Effect Of Sodium Bromide Research Articles

Physical and structural study of Al2O3–NaBr–B2O3–CuO glasses

Glasses of composition Al2O3–NaBr–B2O3 doped with copper ions prepared using melt quenching method. The effect of sodium bromide on alumino-borate glasses is investigated using various physical and spectroscopic methods. The increase in NaBr content decreased the density values of the samples nonlinearly which is attributed to replacement of relatively higher ionic radii of bromide ions (1.96 A) in the place of lower ionic radii of oxygen ions (1.4 A). At optical wavelengths, optical properties of the samples like band gap, Urbach energy, refractive index, etc., were evaluated and explained. Spin-Hamiltonian parameters (SHP) (gII, g⊥, AII and A⊥) were calculated from EPR spectra. The SHP values suggested the Cu2+ ion is in the ligand field surrounded by tetragonally contorted in octahedral locations with $${d}_{{x}^{2}-{y}^{2}}$$ as lowest energy state. The bonding coefficient ( $$\alpha^{2} ,\beta^{{2}} \,{\text{and}}\,\beta_{1}^{2}$$ ) values were also determined using broad absorption band in UV–visible spectra and EPR. A deconvoluted spectrum is used to get exact band positions in the FTIR spectra. Residual graph is drawn to know the percentage difference in experimental and simulated curves. FTIR spectra confirmed that the structure of the glass is build up of AlO3, AlO4, BO3 and BO4 units.

Effect of Sodium Bromide on CaO-Based Sorbents Derived from Three Kinds of Sources for CO2 Capture.

The calcium looping (CaL), which applies carbonation/calcination cyclic reactions of a CaO sorbent, has received extensive attention for postcombustion CO2 capture. However, as the number of cyclic reactions increased, the capture efficiency of regenerated CaO decreased rapidly. Sodium doping was proposed for modification of a CaO sorbent, but there was little research on whether sodium doping had a good effect on different kinds of sorbents. In this paper, three different kinds of calcium-based sorbents, i.e., CaCO3, dolomite, and SG-CaO, were modified by NaBr to explore the effect of sodium on CO2 capture performance. The results showed that the modification effects of sodium on three kinds of precursors were different. For CaCO3, the modification effect of sodium doping was the best. After 50 cycles, the sorption capacity of CaO/NaBr was over 3.5 times that of an unmodified sorbent; for dolomite, sodium had a moderate effect during initial cycles and then showed obvious improvement in the stability of the sorbent, the sorption capacity of the modified dolomite increased by over 30% after 50 cycles; for the SG-CaO, sodium had a negative effect, the sorption capacity of the modified sorbent decreased by about 30% after 50 cycles. When the atmosphere contained SO2, the doping of an alkali metal also showed a certain effect.

Effect of Sodium Bromide on the Electrodeposition of Sn, Cu, Ag and Ni from a Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Ionic Liquid

Effect of Sodium Bromide on the Electrodeposition of Sn, Cu, Ag and Ni from a Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Ionic Liquid

Influence of sodium bromide additive on polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes

AbstractThe effect of sodium bromide (NaBr) on performance and characteristics of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes was studied. Asymmetric UF membranes were prepared by phase inversion technique from a multicomponent dope polymer solution consisting of the polymer; polyethersulfone (PES), solvent; N, N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and NaBr as micromolecular additive. The dissolution of PES‐DMF‐NaBr was carried out using microwave irradiation technique to induce rapid dissolution through minimal heating time. Various concentrations of NaBr were mixed with PES in the range of 1–5 wt % and its influence on membrane characteristics such as surface hydrophilicity was measured by contact angle and the performance in terms of water flux and rejection rates were evaluated using micromolecular test substances. The morphology and streaming potential of PES UF membranes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ζ‐potential measurement, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that the membrane consisting of 1 wt % NaBr exhibits the best performance in terms of rejection and flux rates with molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 45 kDa and mean pore size of 6 nm. The membrane with the 1 wt % addition of NaBr demonstrates most negative charge which indicates less fouling characteristics and displays approximately three times higher permeation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

Effects of Sodium Bromide on Bleaching with Sodium Hypochlorite

Effects of Sodium Bromide on Bleaching with Sodium Hypochlorite

Liquid−Liquid Equilibria for the Quaternary Systems of Water + Dimethyl Sulfoxide + 1-Pentanol + NaBr or + KBr

The effect of sodium bromide and potassium bromide on the liquid−liquid equilibrium (LLE) of the water + dimethyl sulfoxide + 1-pentanol system has been investigated at temperatures from (283.15 to 323.15) K under atmospheric pressure. The experimental results of the two quaternary systems (salt-containing) and the original ternary system (salt-free) show that the salt effect could be evaluated. The influence of sodium bromide is slightly more significant than that of potassium bromide. The compositions of the conjugated phases were correlated with the three-contribution electrolyte-NRTL model. In general, the model reproduces reasonably the LLE phase diagrams.

