Effect Of Solution Treatment Research Articles

Effect of Solution Treatment on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Strengthening Mechanisms of 6061 Aluminum Alloy

Effect of Solution Treatment on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Strengthening Mechanisms of 6061 Aluminum Alloy

Effects of Solution Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Inconel600 Alloy

Effects of Solution Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Inconel600 Alloy

Comparison of microstructure, damping capacity, and mechanical properties of cast and deformation processed Fe17Mn alloys

There were few works on cast FeMn damping alloys although many studies have been conducted on deformation processed (DP) counterparts. In this study, we investigated the differences in damping and mechanical properties of as-cast and as-DP Fe17Mn alloys and the effect of solution treatment at 1050℃ (ST) on their properties. The as-cast Fe17Mn alloy demonstrated a higher damping capacity but lower strength than the as-DP Fe17Mn counterpart. As much as 18 % of the BCC phase was distributed as dendrite in the Mn-depleted region of the as-cast Fe17Mn alloy. The DP Fe17Mn alloy inherited some BCC phase with less than 1 % content formed during the casting. The ST further improved the damping capacity and plasticity but decreased the strength in both the cast and DP Fe17Mn alloys. After the ST, the cast Fe17Mn alloy also showed good mechanical properties, with tensile strength up to 645 MPa and fracture up to 40 %. Our results shed light on the potential application of cast Fe17Mn alloy in mechanical components.

Effect of solution treatment on the microstructure, phase transformation behavior and functional properties of NiTiNb ternary shape memory alloys fabricated via laser powder bed fusion in-situ alloying

Post-heat treatment is commonly employed to improve the microstructural homogeneity and enhance the mechanical performances of the additively manufactured metallic materials. In this work, a ternary (NiTi)91Nb9 (at.%) shape memory alloy was produced by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) using pre-alloyed NiTi and elemental Nb powders. The effect of solution treatment on the microstructure, phase transformation behavior and mechanical/functional performances was investigated. The in-situ alloyed (NiTi)91Nb9 alloy exhibits a submicron cellular-dendritic structure surrounding the supersaturated B2-NiTi matrix. Upon high-temperature (1273 K) solution treatment, Nb-rich precipitates were precipitated from the supersaturated matrix. The fragmentation and spheroidization of the NiTi/Nb eutectics occurred during solution treatment, leading to a morphological transition from mesh-like into rod-like and sphere-like. Coarsening of the β-Nb phases occurred with increasing holding time. The martensite transformation temperature increases after solution treatment, mainly attributed to: (i) reduced lattice distortion due to the Nb expulsion from the supersaturated B2-NiTi, and (ii) the Ti expulsion from the β-Nb phases that lowers the ratio Ni/Ti in the B2-NiTi matrix, which resulted from the microstructure changes from non-equilibrium to equilibrium state. The thermal hysteresis of the solutionized alloys is around 145 K after 20% pre-deformation, which is comparable to the conventional NiTiNb alloys. A short-term solution treatment (i.e. at 1 273 K for 30 min) enhances the ductility and strength of the as-printed specimen, with the increase of fracture stress from (613 ± 19) MPa to (781 ± 20) MPa and the increase of fracture strain from (7.6 ± 0.1)% to (9.5 ± 0.4)%. Both the as-printed and solutionized samples exhibit good tensile shape memory effects with recovery rates >90%. This work suggests that post-process heat treatment is essential to optimize the microstructure and improve the mechanical performances of the L-PBF in-situ alloyed parts.

Effect of Solution Treatment on Microstructure, Texture, and Anisotropy of Mechanical Properties in TA10 (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni) Sheet

Effect of Solution Treatment on Microstructure, Texture, and Anisotropy of Mechanical Properties in TA10 (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni) Sheet

Achieving high performance by optimized heat treatment in a spray formed Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy

High strength Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys are widely used for structure components in engineering applications, such as aerospace, transportation, owing to a superior combination of high strength to density ratio and excellent mechanical properties. In present work, the effect of solution treatment and aging treatment on precipitates and mechanical property is investigated in a spray formed (SFed) Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy. The SFed Al alloy after optimized solution treatment shows fine grains and high fraction of substructures, which increase the kinetics for precipitation and refine precipitates. It is found that the aging temperature mainly affects the size and phase type of matrix precipitates, size of grain boundary precipitates and width of precipitate free zone. It confirms that both the strength and ductility are controlled by precipitates, which are strongly dependent on aging temperature. Specifically, the sample aged at 120 °C for 16 h (120 °C@16h) behaves highest yield strength (661 MPa) caused by the fine precipitates, while the sample aged with 100 °C@24h behaves highest ultimate tensile strength (745 MPa), uniform elongation (9.1 %) and total elongation (12.5 %). In addition, the strain hardening behavior of SFed Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy is discussed by Kocks-Mecking model and an empirical rule.

