybean oil (SO) and epoxidized soybean oil(ESO) as biodegradable plasticizers for poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were studied using thermal and mechanical analyses. PHBV/SO and PHBV/ESO blends were prepared by evaporating solvent from blend solutions. The levels of additive in the blend varied from 5% to 30%. As a plasticizer for PHBV, ESO was more effective than SO in depression of the glass transition temperature as well as in increasing the elongation at break and the impact strength of the films with increasing levels of additive. Biodegradation of the plasticized PHBV films was carried out by accelerated compost method. The degradation rates of the blend films with SO or ESO were found to be faster than that of PHBV film. From the thermogravimetric analysis, it was found that the thermal reaction between the epoxide groups of ESO and PHBV fragments with carboxylic chain ends, occurred during the degradation of PHBV/ESO blends.

Effect of soybean oil and soybean lecithin on intestinal lipid composition and lipid droplet accumulation of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) were fed purified diets containing fish oil for six weeks and then soybean lecithin or soybean oil for 25 days. The gastrointestinal tract segments, stomach, midgut and hindgut were then sampled for lipid and fatty acid composition and electron microscopy. Membrane lipid class composition was fairly similar in all three segments of trout fed fish oil. Hindgut contained slightly more phosphatidylserine than stomach and midgut, while midgut contained more phosphatidylcholine and less lysophospatidylcholine/sphingomyelin. Feeding soybean products appeared to marginally decrease free cholesterol. The fatty acid compositions of the main lipid classes showed significant regional differences. In control fish, stomach had higher levels of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids than midgut and hindgut, and lower content of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Midgut phosphatidylethanolamine also had higher levels of saturated fatty acids and less n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids than the other tissues. Feeding soybean products decreased the n-3/n-6 ratio mainly due to increases in linoleic (18:2n-6) and 20:4n-6 and decreases in 22:6n-3 and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3). Phosphatidylcholine and to a lesser extent phosphatidylethanolamine adapted more readily to dietary changes by major increases in 18:2n-6 and C20−22 n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The composition of phosphatidyl-serine and -inositol appeared to be under more strict metabolic control. Linoleic acid hardly increased at all while the increase in other n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids was less pronounced than for the other lipid classes. Regardless of lipid class, stomach resisted dietary changes more strongly than midgut and hindgut. Increases in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were minor as were the loss of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The dead-end product 20:2n-6 accumulated to a higher degree in hindgut phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and -coline compared to midgut and stomach, suggesting that the activity of Δ6 desaturation is higher in the anterior part of the intestine where most of the lipid is absorbed. Feeding soybean oil caused massive accumulation of free lipid droplets in midgut enterocytes while little lipid droplets were observed in trout fed fish oil or soybean lecithin. Since both soybean products influenced intestinal composition to the same degree, altered fatty acid profiles in membranes is not responsible for the observed lipid accumulation. This supports previous observations in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.), suggesting that fish may require exogenous phospholipids in order to sustain a sufficient rate of lipoprotein synthesis.

Monensin by Fat Interactions on Trans Fatty Acids in Cultures of Mixed Ruminal Microorganisms Grown in Continuous Fermentors Fed Corn or Barley

In previous studies, monensin (M) and unsaturated plant oils independently increasedtrans fatty acid concentrations in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. This study was conducted to determine if combining M with plant oil yielded interactions on trans fatty acid concentrations in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms or their effects were additive. Four continuous fermentors were fed 14g of dry feed per day (divided equally between two feedings), consisting of alfalfa hay pellets (30% of DM) and either a high corn (HC) or a high barley (HB) concentrate (70% of DM) in each of two fermentors. Within each grain type, one fermentor was supplemented with M (25ppm), and the other fermentor was supplemented with 5% soybean oil (SBO) during d 5 to 8. Monensin and SBO were added together in all fermentors during d 9 to 12. Samples were taken at 2h after the morning feeding on the last day of each period and analyzed for fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography. A second run of the fermentors followed the same treatment sequence to give additional replication. Average pH across all treatments was 6.15, which was reduced by M but not affected by SBO. Monensin reduced the ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P), which averaged 2.03 across all treatments; fat decreased A:P in cultures not receiving M but increased it in the presence of M. Monensin and SBO altered the concentration of several trans fatty acids, but the only interaction was a grain×M×SBO interaction for trans-10 C18:1. The increase in trans-10 C18:1 by the M and SBO combination exceeded the sum of increases in trans-10 C18:1 for each individual feed additive, but only for HB. For the HC diet, M increased trans-10 C18:1 more than fat alone and more than the M and SBO combination. The results of this study show that M and SBO effects are additive for all trans FA except for trans-10 C18:1. In the case of trans-10 C18:1, M and SBO interacted to give higher trans-10 C18:1 concentrations in ruminal contents than would be expected simply by adding their individual effects, but only for HB. Because some trans fatty acid isomers have been associated with milk fat depression in dairy cows, these results suggest more severe depressions in milk fat content when cows are fed M along with unsaturated plant oils.

