Effect Of Solid Solution Treatment Research Articles

Effect of Solid Solution Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of AlNb1.5TaTi2Zr1.5 Refractory High-Entropy Alloy

Effect of Solid Solution Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of AlNb1.5TaTi2Zr1.5 Refractory High-Entropy Alloy

Effect of solid-solution treatment on high-temperature properties and creep fracture mechanism of laser powder bed fused Inconel 625 alloy

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has been widely used for fabricating Inconel 625 (IN625) alloy, and it is widely regarded as a promising manufacturing technology. However, during high-temperature service, the γ″ strengthening phase of LPBFed IN625 gradually transforms into the detrimental δ phase. Controlling the morphology and distribution of precipitates is necessary for optimizing high-temperature performance. This study compared the as-built and 1090 °C solution-treated LPBFed IN625 alloy and investigated the microstructure evolution, tensile properties, and creep fracture behavior at a high temperature of 815 °C. The results show that the solid-solution treatment improves the creep ductility of LPBFed IN625 alloys at 815 °C by forming a high percentage of twinned boundaries and eliminating dislocations. The formation of coarsened needle-like δ phases and carbides during creep reduces the strength of the grain boundaries and is responsible for creep fracture failure. During creep of the as-built samples, the irregular Laves phase between the columnar dendrites gradually transforms into plate-like δ phases and M6C carbides uniformly and densely distributed within the columnar grains. The precipitation-strengthening effect of these fine precipitates, combined with the initial high density of dislocations and strong texturing effect, brings favorable high-temperature strength and creep fracture life but consequently leads to low creep ductility.

Effect of Solid Solution Treatment on the Wear Behavior and Subsurface Microstructure of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in Different Environments

Effect of Solid Solution Treatment on the Wear Behavior and Subsurface Microstructure of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in Different Environments

Study on the Effect of Solid Solution Treatment on the Bending Fatigue Property of Fe-Mn-Si Shape Memory Alloys

Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloys have excellent low-cycle fatigue performance and broad application prospects in the field of civil engineering and construction. It is necessary to conduct comprehensive and in-depth research on the mechanical properties of Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloys. This study takes the Fe17Mn5Si10Cr5Ni shape memory alloy as the research object. After solid solution treatment at different temperatures and times, the effect of solid solution treatment on the bending fatigue performance of Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloys was studied using bending cycle tests. The phase composition and fracture morphology of the sample were analyzed. The results showed that solid solution treatment can significantly improve the bending fatigue performance of Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloys, reaching the optimal value at 850 °C for 1 h. The number of bending cycles until fracture increased by 131% compared to untreated specimens. Stress induction γ → ε martensitic transformation occurred in Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloy specimens during bending cyclic testing, which is reversible. The fracture area of Fe-Mn-Si shape memory alloy specimens is mainly characterized by ductile fracture, with some areas exhibiting quasi-quasi-cleavage fracture characteristics.

Effect of solid solution treatment on the kinetics of hydrogen porosity evolution and mechanical properties in Al–Cu–Li alloys

The evolution kinetics of hydrogen porosity during solid solution treatment (SST) of vacuum-cast Al–Cu–Li alloys and the effect of porosity defects on the mechanical properties of the alloys were investigated. It has been found that porosity at 6h SST was dominated by nucleation and its evoluton of fractions has a linear correlation with time, APS = (0.05 ± 0.06)＋(0.11 ± 0.01) t. However, the growth of porosity at 12 h is evidenced by a decrease in the number of pores and an increase in the size of large pores, expanding inter-porosity distance due to Ostwald ripening. Three dimensional quasi-in situ X-ray CT quantification of porosity demonstrate that the hydrogen concentration at the interface in the early stages of the solid solution was not adequate to balance its surface tension and vacancies were created by cross-diffusion, reducing the interficial energy for porosity nucleation. The effects of porosity on the tensile strength satisfies lnσ-lnσ0 = αlnfp, and those detrimental hydrogen porosities can be predicted by a multi-scale model which take into account hdyrogen diffusion during vacuum solution treatment.

Effect of solid solution treatment on biomedical Mg-Li alloy with high Zn content

Microstructure, mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and osteogenesis of as-cast Mg-11 wt% Li-12 wt% Zn alloy were investigated before and after solid solution treatment. Massive MgLiZn and MgLi2Zn phases were formed in the as-cast sample, resulting in micro-galvanic corrosion and high corrosion rate. After the solid solution treatment, the lath-shaped α-Mg phase remained in the β-Li matrix, whereas the large MgLiZn and MgLi2Zn phases dissolved in it, resulting in enhanced the corrosion resistance. Moreover, the yielding strength of the as-cast sample was improved from 136 to 260 MPa after treatment. In addition, the solid solution-treated Mg-Li-Zn exhibited improved induction of the alkaline phosphatase activity and osteogenesis-related gene expression in rBSMCs, confirming its promising potential for orthopedic applications.

