Socioeconomic Effects Research Articles

A Two-Decade Overview of the Environmental Carrying Capacity in Bahía Santa Maria–La Reforma Coastal Lagoon System

Santa María Bay–La Reforma (SMBLR), with its 58,300 ha is one of Mexico’s most extensive estuarine lagoon systems. It is made up of islands, estuaries, and mangrove areas, which provide a vital part of the habitat and refuge of a significant number of birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. The fishing of blue and brown shrimp, marine and estuarine fish, as well as the exploitation of crab and bivalve mollusks, represent an important economic value for the communities that live there and for the state of Sinaloa, Mexico. This state ranked second in fisheries production and first in aquaculture production by 2023. However, the biological richness of this ecosystem has historically been threatened by economic activities such as agriculture, livestock, and aquaculture that, via watersheds, translate into continuous inputs of nutrients and other pollutants. This has led to modifications to the system such as changes in the structure of pelagic and benthic communities, mainly in response to eutrophication. To understand the dynamics of nutrient inputs to the ecosystem, this work presents a comparative analysis of the system’s carrying capacity and the magnitude of the main economic activities from 2007 to 2019. We found that during each season of the year and its transitions, the system functions as a nitrogen and phosphorus sink, which is associated with autotrophic net ecosystem metabolism and nitrogen fixation processes. We suggest that while water residence times in SMBLR are short, these are strongly influenced by the high volumes of water and nutrient loads determined by the spatio-temporal variations in hydrological drainage from the basins of influence of the system. The discharge of agriculture and aquaculture drains into SMBLR are areas of concern due to the high amount of nutrients. Although SMBLR is mostly an autotrophic system, there are signs that the carrying capacity during some seasons has been exceeded, and adverse ecological and socioeconomic effects in the basin are evident.

Spouses’ personalities and marital satisfaction in Chinese families

IntroductionConsidering the traditional Confucian values prevalent in Chinese society, we study the effects of the spouses’ personalities and household sociodemographic circumstances on the marital satisfaction of marriage partners.MethodsWe evaluate the factors that contribute to marital satisfaction, using the 2018 wave of the Chinese Family Panel Survey, including 6,603 households. We use information on both spouses’ Big-Five personality traits, and marital satisfaction. In addition, the effects of the household’s sociodemographic factors on the spouses’ marital satisfaction are estimated. We employ the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model to estimate the effects, using simultaneous equation modeling.ResultsWe find significant actor effects of personality, i.e., agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and extroversion, but few partner effects on marital satisfaction. In addition to other socioeconomic effects, we find strong actor effects of subjective social status on marital satisfaction for both spouses. The wife’s level of education had a negative effect on her marital satisfaction.DiscussionThe effects of the spouses’ personalities and sociodemographic circumstances on their marital satisfaction fit the Confucian values fostered in China. The wife’s double burden of having a job and taking care of household duties, negatively affecting her marital satisfaction, may be alleviated by proper government policies.

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF SPORTS BETTING ON YOUTH IN GASHUA, YOBE STATE

Sports betting have emerged as a widespread phenomenon among Nigerian youths, offering both opportunities and challenges. In Gashua, Yobe State, where unemployment and limited recreational activities prevail, sports betting has become a popular pursuit. This study examines the socio-economic effects of sports betting on youth, focusing on its implications for financial stability, social relationships, and overall well-being. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 300 youths through surveys and supplemented with in-depth interviews with local betting agents and community leaders.The findings reveal a dual impact: on the one hand, sports betting provide a source of entertainment and occasional income for some participants, alleviating short-term financial pressures. On the other hand, it poses significant risks, including financial instability, gambling addiction, and strained interpersonal relationships. Over 60% of respondents reported consistent financial losses, while 28% exhibited addictive behaviors. Socially, the activity has contributed to increased tension within families and a rise in petty crimes linked to gambling debt.The study concludes that while sports betting has become a coping mechanism for many young people, its negative effects outweigh the benefits. Addressing this issue requires a combination of public awareness campaigns, stricter regulations on betting platforms, and the introduction of alternative income-generating opportunities for youths. These measures will help mitigate the risks associated with sports betting and promote a more sustainable socio-economic environment in Gashua.