Effects of soybean oil on plasma lipoproteins and cardiovascular risk in men and women

Independamment des phytosterols et des autres composants de la graine (proteines, isoflavones), l’huile de soja presente plusieurs autres atouts qui lui conferent des effets preventifs vis-a-vis du risque cardiovasculaire et des maladies coronariennes. Elle contient 61% d’acides gras polyinsatures et seulement 15% de satures, et ne comporte pas d’acide gras trans : sa consommation peut donc permettre une reduction du cholesterol total et du cholesterol LDL. C’est egalement une huile riche en vitamine E, et particulierement en gamma tocopherol dont l’activite antioxydante connait aujourd’hui un regain d’interet. Enfin, sa teneur elevee en acide alpha-linolenique est compatible avec des proprietes antithrombotique et antiarrythmique, mais la faible biodisponibilite de cet acide gras dans l’huile de soja en limite peut-etre les effets.

The effect of soybean oil refuse powder used as vehicle on the absorption of oxolinic acid in chickens under fasting and nonfasting conditions and the correlation with in vitro dissolution.

The effect of soybean oil refuse powder (SOR) when used as a vehicle on the absorption of oxolinic acid (OXA) powder in chicken, the dissolution profile of OXA and the correlation between in vivo and in vitro study were examined. To examine in vivo bioavailability, chickens fed or fasted were studied using a 2 x 2 crossover design. The OXA was administered OXA or OXA-SOR (1 : 9) mixture 20 mg OXA/kg. In vitro dissolution rates for OXA and OXA-SOR were measured using the paddle (PD) and the rotatory dialysis cell dissolution (PTSW) methods. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) were significantly increased by the addition of SOR to OXA. Differences between OXA and OXA-SOR were more remarkable under fasted as compared with fed condition. In vitro dissolution rates of OXA-SOR pH 1.2, 6.5 and 7.2 as determined by the PD and the PTSW methods were increased in the presence of SOR vehicle. Differences between OXA and OXA-SOR in vitro dissolution rates were greater than in vivo bioavailability. Correlation between in vitro release (%) and in vivo absorption (%) showed good linearity (gamma=0.8805-0.9999).

The effect of feeding soybean oil to mid-lactation dairy cows on milk production and composition and on diet digestion

Mid-lactation Holstein cows were used to test the effect of feeding 3% soybean oil (SBO) on total mixed ration intake, apparent digestibility, milk production, and milk composition. Effect of SBO on rate and extent of rumen digestion was determined with nylon bags incubated in the rumen of fistulated cows. SBO reduced fibre digestion by 9% and degradability by 20%. Feeding of SBO caused a slight reduction in total mixed ration (TMR) intake, milk production, and milk protein production. However, these reductions were minor compared with the large reduction in fat production (0.2 kg d–1). Key words: Milk composition, soybean oil, digestibility, dairy cow

Effect of Soybean Oil on Finisher Period of Broiler at Hot Weather in Bangladesh

Effect of Soybean Oil on Finisher Period of Broiler at Hot Weather in Bangladesh

Effect of soybean oil and fish oil on individual molecular species of Atlantic salmon head kidney phospholipids determined by normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled to negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

The effect of soybean oil (SO) and fish oil (FO) on the relative molecular species distribution of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS) in Atlantic salmon head kidney was studied using normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled with negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The conformation of identity of the phospholipid species was based on retention time, the mass of the [M−H] − ([M−15] − for PC) molecular ions and the carboxylate anion fragments in the product ion spectrum. The intensity ratio of sn-1/ sn-2 fragment ions increased with increasing number of double bonds in the sn-2 acyl chain but was not affected by increasing number of double bonds in the sn-1 acyl chain of the species examined. The relative distribution of the molecular species was determined by multiple reaction monitoring of the carboxylate anion fragment from the sn-1 position. A total of 68 different phospholipid species were determined in the head kidney and the largest amount was found in PE (22 species). Depending on the diet, the main species identified in the different phospholipid classes were; PC 16:0/18:1, PE 16:0/22:6, PI 18:0/20:4 and PS 16:0/22:6. The SO diet significantly increased the 18:2, 20:3 and most 20:4 containing species and significantly reduced the 14:0 and most 20:5 and 22:6 fatty acid containing species. The increase of the 20:4 and the decrease of the 20:5 and 22:6 containing species were dependent on the fatty acid combination of the species

Intestinal fat suppresses protein-induced exocrine pancreatic secretion in chronically bile-pancreatic juice-diverted rats.