Interaction between cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and β-cyclodextrin: surface tension and interfacial dilational viscoelasticity studies

The interaction between cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was studied via surface tension and dilational viscoelasticity methods. The effect of sodium bromide and sodium chloride on the interaction between CTAB and β-CD were studied as well. The surface tension isotherms provided a series of parameters, including apparent critical micelle concentration (cmc*), surface tension at the cmc* (γcmc), stoichiometry of the complex (R), and the efficiency of adsorption (pC 20 ). The addition of NaBr and NaCl decreases the cmc* of CTAB/β-CD solution. CTAB molecules enter the cavities of β-CD molecules thus formed both 1:1 and 1:2 inclusion complexes. From the change of γcmc, it can be seen that the CTAB/β-CD complexes (1:1) act as short-chain alcohol, which decrease γcmc, but the depression of cmc* is too small to be detected. R first decreases then increases as a function of NaBr and NaCl. Compared to NaCl, NaBr increases R more efficiently. The presence of NaBr and NaCl increases pC 20 of CTAB/β-CD solution. The results obtained from the dilational viscoelasticity measurements at low dilational frequencies (0.005–0.1 Hz) reveal that the dilational modulus passes through a maxium value with increasing concentration of β-CD at a given concentration of CTAB. The addition of both NaBr and NaCl decreases the dilational modulus of a given concentration CTAB/β-CD solution.

A behavioral bioassay employingDaphniafor detection of sublethal effects: Response to polarized light

The swimming response of Daphnia pulicaria to polarized white light was examined. This response was employed as a behavioral bioassay to investigate the effects of sodium bromide (NaBr) on Daphnids physiology. The control response to linearly polarized white light involved an orientation at 90° to the e‐vector. With the addition of NaBr the response became more random. An EC50 (concentration which eliminates the response in 50% of the test individuals) of 1.31 x 10‐1 M NaBr was calculated using the statistic von Mises K. A possible mechanism to account for the toxicity of this mild sedative is the blocking by the bromide ion of chloride channels involved in transmitting nerve impulses.

Sodium bromide treatment influences the plasticity of somatosensory responses in the rat cortex as induced by enucleation

Effects of sodium bromide were studied on central neuroplasticity induced by early binocular enucleation. It has previously been found that enucleation on the day of birth, but not later than the first postnatal week, resulted in changes in the occipital cortex, such as the invasion of somatosensory evoked activity into the visual cortex areas. The present results showed that sodium bromide treatment extended at least up to 15 days after birth, the critical period during which somatosensory projections could be modified by visual deafferentation. Together with observations of Frost [ J. comp. Neurol. (1981) 203, 227–256; Devl Brain Res. (1982) 3, 627–636], the present results suggest a mutual dependency of visual and somatosensory projection development. The present study is the first demonstration that the critical period of development, during which a specific type of neural plasticity can be induced, may be prolonged by pharmacological means, i.e. by chronic treatment with sodium bromide.

Promotion by sodium bromide of functional synapse formation from foreign nerves in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rat with intact preganglionic nerve supply

The possible effect of sodium bromide (NaBr) (a substance with known inhibitory action on synaptic transmission) was studied on synapse formation with foreign nerves, implanted into the superior cervical ganglion of adult rats. It was found that in spite of the presence of preganglionic nerve supply, both implanted nerves (n.XII and n.X, respectively) were enabled to establish functional synapses with the principal ganglion cells in NaBr-treated animals. In contrast, synapse formation was almost absent in ganglia of sodium chloride drinking (control) rats with intact preganglionic nerve supply. This effect of NaBr is considered to be analogous to that of GABA, whose promoting action on synaptogenesis in adult rat superior cervical ganglion has been previously described.