Determinants of construction project delay and its effect on project beneficiaries: evidence from the Gurage Zone, Ethiopia

Construction projects play a vital role in improving socio-economic development through infrastructure provision, job creation, and facilitation of economic growth. However, delays in the implementation of these projects are a common problem that works against these benefits. In Ethiopia in general, and the Gurage zone in particular, project delays have become a significant problem that needs a careful investigation of its root causes and effective policy responses. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinants of project delay and assess its socioeconomic effect on project beneficiaries in the Gurage zone, of Central Ethiopia. While regression analysis and relative importance index were used to identify project delay determinants, Key informant interviews (KII) and focus group discussions (FGD) were used to assess its socioeconomic effect on project beneficiaries. Poorly defined project scope, project control, and management, an incorrect estimate of project cost and schedule, bad economic conditions, political instability, lack of construction inputs, and inadequate communication have contributed to project delays. Project delays limit transport access, and increase unemployment, migration, disputes among project stakeholders, congestion on public service delivery, and health and health-related problems. Before approving a project, the soundness of the feasibility study should be properly checked. Project monitoring, follow-up, and control should be improved as a project implementation strategy. Beyond cost and time overruns, project sponsors consider the broader social and economic implications of project delays. This study contributes valuable insights that can inform project planning and management practices to mitigate delays and maximize socio-economic benefits for project beneficiaries.

Perception of Socioeconomic Effect and Constraints of Artificial Intelligence (Agricultural Technology) Performance of Agricultural Extension Agent in Delta State, Nigeria

Artificial intelligence (AI) is taking over the different strata of life and industries, such as agriculture, to higher levels of productivity, efficiency, and decision-making with the use of smart technologies. This study evaluated the perceived socioeconomic impacts and challenges of AI on the productivity of agricultural extension agents in Delta State, Nigeria. The data was collected from 51 respondents through use of stratified random sampling technique and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings indicated that the majority of the extension agents saw AI as having both economic benefits and limitations. Perceived economic impacts formed the largest means of 2.89 where the respondents were most concerned with affordability with a mean of 3.14 and the redundancies that are expected to be witnessed with a mean of 2.55. Perceived barriers to AI integration mainly concerned restricted access to the internet (mean = 3.14) and lack of technical skills (mean = 3.12) with a grand mean of 2.86. From the study, it suggested that infrastructure, technical training, and policy intervention should be put in place to support AI usage in agricultural extension services.

Assessment of social, economic and budgetary efficiency of the national program of the Kyrgyz Republic "Social contract"

The article examines the issue of the state's implementation of the Social Contract program, a new tool of socio–economic and budgetary policy implemented in order to overcome poverty and ensure the economic security of the country. The authors paid special attention to the forecast assessment of the socio-economic effect of the implementation of this program for the period 2022-2026, in terms of budget expenditures and the achievement of social goals. The algorithm of variable analysis of forecast indicators is implemented.

Association between COVID-19 anxiety syndrome and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the postpandemic era: a cross-sectional study in Hong Kong

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has had profound psychophysiological and socioeconomic effects worldwide. COVID-19 anxiety syndrome (CAS) is a specific cluster of maladaptive coping strategies, including perseveration and avoidance behaviours, in response to the perceived threat and fear of COVID-19. CAS is distinct from general COVID-19 anxiety. The level of CAS in the postpandemic era remained unknown. Despite extensive research on general COVID-19 anxiety and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (CVH), few studies have investigated the association between CAS and CVH. The present study aimed to assess the level of CAS and the prevalence of CVH and explore the association between CAS and CVH in the general population of Hong Kong.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in Hong Kong. Participants were recruited using convenience and snowball sampling methods and completed an online or a paper-based questionnaire comprising two well-validated instruments. The COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale (C-19ASS), which includes the C-19ASS-P and C-19ASS-A subscales, was used to evaluate CAS in terms of perseveration and avoidance behaviours. The COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (CVHS) was used to determine the presence of CVH.ResultsThis study included 389 participants. The median C-19ASS-P and C-19ASS-A scores were 8 (Interquartile range (IQR) 5–13) and 3 (IQR 0–6), respectively. The CVHS scores revealed a CVH prevalence of 68.1%. A significantly larger proportion of participants with CVH rated “hesitant” compared with those without CVH across all the CVHS items. Furthermore, the median C-19ASS-P and C-19ASS-A scores were significantly higher for participants without CVH than for those with CVH.ConclusionsOur findings revealed that CAS persists and CVH is common in the postpandemic era and that CAS is associated with CVH. Comprehensive interventions addressing both informational and psychological aspects are needed to increase the rate of vaccine acceptance and to mitigate the effect of CAS on public health outcomes.