Previously, we showed that the increase in pancreatic enzyme secretion was lower after feeding a casein diet containing fat than that after feeding a fat-free casein diet in chronically bile-pancreatic juice (BPJ)-diverted rats. In the present study, we determined whether the suppressive effects of fats on flow volume of BPJ and pancreatic enzyme secretion depend on delaying gastric emptying and examined the characteristics of the suppression with intraduodenal instillation of soybean oil or lecithin in BPJ-diverted rats. The study was conducted as three separate experiments using conscious rats with chronic BPJ diversion by means of a common bile-pancreatic duct catheter. The flow volume of BPJ and the secretion of pancreatic amylase and trypsin were determined after intraduodenal instillation of the test solution. Exocrine pancreatic secretion was strongly stimulated by administration of guanidinated casein hydrolysate (HGC, 150 mg/ml) in chronic BPJ-diverted rats. However, pancreatic secretion after administration of an emulsion containing HGC with either soybean oil (100 mg/ml) or mixed fat (50 mg/ml soybean oil + 50 mg/ml lecithin) was much lower than that after administration of HGC alone. In contrast, administration of the soybean oil emulsion without HGC resulted in a small, but significant increase in the volume of BPJ. The suppressive effects of soybean oil (100 mg/ml) on the increases in the BPJ flow and enzyme secretion were similar to those of sodium taurocholate (10 mg/ml), and there was no additive effect of soybean oil on taurocholate suppression. In conclusion, duodenally instilled soybean oil suppressed increases in flow volume of BPJ and pancreatic enzyme secretion induced by HGC in chronic BPJ-diverted rats, showing that the suppressive effect of the fat does not depend on delaying gastric emptying.

Effects of soybean oil and dietary copper on ruminal and tissue lipid metabolism in finishing steers.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Cu and soybean oil (SBO) supplementation on ruminal and tissue lipid metabolism and carcass characteristics in finishing steers. Sixty Angus steers (369.0 +/- 10.1 kg) were stratified by weight and randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with factors being 0 or 20 mg of supplemental Cu/kg DM from Cu sulfate and 0 or 4% SBO. Steers were fed a high-concentrate basal diet that contained 5.3 mg Cu/kg DM. Average daily gain and feed intake were reduced (P < 0.01) by SBO but were not affected by Cu. Gain:feed ratio was not affected by treatment. Liver Cu concentrations were higher (P < 0.01) in steers receiving supplemental Cu and lower (P < 0.04) in SBO-supplemented steers. Copper supplementation tended to reduce (P < 0.12) and SBO supplementation tended to increase (P < 0.11) serum cholesterol concentrations. Backfat depth was reduced (P < 0.10) by Cu and SBO supplementation. Marbling scores and longissimus muscle lipid content were not affected by Cu supplementation; however, SBO supplementation reduced (P < 0.01) marbling scores. Longissimus muscle polyunsaturated fatty acids tended to be increased (P < 0.14) in Cu-supplemented steers. Longissimus muscle C18-conjugated dienes and the 18:1 trans isomer were increased (P < 0.05) in SBO-supplemented steers. Ruminal fluid 18:3 was increased (P < 0.05) and the 18:1 trans isomer was decreased (P < 0.05) in Cu-supplemented steers. These results indicate that as little as 20 mg of supplemental Cu/kg DM can reduce backfat and may alter lipid metabolism in steers fed high-concentrate diets.

Effect of soybean oil on oxygen transfer in the production of tetracycline with an airlift bioreactor

Corn starch and soybean oil are suitable carbon sources for the production of tetracycline by Streptomyces aureofacience CG-1. However, it could not produce more than 6 g/ l of tetracycline even if initial corn starch concentration was increased to more than 100 g/ l. It was confirmed by shaking flask experiments that the k L a in a mixture of 2% soybean oil in water was four folds compared with that without soybean oil. With the addition of soybean oil to the starch medium in a shaking flask, tetracycline production was significantly improved. By scaling-up to a 5.5- l airlift bioreactor from 500-ml Erlenmeyer flask, more than 10 g/ l of tetracycline was produced with the addition of 60 g/ l of soybean oil to the medium containing 100 g/ l of corn starch. The dissolved oxygen level in the airlift bioreactor containing soybean oil was higher than that without soybean oil. This suggests that soybean oil is not only a suitable carbon source but is also a surface-active agent which may accelerate the oxygen transfer. This may lead to the possibility of the enhanced production of tetracycline at a low cost in airlift bioreactor.