Effect of sodium bromide on endocrine parameters in the rat as studied by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay

Male rats were fed a normal or sodium bromide-enriched diet for 4 or 12 weeks. Sodium bromide concentrations were 0, 20, 75, 300, 1200 and 19,200 mg/kg diet. At the end of the experiments the pituitary gland, thyroid and testes were examined by histopathological and immunocytochemical techniques, while serum hormone levels were established by radioimmunoassay. Histopathological examination revealed an activation of the thyroid and a decreased spermatogenesis in the testes in the highest dose group. Using immunocytochemical techniques a decrease was noted in the amount of thyroxine in the thyroid. No effect was found in growth hormone-producing cells in the pituitary gland, while immunoreactivity for thyroid-stimulating hormone and for adrenocorticotropic hormone was increased. The concentration of thyroxine, testosterone and corticosterone in the serum appeared to be decreased. Due to feedback regulation, the pituitary gland was stimulated to produce and release thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and insulin, whereas the release of growth hormone was suppressed. Most of these changes were restricted to rats on the highest treatment level. It is concluded that sodium bromide, at least in high doses, directly disturbs the function of the thyroid, testes and adrenals.

A study of the actions of bromide on frog sympathetic ganglion

The effects of sodium bromide on the bullfrog sympathetic ganglion were studied by extracellular and intracellular recording techniques. Equimolar replacement of sodium chloride (112 mM) by sodium bromide in Ringer's solution caused hyperpolarization ( x ̄ = 7.4 mV ) of ganglion cells, and antidromically evoked spikes showed increased rates of rise as well as prolonged post-spike positively. These effects, rapid in onset, returned to control values after approximately 30 min of continued exposure to bromide Ringer. Orthodromic synaptic transmission was not impaired by bromide (84 112 mM): instead it produced increased post-spike negativity and occasionally, stimulus-bound repetitive postganglionic responses (SBR) to each single preganglionic stimulus. This synaptic enhancement persisted as long as exposure to bromide continued. Since ethanol also causes similar responses, its interaction with bromide was tested and pronounced synergism was found in which 95% of ganglion cells displayed repetitive orthodromic responses to each single preganglionic stimulus. The present and previous studies suggest that bromide and ethanol act at the unmyelinated presynaptic nerve terminal to generate stimulus-bound repetitive responses. The transient nature of the hyperpolarization produced by bromide argues against a mechanistic role in its anticonvulsant action. The persistent synaptic excitatory effects of bromide, however, may have implications for the role of chloride channels in anticonvulsant mechanisms or in epileptogenesis.

The local action of sodium bromide on the tissues of the limbs

11 experiments of alternating perfusion with Tyrode's solution and 1% sodium bromide have been conducted through the blood vessels of an extremity which retained the nervous connection with the dog's body. The tissues excitability of the extremity has been judged by comparing the rheobases and chronaxia indices of the muscles of the perfused and the contralateral extremities. As demonstrated, under the local effect of sodium bromide in the perfused extremity, the indices of muscle excitability are lower.

Effect of Sodium Bromide on the Bactericidal Effectiveness of Hypochlorite Sanitizers of High Alkalinity

Summary Studies were conducted, in which comparisons were made of a standard hypochlorite sanitizer of high alkalinity (pH 11 at 100 p.p.m.) and the same sanitizer to which was added crystalline NaBr·2H 2 O. Addition of the NaBr·2H 2 O improved the germicidal effectiveness of the hypochlorite sanitizer under laboratory conditions. The rate of increase in effectiveness varied with the concentration of NaBr·2H 2 O and the test organism. A standard mixture of 1.35% NaBr·2H 2 0 and the sanitizer resulted in a 33 to 1,000% increase in bactericidal effectiveness against a variety of bacteria, in comparison to results obtained by using the sanitizer alone. Mixtures of 4% of NaBr·2H 2 O and the alkaline sanitizer compared favorably in germicidal effectiveness against all test organisms to a hypochlorite sanitizer of relatively low alkalinity. Variations in temperature and addition of 0.5% skimmilk and hard water affected the bromide-hypochlorite mixture in ways similar to those in which other hypochlorite-type sanitizers were affected. However, under these conditions, the mixture was usually superior in germicidal effectiveness to the alkaline sanitizer alone. The corrosiveness of the sanitizer was not affected by addition of 1.35% NaBr·2H 2 O.

An Investigation of the Effects of Sodium Bromide by Psychological Methods

An Investigation of the Effects of Sodium Bromide by Psychological Methods

Effect of Sodium Bromide on Thyroid Gland of the Guinea Pig.

We may, therefore, conclude on the basis of quantitative studies that bromine in the form of NaBr exerts a definite stimulating effect on the mammalian thyroid as manifested in the increase in mitotic figures, a slight but definite softening of colloid, and an increaie in the size of the acinus cells. IIon cver, this effect is not as marked as that produced by iodine, inasmuch as with the latter the average number of mitoies is about 5 times greater than that in the animals treated with NaBr.