The Impact of 2018 Election on Economic Decision-Making: A Case Study of District Chitral, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

This study analyzes the socio-economic effects triggered by the general elections held in 2018 on the people of Chitral District, Pakistan. It employs a mixed-methods strategy that integrates the quantitative analysis of questionnaires obtained from 300 participants and qualitative commentary derived from focus group discussions. The study addresses shift that occurred in the patterns of consumption, labor market and investments, and perception of economic opportunities after the elections. Political changes have outspread consequences for economic behavior. There was an increase in the households spending in education, healthcare, and transportation, owing to the great hopes the people had of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) Government. Such changes also encouraged women into work to increase economic empowerment and then election also boosted the labor force participation. Nonetheless, the political, social, and economic challenges impacting infrastructure and access to markets continue to impede the progress in economic growth of the area. Political stability strengthens the economic welfare of the communities, societies, and regions. This study among others demonstrates that economic interventions in marginalized regions with good political policies discern positive economic growth. Portions of such policies would include effective policy formulation and successful implementation. Actions include finalizing infrastructure projects, implementing specific employment schemes, enhancing outreach to financial service providers and improving systems for policy monitoring. These measures aim for sustainable development and translate political pledges into real benefits for the people of District Chitral. It also adds to the body of existing knowledge on political and economic process relationships and how such may influence policy advising and development practice within specific contexts, because the region that was targeted by this study enjoys peculiar economic and geographic conditions.

The application of biohacking in obesity medicine: New perspectives on obesity's socioeconomic effects and disease mechanisms

The application of biohacking in obesity medicine: New perspectives on obesity's socioeconomic effects and disease mechanisms

Horticultural Postharvest Loss’ and Its Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts

Food losses and waste (FLW) have multidimensional environmental, social, and economic impacts, and avoidance efforts may yield better environmental gains than recovery. Horticulture has the highest FLW (≈50% of production loss), representing 38% of total global FLW. The primary data were collected from 343 grape farmers and middlemen in Egypt, and the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology and the Category Method (C-Method) have been employed to estimate the percentage of Postharvest Losses (PHL) and its socio-economic and environmental effects across the supply chain (SC). Empirical findings show average PHL percentages of 10.06%, 5.82%, 6.53%, and 7.06% for growers, rural traders, wholesalers, and retailers. The total arable land, water, and energy consumed to grow this lost food are estimated at around 23 thousand hectares, 158 million m³, and 3.16 billion MJ of fossil energy (96.9 million liters of petrol), besides other agricultural inputs. This costs the economy of Egypt about $203.5 million yearly and emits 145 million tons of CO2eq. These findings highlight the significant role of cooperative marketing, shorter supply chains, and access to cold shipping, handling, and storage services to sustain product quality. Furthermore, agricultural education and extension are necessary to disseminate the best postharvest practices to increase stakeholders' knowledge and sustainably enhance SC actors' skills for using limited resources. These interventions require intensive public-private investment to incentivize small stakeholders to mitigate PHLs, accelerate food system transformation, and achieve sustainable production and consumption patterns.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА НА ЭКОНОМИКУ И СОЦИАЛЬНУЮ СФЕРУ

The purpose of the study was to study the impact of artificial intelligence on the economy and social sphere, as well as to develop recommendations for minimizing risks and maximizing the positive effects of its use. The study included an analysis of existing research, a literature review, and the development of analytical models to assess the socio-economic effects of integrating artificial intelligence. The results showed that artificial intelligence is transforming key aspects of the economy, including increasing productivity, automating processes, and strengthening the competitive environment. The use of modern technologies in the social sphere contributes to improving the quality of life, in particular through the modernization of healthcare and education. At the same time, risks such as increasing digital inequality, technological unemployment, and issues of ethical use of technology have been identified. Based on the analysis, risk minimization strategies have been developed and measures have been proposed to increase positive effects, including the development of digital literacy, cybersecurity standards, and support for small businesses. The study points to the need for a balanced approach to the integration of artificial intelligence, taking into account legal, social and economic aspects, providing recommendations to policy makers, businesses and the scientific community.