Effects of soybean oil and fish oil emulsions on glucose and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats receiving total parenteral nutrition.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of fat emulsions with different fatty acid composition on plasma glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Diabetes was induced in rats with streptozotocin (STZ), and the rats were fed rat chow ad libitum for 6 weeks to achieve a chronic diabetic state. Control and diabetic rats were each divided into two TPN groups. The basal solutions of the two TPN groups were isonitrogenous and identical in nutrients composition except for the fat emulsion, which was made of soybean oil (SO) or fish oil (FO). The TPN control rats (C-SO and C-FO) and diabetic rats (DM-SO and DM-FO) received solutions with 37.5% of the non-protein energy provided as fat at an energy level of 30 kcal/100 g body wt/d. The results demonstrated that hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia were induced by STZ in diabetic rats. There was no change in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations before and after TPN infusion in the TPN control groups, whereas plasma glucose as well as triglyceride (TG) and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels decreased significantly after TPN administration in the diabetic groups. No difference in the concentrations of plasma glucose, TGs, NEFAs, and insulin were observed between the two diabetic groups. These results suggest that compared with soybean oil, TPN with fish oil emulsion did not lead to lower plasma concentrations of TGs and NEFAs in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Also, no difference in plasma glucose and insulin levels between the two groups was observed.

Effect of soybean oil and glucose on sophorose lipid fermentation by Torulopsis bombicola in continuous culture.

The effect of soybean oil and glucose on the growth of Torulopsis bombicola and sophorose lipid production in continuous culture was investigated. As the dilution rate in 100 g/l glucose and 100 g/l soybean oil medium was increased, the dry cell weight and sophorose lipid concentration decreased. Sophorose lipid productivity, however, was maximum at a dilution rate of 0.03 h-1. The cell yield from glucose and the sophorose lipid production from soybean oil were approximately constant regardless of the dilution rate. The specific consumption rate of soybean oil was closely related to the specific production rate of sophorose lipid. These results suggest that soybean oil was used only for sophorose lipid production whereas glucose was used only for cell mass and maintenance. When the soybean oil concentration was varied at fixed dilution rate in 100 g/l glucose medium, a high concentration of soybean oil was found to inhibit sophorose lipid production.

Effect of soybean oil on the enhanced expression of hirudin gene in Hansenula polymorpha

A heterologous gene from bloodsucking leech for anticoagulant, hirudin, has been expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. The addition of 1%(v/v) soybean oil to the medium as a stabilizer enhanced the expression of the hirudin gene in H. polymorpha with MOX promoter. The production of hirudin in the medium with soybean oil was 320mg/L in a 5L fermenter.

Effect of Soybean Oil on Photosynthesis and Aphids of Apple

Four-year-old `Gala' and `Widjit' apple trees with significant apple aphid populations were sprayed to runoff on 13 May 1994 with 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% (v/v) emulsified degummed soybean oil (SO) or with 1.0% petroleum (dormant) oil (PO). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with five single-tree replications. Apple aphid populations were determined on 10 tagged shoots per tree. The top fully expanded leaf of two randomly selected shoots per tree were tagged and net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr) measured. Trees treated with SO or PO had &lt;20% as many aphids after treatment as nontreated trees. Trees treated with 2% SO had lower Pn and Tr than the control for 18 days after treatment. Spraying 0.1% or 0.5% SO caused less initial reduction of Pn than 2.0% SO, and the effect was shorter lasting. Four-year-old `Oregon Spur' and `Empire' were sprayed with 0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0% SO or PO on 26 June. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with four single-tree replications. Pn rates of trees treated with 0.1% to 1.0% soybean oil were &lt;40% of nontreated trees the day after treatment, but recovered to &gt;80% of control in 5 days.

Effect of Soybean Oil on Garlic Volatile Compounds Isolated by Distillation

Garlic, water, and/or soybean oil were blended and distilled. The volatile isolates were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by GC, GC-MS, and HPLC. The contents of 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin and 3-vinyl-4H-1,2-dithiin in the volatile isolates were greater if soybean oil was present. The sample without soybean oil contained 1.2% dithiins in the total volatiles, but this increased to 15.6-54.6% if soybean oil was present, although the total volatile compounds decreased at the same time

Effects of Sterylglycosides from Soybean on Lipid Indices in the Plasma, Liver, and Feces of Rats

The effects of soybean oil (SOO, control), soybean lecithin (SOL), and of sterylglycocides (STG) and phospholipids (PL) fractionated from SOL on lipid indices in the plasma, liver, and feces were examined for male Wistar rats fed with diets containing these lipids for 3 weeks. The body weight gain and liver weight decreased or tended to be reduced in the animals given the diet containing a 5% STG mixture (STGM) compared with the values in the other dietary groups. The plasma lipid concentration in general declined in the rats fed with the diets supplemented with 5% SOL, STGM, or the PL mixture (PLM), and with 1% of STGM, acylated STG (ASTG), or non-acylated STG (NSTG). The triacylglycerol level was significantly depressed in the rats fed with the diets including 1 or 5% of STGM, ASTG, or NSTG when compared to the level of the SOO—fed animals. The total cholesterol and triacylglycerol contents in the liver were lower in the rats provided with the diets containing 5% of SOL, PC, or PLM than in the SOO- or S...