Effect Of Sodium Metabisulphite Research Articles

The Effect of Sodium Metabisulphite on Apoptosis in the Experimental Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying possible toxic effects of sulphite on neurodegeneration. Methods: Male Wistar rats were assigned to each of the four groups: Control (Control), Sulphite-treated (Sulphite), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-injected (6-OHDA), and sulphite-treated and 6-OHDA-injected (6-OHDA+Sulphite). Sodium metabisulphite was administered orally by gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 45 days. Experimental PD was created stereotactically via the unilateral infusion of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Rotarod performances, plasma S-sulfonate levels, caspase-3 activities, Bax and Bcl-2 levels, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and cleaved caspase-3 double staining were investigated. Results: The rotarod test showed that the 6-OHDA-injected animals exhibited shorter time on the rod mile compared to the control group; however, there was no difference between 6-OHDA and 6-OHDA+Sulphite groups. Plasma levels of S-sulfonate in Sulphite and 6-OHDA+ Sulphite groups increased in contrast to their corresponding control groups. Caspase-3 enzyme activity increased in the 6-OHDA group whereas it did not in control. However, sulphite treatment did not affect these activity levels. Anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 concentration decreased, but the concentration of pro-apoptotic protein Bax increased in the 6-OHDA group compared to the control group. The expression of caspase-3 increased, while the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons decreased in 6-OHDA group as compared to the control groups. However, sulphite treatment had no effect on these parameters. Conclusion: Sulphite is not a potentially aggravating factor for the activity of caspase-3 in a 6- OHDA-induced experimental model of Parkinson’s disease.

Effects of deoxynivalenol and sodium meta-bisulphite on nutrient digestibility in growing pigs

ABSTRACTDeoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin synthesised by the Fusarium, is known to affect the growth of pigs. This effect can be attenuated with sodium meta-bisulphite (SBS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SBS with antioxidant blend on nutrient digestibility in pigs fed a diet contaminated naturally with DON. Six crossbred castrated pigs fitted surgically with single-T cannulas in the distal ileum received one of four barley-corn-soybean diets with or without SBS. After 8 d of feeding, faeces and ileal digesta were collected for 2 d. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of the dry matter (DM), energy, nutrients and DON, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), energy and DON were evaluated. The AID of phosphorus, calcium and some amino acids was increased (p < 0.05) in the DON diets whereas the ATTD of DM and energy tended to decrease (p = 0.064 and p = 0.071). SBS reduced the AID of DM, energy, ADF, ether extract, phosphorus and DON (p < 0.05) but had no effect on the ATTD of DM, energy, fibre or DON. These results show that DON improved the AID of some nutrients but tended to reduce the ATTD of energy, which could explain, although anorexia is the main effect of DON on live weight gain, the reported negative effect of DON on pig growth. Finally, SBS with antioxidant blend had reduced AID of some nutrients and intestinal absorption of DON.

The Effect of Sodium Metabisulphite on Locomotor Activity in the Experimental Model of Parkinson’s Disease: The Role of Cyclooxygenase

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive and selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (SN). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer disease. Although the exact cause of disease is not known, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and microglial activation are observed in PD. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying possible toxic effects of sulphite on the experimental model of PD. Male Wistar rats were assigned into one of four groups Control (Control), Sulphite-treated (Sulphite), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-injected (6-OHDA) and sulphite-treated and 6-OHDA-injected (6-OHDA+Sulphite). Sodium metabisulphite was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 45 days by gavage. Experimental PD was created stereotactically via the unilateral infusion of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). 6-OHDA-injected rats exhibited reduced locomotor activity compared to control. A significant increase in catalepsy was found in the 6-OHDA-injected group as compared to the the control group. Plasma levels of S-sulfonate increased in Sulphite and 6-OHDA+Sulphite groups as compared to their respective controls. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme activity, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels increased in the 6-OHDA group as compared to control. The tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive immunostainingdecreased significantly in the 6-OHDA-injected group where the sulphite and control groups had almost the same immunoreaction for the dopaminergic neurons. In conclusion, sulphite is not a potentially aggravating factor for the activity of COX and the levels of PGE2 or NF-κB in a 6-OHDA-induced experimental model of Parkinson’s disease.