Uneven heat burden in the sunshine state: Spatial patterns and socio-economic disparities of heat-related illness in Florida.

Climate change has increased the frequency and severity of extreme heat events globally, adversely affecting socio-economic conditions and public health. However, extreme heat has disparate effects on different population groups and the socio-economic determinants of its health effects are not well understood. In this study, we analyzed the spatial patterns of heat-related illness (HRI) visit rates at the zip-code level in Florida and applied statistical methods to examine the relationships between HRIs and environmental and socio-economic variables. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to evaluate the socio-economic effects on HRI visit rates under the same heat conditions. This is a two-step approach: we first included heat indicators in the baseline model and then added the socio-economic variables to assess their unique contributions in predicting HRI visits. Our findings indicate that temperature can only explain a small fraction of the variance in HRI cases (R2=0.04, p<0.01), while socio-economic variables show stronger associations (R2=0.42, p<0.01 in urban areas and R2=0.20, p<0.01 in rural areas). Notably, marginalized and disadvantaged populations (e.g., individuals in poverty, those employed in construction, and those with disabilities) are positively associated with HRIs (p<0.01). These findings highlight the disproportionate impacts of heat-related health issues on disadvantaged groups, calling for climate justice policy interventions. Additionally, a comparative analysis between rural and urban areas revealed different determinants of HRIs. Our study enhances the understanding of the socio-economic determinants and disparities of HRIs in Florida, providing actionable insights for policymakers and health agencies to prioritize emergency services and heat resilience planning.

Аргументированный выбор основных направлений в работе со штаммом Limnospira fusiformis из озера Соленого (г. Омск)

A diverse food product range makes the consumer more demanding and pickier in terms of choice, safety, and price. As a result, food producers turn to alternative protein sources, such as microalgae. Microalgae are rich in protein (60%), unsaturated fatty acids, and other nutrients. The article describes the consumer preferences and patterns in the city of Omsk, Russia, regarding spirulina-containing products. The research objective was to determine the marketing and research prospects for Limnospira fusiformis phytomass. The authors used both experimental and marketing methods to study the range of spirulina-containing products on the food market of Omsk and its surroundings. The marketing survey involved 1000 Omsk residents. According to the survey, 19.2% bought spirulina-containing products regularly; 20.8% bought them at least once a week; 79.2% consumed spirulina as dietary supplements. The respondents explained their choice by the composition and certification data (58.4%), as well as by health care reasons (75.3%); 48.1% preferred online platforms; 42.9% studied the pricing policy before purchasing. The survey revealed two distinct profiles of an average spirulina consumer. The resulting roadmap for spirulina marketing in the Omsk Region included the following steps: promotion; scientific and technical documentation; technical and economic production indicators; pricing; technological optimization. The marketing research revealed a number of socio-economic effects of introducing spirulina products to the local food market, which included economic, social, environmental, scientific, resource, and budgetary consequences. The two profiles of an average spirulina consumer from the Omsk Region made it possible to develop some recommendations for local spirulina producers and businesses.

Evaluating the Environmental &amp; Socioeconomic Effects of Insufficient Water &amp; Sanitation in Afghanistan