Effect of solution treatment on porosity, tensile properties and fatigue resistance of Al–Cu alloy fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing

This work studied the effect of solution heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of the Al–Cu alloy fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), and focused on the influence of porosity and second phase evolution on the tensile properties and fatigue resistance of the alloy. The results show that with solution heat treatment at 530 °C for 1h, Al–Cu alloy fabricated by WAAM with low porosity (2.4 %) and high peak hardness (148.2 HV) can be obtained. Higher solution temperatures significantly increased the porosity, and extending the solution time caused the problems of increased porosity, micropore growth, microcracks as well as cavity. Influence of porosity on fatigue resistance is more significant than that on tensile properties. The results of tensile tests suggest that the effect of porosity on the strength of T6-treated alloy is limited and much smaller than that of the precipitation strengthening induced by precipitates, while the results of the fatigue crack propagation tests imply that porosity plays the dominant role in the fatigue crack propagation behaviors of the T6-treated alloy.

Re-dissolution behavior of secondary phases and mechanical response of CNT/2024Al composites

Heat treatment is one of the most effective strategies for regulating microstructure and enhancing the mechanical properties of aluminum matrix composites. In this work, the effects of solution treatment on the static recrystallization behavior, characteristics of secondary phases dissolving, and mechanical response of carbon nanotubes reinforced aluminum matrix composites (CNT/2024Al) were systematically investigated using transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Since plenty of deformation stored energy in as-extruded composites is consumed, the residual energy is insufficient to induce static recrystallization during solution treatment. Besides, various interfacial phases aggregated around the Al2Cu phases, which reduced the effective contact area between the Al2Cu phases and matrix, and severely hindered the dissolution process of the Al2Cu phases. The yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation of as-solution treated composites were 23.2%, 44.9%, and 23.0% higher than those of as-extruded composites, respectively. The enhanced yield strength is attributed to solid solution strengthening induced by the dissolution of secondary phases, thermal mismatch strengthening, and the strengthening originating from the formation of Al4C3 phases.

Effect of Solution Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Hybrid Reinforced 2124 Aluminum Matrix Composites by B4Cp/SiCp

Effect of Solution Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Hybrid Reinforced 2124 Aluminum Matrix Composites by B4Cp/SiCp

Effects of Solution Treatment on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Ti-22Al-24Nb-0.5Mo Alloy

Effects of Solution Treatment on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Ti-22Al-24Nb-0.5Mo Alloy

Study on the role of solution treatment on corrosion behavior of duplex lightweight steel in different environments

Diverse microstructure and complex application environments increases the uncertainty of the corrosion resistance of lightweight steels. The effect of solution treatment on the corrosion behavior of Fe–16Mn–10Al–1.5C–0.1Ti lightweight steel in Cl−, HSO3− and Cl−–HSO3− environments was investigated using electrochemical measurement, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The lightweight steels are dominated by austenite and contain a small amount of ferrite. The increase in solution treatment temperature leads to more ferrite formation, but it has less effect on grain size. The decrease in austenite content results in more corrosion microcells and a porous oxide film; therefore, the corrosion resistance of the steel deteriorates with increasing temperature. In addition, in the Cl−–HSO3− environment, the synergistic effect of Cl− and HSO3− leads to the formation of a weak protective oxide film, resulting in a significant increase in corrosion rate compared to the Cl−and HSO3− environment.

The synergic effects of heat treatment and building direction on the microstructure and anisotropic mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion Corrax maraging stainless steel