Evaluations of the Effect of Sodium Metabisulphite on the Stability and Dissolution Rates of Various Model Drugs from the Extended Release Polyethylene Oxide Matrices

PurposeThis study examines the effect of sodium metabisulphite (SMB) as an antioxidant on the stability and release of various model drugs, namely, propranolol HCl, theophylline and zonisamide from the polyethylene oxide (PEO) tablets. The antioxidant was used to minimise degradation and instability of the manufactured tablets when stored at 40 °C (55 ± 5% RH) over 8 weeks.MethodMultiple batches of tablets weighing 240 mg (50% w/w) with a ratio of 1:1 drug/polymer and 1% (w/w) sodium metabisulphite containing different model drugs and various molecular weights of PEO 750 and 303 were produced.ResultsThe results indicated that the use of sodium metabisulphite marginally assisted in reducing drug release and degradation via oxidation in propranolol HCl tablets containing both PEO 750 and 303. In the case of poorly and semi-soluble drugs (zonisamide and theophylline), the formulations with both PEO showed entirely superimposable phenomenon and different release profiles compared to control samples (matrices without SMB). DSC study demonstrated the modifications of the polymer due to degradation and observed the effect of SMB on the thermal degradation of the PEO matrices.ConclusionThe use of antioxidant has assisted in retaining the stability of the manufactured tablets with different model drugs especially those with the highly soluble drug that are susceptible to rapid degradation. This has been reflected by an extended release profile of various drugs used at various stages of the storage time up to 8 weeks.

In silico Logistic Model for Table Olive Related Microorganisms As a Function of Sodium Metabisulphite, Cinnamaldehyde, pH, and Type of Acidifying Agent.

A probabilistic/logistic model, based on binary data (growth/no growth), was used to assess the effects of sodium metabisulphite (SM) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN; 0–1000 mg/L) against the main microbial groups found in table olive environment [lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts, and Enterobacteriaceae], according to pH (range 3.5–5.0), and type of acidifying agent (HCl or pyruvic acid). The inhibitory effect of SM depended on the pH while that of CIN was scarcely influenced by it (except for LAB). LAB were more sensitive to SM, while yeasts were to CIN. The use of pyruvic acid for correction of pH always produced a reduction (compared to HCl) of the inhibitory power of both preservatives. The in silico models for HCl showed that, at pH 4.0, and growth probability 0.01, the LAB population might be inhibited by the presence in the medium of 150 mg/L SM or 1000 mg/L CIN, while in the case of yeasts, 450 mg/L SM, or 150 mg/L CIN are required. No growth of Enterobacteriaceae was observed at this (or lower) pH level. The results obtained may contribute to the stabilization of non-thermally treated table olive packaging.

Sodium metabisulphite enhances energy utilisation in broiler chickens offered sorghum-based diets with five different grain varieties

The reducing agent, sodium metabisulphite, was included in sorghum-based broiler diets at 0.00, 1.75 and 3.50g/kg from 7 to 28days post-hatch. In Experiment 1 two sorghum varieties (MP, JM) were evaluated and three sorghums (HP, Tiger, HFQ) in Experiment 2; the two experiments were separate but very similar. The five sorghums were extensively characterised and all five diets contained 620g/kg sorghum and were formulated to be nutritionally equivalent. In both studies, each dietary treatment was offered to six replicate cages (6 birds per cage) for a combined total of 540 male Ross 308 chicks. The effects of sodium metabisulphite on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, apparent digestibility coefficients of starch and protein (N) and starch and protein digestive dynamics were determined. Sodium metabisulphite significantly enhanced energy utilisation. Across both experiments, 3.50g/kg sodium metabisulphite increased AME on a dry matter basis by 0.34MJ from an average of 11.97–12.31MJ/kg and similarly increased N-corrected AME by 0.42MJ from 11.43 to 11.85MJ/kg. Sorghum variety by sodium metabisulphite interactions were not observed for energy utilisation (AME, ME:GE ratios, AMEn) parameters but this was not always the case for other parameters, which indicates that diverse sorghums respond differently to sodium metabisulphite. Consideration is given to the basis for these variable responses to sodium metabisulphite because of its dual modes of action (reducing disulphide cross-linkages, depolymerising starch polysaccharides) and the possible relevance of RVA starch pasting profiles of grain sorghum to feed grain quality.

Effect of Sodium Metabisulphite on Blood Metabolic Status of Wistar Rats

The objective of this work was to determine the sodium metabisulphite (NaMBS) subchronic toxicity used as a food additive in Algeria. Three groups of female Wistar rats were treated with 0.25%, 1% and 4% of NaMBS in their drinking water for 90 days. An immunization protocol was conducted during the experiment. Mortality, comportmental and weight modifications, and food and water consumption were recorded. At the end of the experiment, the control and experiment rats were killed, and their blood and organs were removed. Immunoglobulin levels were evaluated; biochemical and hematological parameters were investigated. Our results showed that the administration of NaMBS at 1% and 4% had significant effects on body weight, food and water consumed. There was an increase in biochemical parameters (calcium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, transaminases) and decrease immunoglobulin levels. The hematology revealed a decrease in red blood cells and hemoglobin, as well as leucocytosis. Physiological study showed enlarged spleen, kidney, liver and stomach. In light of our results, we can conclude that subchronic intake of NaMBS 1% and 4% seems to alter immune function, biochemical, hematological and physiological para-meters in Wistar rats.