This study explores the current access to drinking water and sanitation in Afghanistan and identifies considerable differences in the coverage between urban and rural settings. About 30-33% of the population has access to safely managed drinking water sources and 68% has access to improved sanitation facilities. The study used the most recent and relevant literature, reports, and online data portals to explore the current water and sanitation situation and depict the importance of country-specific intervention strategies to address these critical challenges. The study notes the harmful social and environmental results of inadequate water and sanitation, including a threat to sensitive ecosystems, the prevalence of waterborne disease, and hunger. The Afghan government and development partners continue to work towards improving these conditions, but deficiencies in finance, institutional capacity, stakeholder coordination, and policy implementation remain. Local ownership and participation have been identified as key factors in ensuring the sustainability of the interventions in this research. The results underscore that community empowerment can potentially yield better results if its inclusion is ensured. The study highlights the need for greater community engagement in developing water and sanitation projects and gender-specific strategies, given that inadequate facilities often adversely affect women and girls. The study concludes with its recommendations to improve water and sanitation services through community-driven technologies, blended financing models, and need-based capacity-building initiatives. Through strengthened stakeholder collaboration and high priority on gender inclusion, Afghanistan can greatly improve access to safe and sustainable water and sanitation facilities and services, helping the country advance sustainable development progress in this vital sector.

Applying the Social Determinants of Health to Understand the Impacts of Engineering on Indigenous Communities

Public and population health have recently received increased attention in society. Specifically, the social determinants of health, which describe 12 social and economic factors have been used as a framework to understand the complexity of health. Engineering has a unique position in society to influence these factors, however, there has been limited appreciation for the opportunities for engineering projects to influence the broader determinants of health and to incorporate these concepts into engineering education, despite the recognition from health and public health professionals of their importance. The purpose of this narrative participatory action research study is to explore the connection between engineering and the social determinants of health in two First Nations communities in [redacted]. Narrative conversations with two researcher-participants from [redacted]and [redacted] were had over three months to listen to the lived experiences of these community members and explore the impact of engineering on health. Their stories demonstrate that engineering has the potential to greatly affect the physical environment, and in turn influence population health. As engineers, it can be difficult to consider the socioeconomic effects of engineering projects on stakeholders due to the at times, indirect cause and effect relationship. This study identifies opportunities for engineers to consider and improve some aspects of population health but leaves us to wrestle with the impact of engineering on complex social elements.

Building a shared Global agenda: Challenges and perspectives for a sustainable world

The construction of a shared global agenda represents one of the main challenges for the promotion of a sustainable world, requiring coordinated efforts between governments, institutions, civil society and individuals. The prospects for achieving this goal involve the implementation of effective public policies, encouraging technological innovation and strengthening international cooperation, seeking integrated solutions to issues such as climate change, social inequality and global health. In this context, the Clinics Biopsychosocial Journal plays a fundamental role by fostering the production of scientific knowledge, popularizing science and disseminating relevant data that assist in the formulation of external strategies and policies for sustainable development. This issue discusses topics that span different fields of knowledge, ranging from environmental risk factors, agricultural transformations and health and health epidemiology, to articles that seek theoretical reflections on the role of social services in promoting social inclusion, the phenomenon of electronic gambling and its socioeconomic and health effects, mental health, gender and COVID-19, the analysis of housing sustainability and image representations of suicide prevention.

Migration Governance from an Institutional Perspective: An Index for “Good” Migration Governance

The widespread socio-economic effects of migration make migration governance critical from an administrative and institutional perspective. Based on good governance principles, this article develops an Index for Good Migration Governance (IGMG). For this purpose, five principles of good governance (effectiveness, transparency, accountability, participation and legal framework) were selected. These principles are contained in documents published by the World Bank, the United Nations or the International Monetary Fund, which have made significant contributions to the development of good governance principles. The index is calculated using the methodology used by the European Commission in business and consumer surveys. Unlike the migration indexes developed in the past, IGMG builds on the selected principles of good governance from an institutional perspective and focuses on institutional structures related to migration governance. IGMG aims to raise the awareness of organizations on migration policies and practices and enable them to take the necessary steps for good migration governance.

Lived experiences of persons on tuberculosis treatment in Nairobi County, Kenya: a mixed methods study