Effect of solid solution treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Si–Cu–Mg alloy prepared by semi-solid squeeze casting

Effect of solid solution treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Si–Cu–Mg alloy prepared by semi-solid squeeze casting

The effect of solid solution treatment with coating on corrosion properties of AZ91 Mg alloy in simulated body fluid

The current study involves an attempt to reduce the corrosion rate of AZ91 Mg alloy that is used in biomedical applications, where it is known as biodegradable material and needs to increase its lifetime until healing can occur. Firstly, solid solution treatment at 450 °C for 8 hr. was worked to reduce the second phase represented by Mg17Al12 and then reduce the galvanic cells on the alloy’s surface. Secondly, coating with indium and titanium metals was done by DC sputtering. The characterization of treated and treated/coated specimens was accomplished by XRD, SEM/EDS, and AFM confirming the improvement of solid solution treated/In coated alloy surface compared with the treated uncoated and solid solution treated/Ti coated alloy. Corrosion properties were investigated by potentiostatic measurement indicating that the solid solution treated/In coated alloy gave lower corrosion current density (i.e., lower corrosion rate), protection efficiency equal to 38.31%, polarization resistance increased from 33.482 × 102 to 36.876 × 102 Ω.cm2 and lower porosity compared with coated specimen by Ti. The reason for this improvement comes from the full coverage of the surface by a compact regular layer of indium as well as the formation of the Mg3In phase. The porosity percentage PP% showed the high porosity for treated/Ti coated specimen which reached to 2104.1%.

Spheroidization behavior of W phase and transformation process of LPSO phase during solid-solution treatment in Mg–Zn–Y–Mn–Ti alloy

The effect of solid-solution treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg93·5Zn2·5Y2·5Mn1Ti0.5 alloys was studied by the optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoindentation tester, and an electronic universal testing machine. The results showed that the fishbone-like W phase can be transformed into the spherical W phase by the solution treatment, and the partial bulk 18R LPSO phase along grain boundaries can be transformed into the intragranular lamellar 14H LPSO phase. The spheroidization of W phase and the formation of intragranular 14H LPSO phase effectively improved the mechanical properties of considered alloys. With the increase of solid-solution time, the yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation of alloys initially increase and then decrease. The biggest improvement in mechanical properties was observed for alloys subjected to solid-solution treatment for 40 h; the yield strength, tensile strength, and the elongation were 165 MPa, 265 MPa, and 11.5%, respectively.

Effects of solid solution temperature on the microstructure and properties of 6013 aluminum alloy

The components as well as the formation and heat treatment processes of the Al–Mg–Si–Cu aluminum alloy have been investigated in detail. However, only a few reports have considered the effects of solid solution treatment on the microstructure and properties of 6013 aluminum alloy during the aging process. In this study, the effects of solid solution temperature on the microstructure and properties of the 6013 aluminum alloy were studied via mechanical property testing, intergranular corrosion testing, electrochemical testing, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that when the solid solution temperature of the alloy increased from 530 to 570 °C, the residual Mg2Si phase gradually decreased and the quantity of residual Al(FeMn)Si phase did not significantly change. As the solid solution temperature increased, the tensile strength, micro-hardness, and corrosion resistance of the alloy after T6 aging gradually increased, and the elongation and electrical conductivity, in turn, gradually decreased. Transmission electron microscopy depicted that the GP Zones and L phases of the alloy in the T6 state were observed. As the solid solution temperature increased, the quantity of the GP Zones and L phases increased, thereby increasing the material strength. The number of precipitates in the grain boundary gradually decreased, and the distribution distance gradually increased, which attenuated intergranular corrosion.

Effects of solid solution treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of SiCp/2024 Al composite: A comparison with 2024 Al alloy

The effects of solid solution treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of SiC p /2024 Al matrix composite fabricated via powder thixoforming were investigated, as well as those of 2024 matrix alloy for comparison. The results indicate that the solution progress of the composite is more hysteretic than that of the alloy due to the obstacle role of SiC p to eutectic dissolution and grain coarsening. Interestingly, interface reactions of SiC p /2024Al, similar to those during fabrication, continuously occur during the solution treatment. Simultaneously, two constituents of the interface reaction layer, Al 2 Cu and MgAl 2 O 4 phases, change from the original agglomerated distribution to uniform distribution and finally to segregated form again accompanied by coarsening and phase transformation of Al 2 Cu into Al 2 CuMg. Such changes of the reaction layer significantly affect the interface debonding of SiC p /matrix or SiC p cracking during tensile test, and thus, the fracture regime and mechanical properties of the composite. The achieved modified shear-lag strengthening model by considering the strengthening effect of eutectic compounds can well interpret the strengthening mechanisms of these two materials, especially the variations of each strengthening mechanism contribution with solution time and the corresponding differences between these two materials. • The solution progress of SiC p /2024 Al matrix composite is more hysteretic than that of the 2024 Al alloy. • Interface reactions of SiC p /matrix still continuously operate during solution treatment. • The microstructure evolution of reaction layer plays an important role for mechanical properties of the composite. • The established strengthening model can well interpret the mechanical property variations of the two materials.