The effect of sodium metabisulphite on active avoidance performance in hypercholesterolemic rats

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hypercholesterolemia and sulphite on active avoidance learning. Male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups as follows: Control (C), Sulphite (S), Vitamin E (E), Sulphite + Vitamin E (SE), Hypercholesterolemia (H), Hypercholesterolemia + Sulphite (HS), Hypercholesterolemia + Vitamin E (HE), and Hypercholesterolemia + Sulphite + Vitamin E (HSE). At the end of the experimental period, the serum cholesterol level (mean ± SD) was significantly higher in H group (111.5 ± 11.11 mg dL(-1) ) as compared to C group (63.5 ± 4.9 mg dL(-1) ). Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were increased in HS group as compared to C, H, and S groups. Vitamin E reduced TBARS levels in HSE group compared with HS group. Active avoidance results indicated that hypercholesterolemia was associated with learning impairment. Our data clearly revealed that the combination of hypercholesterolemia and sulphite results in exaggerated impairment of active avoidance. Vitamin E improved active avoidance in HSE group compared with HS group. Therefore, the synergistic effect of hypercholesterolemia and sulphite may be associated with a considerable health risk.

Effects of sodium metabisulphite and citric acid on the shelf life of fresh cut sweet potatoes

Minimally processed vegetables are products susceptible to chemical and biological changes, thus becoming highly perishable. During sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) processing, some deteriorative reactions occur affecting quality, mainly change of color. The purpose of this research is to avoid or minimize this deterioration, so the effects of application of chemical agents to fresh cut and refrigerated stored sweet potatoes were studied, evaluating the occurrence of major organoleptic, physicochemical and nutritional changes and assesing the sensory acceptability. Tests were done with sweet potato variety 'Colorada Correntina', which were treated with sodium metabisulphite/citric acid (pH = 2.91), arranged in polystyrene trays film, coated with PVC, and stored at 5°C and 10°C. Variations on the titratable acidity, pH, total sugars and ascorbic acid were registered and the surface color was evaluated through digital image analysis. The final product acceptability was determined through sensory evaluation and microbiological counts carried out at the beginning and at the end of the assays. During storage, there were slight changes in physicochemical characteristics such as absorbic acid and sugar content and in surface color as well. The microbial counts were lower than the fixed levels established by the Spanish legislature. The sensory attributes were rated as «acceptable » by consumers. Finally it is possible to assert that sweet potato 'Colorada Correntina' minimally processed and treated with sodium metabisulphite 2%/citric acid can be preserved, packaged and stored at 5°C for 14 days.

The in vivo genotoxic effects of sodium metabisulfite in bone marrow cells of rats

This study is designed to investigate the genotoxic effect of sodium metabisulphite (SMB), which is used as an antimicrobial substance in foods on bone marrow cells of rats. Four different concentrations of SMB (250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg body weight) were given rats (Rattus norvegicus var. albinos) for 6, 12 and 24 hours treatment period by intraperitoneal (IP) and gavage (GV) administrations. In this study, we found that intraperitoneal implement of SMB generally more effective increasing the percentage of abnormal cells and CA/cell in all concentrations and treatment period. In addition, mitotic index (MI) data of intraperitoneal injection are lower than gavage. It can be concluded that potential genotoxic effects of SMB by IP injection is higher than GV injection.

Absence of adverse effects of sodium metabisulphite in manufactured biscuits: results of subacute (28-days) and subchronic (85-days) feeding studies in rats

Sulphites are extensively used in the food and drinks industry. Their toxicity has been previously evaluated by addition to the diet or drinking water of laboratory animals. Because interactions between sulphites and food constituents occur, the present work was conducted to determine the subacute and subchronic toxicity of sulphite-bound compounds in a finished product: manufactured biscuits. The studies were performed on Sprague Dawley rats for 28 and 85 days of dietary exposure. Diets were prepared from sulphited or untreated (controls) biscuits with the addition of sugar, protein, vitamins and minerals according to the nutritional requirements of the animals. Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were administered diets containing sulphited biscuits at levels of 0, 10, 35 and 75%, corresponding to 10–15, 35–45, 150–170 and 310–340mg SO2/kg diet. In both studies, no death or clinical abnormalities were reported. Growth rate, food consumption and food conversion efficiency were not affected by treatment. No dose-related changes were observed for haematology, clinical chemistry, ocular examination, renal-function, urinalysis, organ weights or gross and microscopic examinations. The liver concentrations of vitamins A, B1, C and E were not significantly changed except for an increase in vitamin E in high-dose males after 28 days' exposure. Based on these data, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of sulphites in baked biscuits was judged to be 310mg SO2/kg diet or 25mg/kg body weight/day.