BackgroundTuberculosis program effectiveness is majorly measured by disease severity and treatment response without integrating patient perspectives. Yet, it’s a critical dimension in clinical decision-making that enhances health worker-patient interactions and increases individuals’ sustained engagement with treatment, thereby benefiting the people affected and the wider public by mitigating the infection risk. This study assessed the lived experiences of persons affected by tuberculosis who were on treatment in Nairobi County, Kenya.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2023 among 392 persons with drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in five facilities in Nairobi County. Participants were selected through simple random sampling and interviewed by semi-structured questionnaires and focused group discussions. Data on prevention and control strategies, facility preference, medication burden, interaction with healthcare workers, and the socio-economic effects of the disease were collected. Quantitative data was analyzed descriptively using frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations while qualitative data was transcribed, coded, and thematically analyzed.ResultsThe sample consisted of 245 males and 147 females aged between 3 and 74 years. Despite the high rating of their interactions with the healthcare workers, the findings show insufficient knowledge of the prevention and control strategies of TB. Additionally, food insecurity resulting from an inability to afford recommended meals, medication burden such as high pill burden especially where there are coexisting medical conditions, undesirable taste and size of the TB tablets, adverse drug events, economic burden due to loss of income, and stigma from the family and community were reported to affect treatment outcomes.ConclusionTreatment outcomes are influenced by multi-level factors such as low knowledge of TB prevention and control strategies, stigma, food insecurity, medication burdens like pill number, size, taste, and adverse drug reactions, facility preference, and economic hardships including loss of income. Understanding the individual needs of persons with TB will help develop interventions that are specific to them for better treatment outcomes.

Integration of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in motorway/highway planning and construction: A case study for sustainable infrastructure development in Pakistan

Pakistan has constantly prioritized the development of roads and motorways as they are they are reflective of nation’s economic and physical condition. However, poor highway planning, design, and construction can have a negative impact on the environment and can lower the quality of life for inhabitants. Therefore, eco-friendly roadway/motorway planning, and construction approaches are crucial for reducing environmental, social, and economic damages. Currently, environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the prevalent method for assessing and evaluating the environmental impact of road infrastructure projects. Still, this conventional approach focuses primarily on development projects and lacks strategic insight. Hence, the world is now focusing on integrating and implementing SEA as a realistic approach for executing a sustainability plan in every area, including the infrastructure and transportation sector. Pakistan invests a considerable portion of its annual budget on infrastructure, particularly roadways; therefore, it must incorporate the changing trends and parameters into the planning and developing phase. thus, current research aims to incorporate SEA into the strategic planning of motorway/highway development by conducting a desktop study using secondary sources, including research articles and EIA reports, to analyze the environmental and socioeconomic effects of motorway/highway by identifying the direct, indirect, and commutative impacts. The alternatives are assessed using impact criteria and indicators to choose the best sustainable option for achieving the required objectives. our study is a pioneer work to integrate SEA into the planning process for highway construction, which would act as a baseline and an advisory tool for the decision-makers to incorporate SEA in Pakistan’s strategic development planning.

Impact of solid waste classification on urban ecology and economy in Beijing: A quantitative research

ABSTRACT The challenge of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management has become a critical barrier to the harmonious development of society. China has implemented MSW classification as a pivotal strategy for fostering ecological civilization. Despite extensive research on waste management, there is a lack of comprehensive evaluations that integrate both socio-economic and environmental impacts of MSW, particularly in the context of urban ecological systems. In response, this paper developed an integrated system dynamics (SD) model to evaluate the impacts of MSW classification on urban ecology and economy in Beijing, China. This model comprises three subsystems: waste generation, socio-economic benefit, and environment-resource benefit subsystem. It incorporates feedback loops, sensitivity tests, and extreme scenario testing, all of which have validated the robustness and consistency of the model. Scenario analysis was conducted to examine benefits and loss of MSW classification under different conditions. Using the MSW classification in Beijing from 2010 to 2019 as a case, the model assesses the socio-economic, environmental, and resource effects of waste classification. The assessment of results indicate a correlation between increasing separation rates of MSW and socio-economic gains. Specifically, as the separation rate rises, the socio-economic benefits shift from negative to positive. At optimal MSW separation rates, these benefits could represent up to 0.78% of Beijing's GDP. Environmentally, the model suggests that greenhouse gas emission reductions (in CO2 equivalent) over the 2010–2019 period could have varied from 2.4–3.62 million tons annually. Additionally, our findings reveal that for every 1% increase in MSW separation rate, the yearly potential land savings might range from 1,069.92 m² to 1,276.98 m². These insights from the SD model underscore the importance of waste classification. They serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, and motivate resident participation in waste classification, highlighting the significant role of waste classification in sustainable development.