Investigation of the Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-13Si-5Cu-2Ni Alloy

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effects of solid solution treatment and aging treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of an Al-13Si-5Cu-2Ni alloy. The results show that the size of eutectic silicon decreased with solid solution treatment temperature increasing until 510 °C. Subsequently, the eutectic silicon size continued to increase as the temperature increased to 520 °C. Initially, the acicular eutectic silicon of the as-cast alloy was 10.1 μm in size. After the solid solution treatment at 510 °C, the eutectic silicon size was reduced to 6.5 μm. The θ′ phase is the main strengthening phase in the alloy, therefore, the effect of aging treatment on θ′ phases was explored. As the aging time increased, the diameter, length, and fraction volume of the θ′ phases were found to increase. The main reason for the improved performance of this alloy following heat treatment is the passivation spheroidization of the silicon phase and Orowan strengthening due to the θ′ phases. The optimal tensile strength of an Al-13Si-5Cu-2Ni alloy was obtained after solid solution treatment at 510 °C for 8 h followed by an aging treatment at 165 °C for 8 h. Therefore, this work has great significance for promoting the application of Al alloys at high temperatures.

Effect of solid-solution treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-nitrogen FeMnCrNiCo high entropy alloys

The effect of solid-solution treatment on the microstructure and tensile properties of high-nitrogen and nitrogen-free high entropy alloys (FeMnCrNiCo and FeMnCrNiCoN, N=0.36 mass.% and N=0.44 mass.%) has been investigated. It has been established that all materials under study possess an fcc crystal lattice, the lattice parameter of which increases with increasing nitrogen content. In comparison with the cast state, which is characterized by a coarse-grained dendritic microstructure, the alloys after solid-solution treatment show a more homogeneous microstructure. Solid-solution treatment does not significantly affect the mechanical characteristics of the alloys and their fracture micromechanisms.

Solid-Solution Effect on Grain Boundary Character Distribution and Corrosion Resistance of 304 Stainless Steel

In this study, we focus on the effect of solid-solution treatment on the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion and electrochemical corrosion of 304 stainless steel. The results show that with the solution temperature rises, the grain size of the steel increases and the intergranular corrosion tendency decreases. After corrosion, it exhibits a step microstructure and grooves at grain boundary on surface of the steel. The corrosion resistance of the steel can be improved by means of properly increasing the solution temperature and choosing a faster cooling way such as water quenching. Besides, with the nitric acid solution temperature rises, the corrosion current (Icorr) increases and the pitting corrosion potential decreases, in which pitting corrosion is more likely to happen. Moreover, in high concentration of nitric acid, a stability passive film can be formed on the surface of 304 stainless steel, which prevents the reaction of the anode, lowers the corrosion, and shows a better anti-corrosive ability.

Effect of solid solution treatment and nitrogenation on magnetic properties of Sm2+αFe17Nx powders

The effect of solid solution treatment (SST) of Sm-Fe alloys and conditions of the nitrogenation on the structure and magnetic properties of the Sm2+αFe17Nx (α = 0 ÷ 0.6) powders has been investigated. It is observed that the nitrided powders with the best hysteresis properties can be prepared from the Sm2.4Fe17 alloy after the SST at a temperature of 1050°C (5 h) and heat treatment at 525°C in a H2: N2 = 1: 1 gas mixture with a pressure of 2.5 atm. The additional ball milling of the powder enhances the coercivity to 6.4 kOe.

Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an ECAPed Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy

Equal‐channel angular pressing (ECAP) has a considerable advantage in the preparation of bulk fine‐grained alloys. To investigate the effect of solid solution treatment (SST) on the microstructure and mechanic properties of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy after ECAP, a comparative study is conducted using experimental techniques. It is shown that ECAP processing introduces a strong grain refinement, while the SST induces precipitation of skeleton‐like second phases distributed discontinuously at the grain boundary and needle‐like second phases in the grain. In addition, SST can also improve significantly the fractions of both high angle grain boundaries and recrystallization. The {110}<001> texture is introduced and the polar density is reduced during SST. Microstructural evolution involves three typical characteristics, namely, shear bands, substructure, and precipitates. The corresponding mechanism of microstructure evolution is proposed, considering the effect of dislocations, precipitates, and grain boundaries. After SST, the improvement of strength and hardness is not obvious, but significant in plasticity by 33.3%. Different strengthening mechanisms are also examined during ECAP and subsequent SST.