An anisotropic microstructure and mechanical properties are big challenges in the development of various laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) alloys. This study investigated the roles of heat treatment and building direction (BD) on the microstructure and anisotropic mechanical properties of LPBF Corrax maraging stainless steel. The effects of solution treatment (ST) and integrated solution-aging treatment (SAT) were clarified. The results show that the grain size of martensite, amount of austenite, and features of grain boundaries were slightly varied with the building direction due to the thermal history. In the as-built state, the weak <111>α′||BD, <1 1‾ 0>α′||X, and <001>α′||BD textures could be found. After the SAT process, the <1 1‾ 0>α′||X texture was slightly intensified due to the coarsening of large columnar grains. However, the texture of the SAT sample was still weak.Furthermore, the building direction and heat treatment did not lead to obvious anisotropic tensile properties or change the ductile fracture mode. The weak texture and pores in LPBF Corrax did not dominate the tensile properties. Irrespective of sample state, the horizontally-built samples exhibited comparable strengths and slightly higher elongation than the vertically-built ones did. In the as-built condition, this phenomenon can be mainly attributed to the transformation-induced plasticity effect. In the ST and SAT conditions, smaller grain sizes of martensite and higher high-angle grain boundary ratios in the horizontally-built samples provided more resistance to crack propagation. LPBF Corrax maraging stainless steel exhibited superior tensile performances and low anisotropic tensile properties, which are very beneficial to the stability of the material during service.

Study on the effect of solution treatment on mechanical and corrosion properties of SAF 2507DSS produced by LPBF

In recent years, the application of Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology in the manufacturing industry has become increasingly widespread. Compared to traditional casting processes, LPBF technology allows for the production of complex-shaped and structurally unique components made of 2507 duplex stainless steel (2507DSS), thus improving production efficiency and product quality. This article focuses on determining the LPBF parameters required for printing 2507DSS, successfully fabricating samples with a density of 98.71% and subjecting them to solution treatment followed by tensile testing. The results show that the LPBF-prepared samples exhibit a strength of 1173 MPa and an elongation of 18%. The presence of island-like structures enables excellent mechanical performance in the horizontal direction. The samples subjected to solution treatment at 1100 °C exhibit a strength of 860 MPa and an elongation of 45%. It is observed that when 2507DSS undergoes solution treatment from a single-phase state, the formation of large-angle grain boundaries and residual stresses within the austenite phase occurs, and a reasonable explanation is provided. Furthermore, the article conducts electrochemical tests on the samples. The results indicate that the LPBF-prepared samples possess the same electrochemical properties as the samples treated at 1100 °C, and both outperform the cast samples. Thus, this study reveals that the proportion of phases is not the sole determining factor for the corrosion resistance of DSS, providing valuable insights for the future development of more corrosion-resistant 2507DSS materials.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Effect of Solution Treatment on the Microstructure and Bio-Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Cast Alloy

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Effect of Solution Treatment on the Microstructure and Bio-Corrosion Behavior of Magnesium Cast Alloy

Effect of solution treatment and cooling media on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Ti–6Mo–4Cr alloys

Effect of solution treatment and cooling media on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of Ti–6Mo–4Cr alloys

Effect of solution treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy hot rolled sheet

The solution and aging treatment were carried out with the hot rolled sheet Ti–6Al–4V alloy sheet, and the effects of solution treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties were mainly studied. In the solution treatment process, α→β→βt transformation occurred. With the increase of solution treatment temperature and time, the α phase gradually changed from long strip to equiaxed morphology, and the fraction of equiaxed α and β phases gradually increased. The bimodal microstructure of αp and βt was obtained during the solution treatments. Among them, βt is mainly composed of high-density nano-needle αs with different orientations, which has a significant contribution to the strength of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. The strength of bimodal microstructure increases with the increase of βt content, but its influence on ductility is complicated. When βt content exceeds a certain amount, it is easy to lead to brittleness. It is found that when the specimens are treated at 930 °C for 60min or 960 °C for 30min, the best strength-ductility matching can be obtained. In this case, the volume fractions of αp and βt are almost equal, and the PSE of Ti–6Al–4V alloy reaches more than 14500 MPa⋅%.

Effect of Solution Treatment on Microstructure Evolution of a Powder Metallurgy Nickel Based Superalloy with Incomplete Dynamic Recrystallization Microstructure

In this paper, the powder metallurgy (P/M) Ni-based superalloy FGH4096 with an incomplete dynamic recrystallization structure was treated by a solution treatment at different temperatures, cooling methods, and holding times. The size, morphology, and distribution of grains and γ′ precipitates were characterized by an optical microscope (OM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Research results showed that with the increase of solution temperature from 1060 °C to 1100 °C, the degree of recrystallization increased continuously, the distribution of grain became uniform, and a large number of annealing twins were found. At the same time, the degree of redissolution of the primary γ′ precipitates at the grain boundary increased, and the size of secondary γ′ phase reprecipitated within the grain decreased. The morphology of the secondary γ′ precipitates is mainly spherical with a single distribution under air cooling (AC), while the morphology is near-spherical, cuboids, octets, petaloid, and dendrites with a bimodal distribution under furnace cooling (FC). The size of the γ′ precipitates decreased and the volume fraction increased with the extension of holding time at a higher solution temperature (1100 °C).