The Effect of Sodium Metabisulphite on the Whiteness and Keeping Quality of Sliced Mushrooms

The effect of sodium metabisulphite on the whiteness of sliced mushrooms was investigated. Mushrooms soaked whole in 1, 2 or 4 g/L sodium metabisulphite for 30 s or 10 min prior to slicing, were no whiter than those soaked in water. The effect of soaking whole mushrooms in 1 g/L sodium metabisulphite solution for 10 minutes on the keeping quality of slices at 4°C was quantified. No differences were found between the sulphite-soaked mushrooms and the water-soaked mushrooms with regard to their colour, texture and number of pseudomonad bacteria, irrespective of the flush or compost phase from which the mushrooms were harvested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (2 g/L) of sodium metabisulphite for a pseudomonad strain was twice the concentration used in industrial processing, and sulphur dioxide was undetectable in sliced mushrooms after 18 h at 4°C. The ineffectiveness of the sodium metabisulphite treatment, based on these tests, indicates the need for alternative treatments in the sliced mushroom industry.

Effects of sodium metabisulphite on guinea pig contractile airway smooth muscle responses in vitro.

Sodium metabisulphite (MBS) is known to induce bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients. The effects of MBS on guinea pig airway smooth muscle and on neurally mediated contraction in vitro have been examined. Tracheal and bronchial airway segments were placed in oxygenated buffer solution and electrical field stimulation was performed in the presence of indomethacin (10(-5) M) and propranolol (10(-6) M) for the measurement of isometric tension. Atropine (10(-6) M) was added to bronchial tissues. Concentrations of MBS up to 10(-3) M had no direct effect on airway smooth muscle contraction and did not alter either tracheal smooth muscle contraction induced by electrical field stimulation at all frequencies or acetylcholine-induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction. There was a similar response in the absence of epithelium, except for potentiation of the response induced by electrical field stimulation at 0.5 Hz (24 (10)% increase). However, MBS (10(-5), 10(-6) and 10(-7) M) augmented neurally-mediated non-adrenergic non-cholinergic contractile responses in the bronchi (13.3 (3.2)%, 23.8 (9.6)%, and 6.4 (1.6)%, respectively). MBS had no effect on the contractile response induced by substance P, but at higher concentrations (10(-3) M and 10(-4) M) it caused a time-dependent attenuation of responses induced by either electrical field stimulation or exogenously applied acetylcholine or substance P. MBS had no direct contractile responses but enhanced bronchoconstriction induced by activation of non-cholinergic neural pathways in the bronchus, probably through increased release of neuropeptides. At high concentrations MBS inhibited contractile responses initiated by receptor or neural stimulation.

Effect of sodium metabisulphite on proteolysis and rumen degradability of alfalfa silage protein

First cut alfalfa without (16% dry matter (DM)) or after 24 h wilting (28% DM) was ensiled with formic acid (FA) (0.4%) or sodium metabisulphite (SM) (0.5%). The pH tended to be lower for the FA and SM silages compared with the control. At both DMs the control silages had higher ammonia content compared with the experimental silages. At 16% DM the SM treatment resulted in reduction of the ammonia concentration in an extent similar to the FA. The SM silages had higher buffer soluble nitrogen, α-amino nitrogen and lower insoluble trichloroacetic acid nitrogen content than the control and FA silages. The extent of in vitro rumen degradability of the silage protein did not differ significantly between the treatments. A trend for higher degradability of the SM treated silages was observed. In sacco the protein of the SM silages after 48 h rumen incubation was more degradable compared with the control (84.42% and 78.12% at P = 0.005 for 16% DM and 81.82% and 78.72% at P = 0.004 for 28% DM, respectively). The degradability of the FA silage protein was slightly higher compared with the control but the differences were not significant. The effect of the wilting on the silage protein degradability, observed by 24 h tended to disappear by 48 h of rumen incubation. It is concluded that the SM increased alfalfa protein degradability in the rumen.

Effect of sodium metabisulphite on bronchial blood flow in conscious sheep: pharmacological modulation.