Effect of solid solution treatment on in vitro degradation rate of as-extruded Mg-Zn-Ag alloys

Abstract The degradation behaviors of the as-extruded and solution treated Mg-3Zn-xAg (x=0, 1, 3, mass fraction, %) alloys, as well as as-extruded pure Mg, have been investigated by immersion tests in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C. The as-extruded Mg-Zn(-Ag) alloys contained Mg51Zn20 and Ag17Mg54. While the quasi-single phase Mg-Zn(-Ag) alloys were obtained by solution treatment at 400 °C for 8 h. The quasi-single phase Mg-Zn(-Ag) alloys showed lower degradation rate and more homogeneous degradation than corresponding as-extruded Mg alloys. Degradation rate of solid-solution treated Mg-3Zn-1Ag and Mg-3Zn-3Ag was approximately half that of corresponding as-extruded Mg alloy. Moreover, the degradation rate of solid-solution treated Mg-3Zn and Mg-3Zn-1Ag was equivalent to that of as-extruded pure Mg. However, heterogeneous degradation also occurred in quasi-single phase Mg-Zn-Ag alloys, compared to pure Mg. So, preparing complete single-phase Mg alloys could be a potential and feasible way to improve the corrosion resistance.

Effects of solid solution treatment and cooling on morphology of LPSO phase and precipitation hardening behavior of Mg–Dy–Ni alloy

Abstract Effects of solid solution treatment and cooling on the morphology of long period stacking order (LPSO) phase and precipitation hardening behavior of Mg–2Dy–0.5Ni (molar fraction, %) alloy were investigated. Microstructures of the as-cast alloy mainly consisted of α-Mg phase, bamboo-like Mg12DyNi phase with LPSO structure distributed between dendrites and small amounts of cubic Dy phases. During solid solution treatment at 565 °C for 12 h and subsequent different cooling conditions, dot-shaped, block, fine lamellar and rod-shaped LPSO phases precipitate in Mg matrix, respectively. For continuous cooling conditions (furnace and air cooling), the fine lamellar LPSO phase generally forms in grain interior and its volume fraction increases and block LPSO phase coarsens with increasing cooling time. For discontinuous cooling conditions (air cooling after furnace cooling to 415 and 265 °C), the dot-shaped LPSO grows into the rod-shaped phase, which results in an decrease of cooling hardening behavior of alloy.

The effect of solid solution treatment on the hardness and microstructure of 0.6%wt C-10.8%wt Mn-1.44%wt Cr austenitic manganese steel

Austenitic manganese steel is steel alloy that has high manganese content (10-14%wt Mn). The characteristics of austenitic manganese steel are good in toughness, ductility, and wear resistance. Effect of solid solution treatment on the hardness and microstructure of austenitic manganese steel was studied in this experiment. The solid solution treatment process of austenitic manganese steel, 0.6%wt C-10.8%wt Mn-1.44%wt Cr, was conducted by heating the material at varied temperatures (950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C) for an hour and then quenching it in two different quenching media, i.e. oil and water. Further, the samples were tempered at three different temperatures (300°C, 400°C, and 500°C) for 2 hours. The treated materials were analyzed by Rockwell Hardness Tester to obtain the information of materials hardness and by an optical microscope and XRD to investigate the microstructure phase of the treated materials. Heating the austenitic manganese steel at 950°C for an hour followed by water quenching dissolved all carbide in as-cast condition and resulted the fully austenitic on its microstructure. Carbide precipitation occurred due to the prolongation of soaking time in solid solution treatment and tempering process. The optimum hardness of sample was 53.3 HRC, which was resulted by heating this material until 1000°C for an hour, followed by water quenching and tempering at 400°C for 2 hours.

Effect of heat treatments on the microstructure of an ultrafine-grained Al-Zn-Mg alloy produced by powder metallurgy

Previous study by Queudet et al. [1] showed that powder metallurgy allows to produce high strength ultrafine-grained (UFG) Al-Zn-Mg alloys which contains both η' and η phases. This present work investigates the effects of solid solution treatment followed by quenching (W temper) and subsequent ageing to obtain theoretical T6 tempered UFG material. TEM analyses revealed the presence of GP zones and metastable η' phase in W tempered UFG material. Compared to as-fabricated material, quenching conferred to the alloy higher maximum stress of 785MPa and stabilized plastic flow. Further ageing resulted in over-aged alloy containing the η phase, inducing lower hardness and compressive stress. TEM observations showed that variant η2 which grows from η' is delimited by previous GP-II zones.