Effects of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of a Cast Nickel-Based High-Cr Superalloy

The effect of solution treatment and intermediate heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of a new cast nickel-based high-Cr superalloy was investigated in this paper. The results indicate that the tensile strength and elongation at 900 °C increase when the solution temperature increases from 1160 °C to 1180 °C and then decrease when the solution temperature changes from 1180 °C to 1200 °C and 1220 °C. The stress rupture test results of the high-Cr superalloy under conditions of 900 °C/275 MPa shows that the rupture time, elongation, and reduction of area initially increased and then decreased with the increase in solution treatment temperatures. The results of stress rupture tests for the alloy after intermediate heat treatment followed by furnace-cooling, air-cooling, and water-cooling show that the morphology and distribution of γ’ phase have a great influence on the tensile test results at 900 °C of the alloy but no obvious influence on the test at 900 °C/275 MPa. The microstructure analysis of the superalloy after heat treatment shows that: when the solution treatment temperatures are at 1200 °C and 1220 °C, the incipient melting appears in the interdendritic region, which can severely deteriorate mechanical properties; the morphology of γ′ phase changes gradually from cube to spherical; and a large number of fine γ’ phase precipitates in the γ channel are found with increasing cooling rate after intermediate heat treatment.

Reducing directionally arranged substructure induced anisotropic mechanical properties of Hastelloy X superalloy fabricated by laser directed energy deposition

In this study, the effects of solution treatment (ST) on the microstructure and anisotropic mechanical properties of Hastelloy X fabricated by laser directed energy deposition (L-DED) were investigated. The microstructure of the as-deposited (AD) sample presented coarse granular grains aligned with the deposition direction. Due to the segregation of Mo and Cr elements, a special cellular-structure was formed in the inter-dendritic region, along with the strip-like carbides consisting of both M23C6 and M6C carbides. The cellular-structure homogenized rapidly after the ST. In detail, as the ST temperature increased, recrystallization generally occurred. Meanwhile, the strip carbides began to gradually dissolve and dissociate into dispersed particles which led to a drop in microhardness from 220 HV to 161 HV. The room temperature tensile results showed that the yield strength in the transversal direction (TD) and longitudinal direction (LD) decreased with the increase of ST temperature, reaching a minimum value of 285 MPa after the ST at 1175 °C. In addition, the ultimate tensile strength of the LD and TD samples reached maximum values of 693 MPa and 703 MPa at 1150 °C, respectively. It should be noted that the elongation of the low ductile TD sample can be improved significantly from 30% to 75% after the ST at 1175 °C. Therefore, it can be concluded that the anisotropy within the TD and LD samples can be effectively eliminated by controlling the cellular-structure, grain-structure, and carbide morphology during ST.

Enhancing the mechanical property of laser powder bed fusion CoCrMo alloy by tailoring the microstructure and phase constituent

Cellular structure with a high density of dislocations and elemental segregation at the cell boundaries is the characteristic microstructure of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) CoCrMo alloy. This structure is known to be merit to the alloy's strength, but this structure and elemental heterogeneity are likely to be detrimental to the ductility. In this study, the effect of solution treatment and aging on the microstructure, phase fraction, and mechanical behaviors of a CoCrMo alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) was investigated, in order to achieve a microstructure state with excellent synergy in strength and ductility. The results showed that solution treatment at 1150 °C for 1 h was sufficient to remove the cellular structure and eliminated the elemental segregation, but it resulted in a dramatic reduction in yield strength. Direct aging at 750 °C for 2 h led to a boost in the yield strength due to the precipitation of Cr-rich carbides, but the alloy ductility was significantly reduced and the elemental segregation was maintained. An excellent combination of strength and ductility was achieved via a two-step solution and aging treatment, by which both the strength and ductility were improved compared to that of the as-built CoCrMo alloy. Multiscale characterizations demonstrated that the synergetic strength and ductility were mainly attributed to the strengthening effect of the ε phase formed during aging and stress-induced γ to ε phase transformation under mechanical loading. In addition, the enhanced ductility was also evidently benefited from the eliminated cellular structure and elemental segregation, which reduces the tendency in crack nucleation.