1. Sodium metabisulphite (MBS) can induce bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. We investigated the effects of MBS aerosol on bronchial blood velocity (Vbr) and pulmonary resistance in intubated conscious sheep. 2. Bronchial blood velocity was measured by implanting a 20 MHz ultrasonic Doppler flow probe on the common bronchial branch of the bronchoesophageal artery. 3. Inhaled MBS induced a dose-dependent, transient increase in Vbr lasting for a few minutes without any changes in aortic and pulmonary artery pressures. There was some tachyphylaxis of the Vbr response to successive inhalations of MBS. 4. The cholinoceptor antagonist, ipratropium bromide and the H1 and H2 histamine antagonists, chlorpheniramine and cimetidine, had no significant effect on MBS-induced increase on Vbr. The loop diuretic, frusemide, and the anti-inflammatory drug, nedocromil sodium, which both inhibit MBS-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma, were also without effect. 5. We conclude that MBS induces bronchial vasodilatation in conscious sheep, and that this effect is not dependent on the release of histamine or other mediators, or an activation of cholinergic pathways.

Toxicology of sulphiting agents. I: Animal studies.

Oral toxicity studies of sulphite in animals are briefly reviewed. On the basis of a chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study of sodium metabisulphite in rats JECFA established an ADI of 0.7 mg SO2/kg using a safety factor of 100. The effects of sodium metabisulphite (1% Na2S2O5) on the composition of semi-purified rat diets during storage for at least three months have been studied. Under these conditions sulphite induced rancid off-flavours in diets containing unsaturated fats. The feeding of such stored sulphited-diets to rats resulted in growth retardation and diminished food efficiency. The extractability of the lipids from these diets was markedly reduced. Extraction with hexane, followed by ethanol extraction did not remove the toxic factor(s). It was suggested that sulphite in stored semi-purified diets may react with unsaturated fats leading to the formation of polymers of unsaturated fatty acids and/or other toxic substances. It is recommended that special attention is paid to the fatty acid composition of sulphited foods to be stored.

Effects of sodium metabisulphite, hydrogen peroxide and heat on aflatoxin B1 in lafun and gari ‐ two cassava products

Sodium metabisulphite and hydrogen peroxide alone or in combination with heat (50-70 degrees C) were found to be effective in degrading aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in lafun and gari. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at a concentration of 3% in the aqueous phase gave a 12.5% degradation of aflatoxin B1 in lafun and at 50 degrees C, degradation levels of 25% and 50% were obtained with 6.0 and 9.0% H2O2, respectively. When sodium metabisulphite was applied during the production of gari (a fermented cassava product heated to 50-70 degrees C during production) AFB1 degradation levels were found to be 65.8%, 60.9%, 41.5% and 36.6%, respectively, for sodium metabisulphite levels of 1.0%, 0.8%, 0.5% and 0.3%.

Effect of sodium metabisulphite on chlorophyll, protein and nitrate reductase activity of tomato leaves

Air pollutants interfere with various metabolic processes of plants prior to visible injury manifestations. Treatment of tomato leaves with different concentrations of Na 2S 2O 5 induced degradation of green pigments and protein. Chlorophyll (Chl) content was reduced by 71.15% and protein by 42.85% in treated leaves at a concentration of 660μg ml −1 as compared with their standard controls. Chlorophyll a was found to be more susceptible than Chl b at all levels of treatment. However, the carotenoids were not as affected as Chl a and b. The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) in treated leaves was inhibited markedly in comparison with the controls.

High temperature and pressure processing of maize cobs. II. Animal response and effect of sodium metabisulphite

In two separate trials with lambs, high temperature (250°C) and pressure (17.5 kg cm −2) processing of maize cobs increased ( P < 0.05) dry matter digestibility, intake and weight gain. However, the increase in dry matter intake was maintained only for the first 28 days of the trial. The later decrease in intake could have been related to non-enzymic browning reaction which accompanied processing. The efficiency of sodium metabisulphite in reducing or eliminating the effects on animal performance of the browning reaction was tested in three subsequent studies. The addition of 1% sodium metabisulphite to processed cobs improved ( P < 0.05) digestibility in vitro and in vivo but did not affect protein digestibility nor nitrogen retention. Protein digestibility was also improved ( P < 0.05) by processing pressure. In a growth study, the addition of the chemical (1.5%) was associated with a depression in feed intake which could be attributed to the deleterious effects of high residual sulphur.

Effects of sodium metabisulphite, antibiotics, and gamma irradiation on the shelflife of prepeeled potatoes at room temperature.

Effects of sodium metabisulphite, antibiotics, and gamma irradiation on the shelflife of prepeeled potatoes at room temperature.