Effects Of Social Relationships Research Articles

Effect of social relationships on dairy cows’ decision to move to and from an outdoor area

Leader-follower behaviours have been described in cattle housed on pasture and when entering the milking parlour. To our knowledge, no study has investigated these behaviours in cattle provided free-choice access to the outdoors. This study explores whether the timing of cows exiting and entering the barn from an outdoor area is associated with the movement of their herd mates. We followed 18 lactating Holstein cows housed indoors in a freestall barn together with 18 non-experimental cows, for on average 77 d (range: 74 – 80). The 18 experimental cows were allowed free access to an outdoor open pack (sand covered with woodchips) through an automated selection gate which automatically recorded when a cow exited the barn. To enter the barn from outside, cows went through a one-way gate; time of entry was recorded from video. Cows moved in and out of the barn on average 269 times (range: 68 – 472). A Gaussian mixture model was applied to the log of the frequency distribution of time intervals between each cow and the next for each entry and exit. On the basis of where the curves intersected, we identified a threshold interval of 42 s between consecutive exits or entries to consider movements as associated. Applying this threshold, 13.8% of events were associated with the movement of another cow: 11.2% of exits and 16.4% of entries. We created a leader-follower matrix for each direction: the leader being the cow initiating the movement, and the follower the one walking through the same gate within 42 s of the leader. These association matrices were used to build weighted and directed social networks for exits and entries; we found a moderate positive correlation between the networks (RQAP = 0.69, p < 0.001), meaning the patterns of association between cows observed when exiting the barn were consistent with those when they entered. Just over a third of the relations in the networks were asymmetrical; in contrast, leader-follower theory would predict that one individual within each pair would lead consistently. We identified 17 of 153 possible between-cow pairings as preferentially bonded; these pairs had a simple ratio index of association more than twice the average of all possible pairs. We conclude that some of the cow movements to and from an outdoor pack were influenced by the movements of other group members, and these associations were particularly strong between some pairs of cows.

The Effect of Social Relationships on the Well-Being and Happiness of Older Adults Living Alone or with Relatives.

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of the type of habitation of older adults-with relatives or alone-on their health and well-being. The participants were 352 people over 65 years of age who collaborated with the research on a voluntary basis. The data indicated that those who live with family members have better social integration, well-being and happiness than those who live alone. A multiple regression analysis showed the positive effect of living with relatives on well-being and happiness. However, participation in social activities mitigates the effect of the type of cohabitation explaining better well-being and happiness in the older population. These findings support the idea of designing and implementing intervention policies focused on activities that promote social participation and social interactions to improve well-being and happiness in the older adults.

EFFECTS OF TRANSMISSIONS OF OLDER MOTHERS’ INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP QUALITY ON ADULT CHILDREN’S WELL-BEING

Abstract Prior research has rarely considered how the effects of social relationships on well-being can extend across generations. Drawing from the life-course perspective, we tested intergenerational transmission of relationship quality (with mothers and friends) as a mechanism through which mothers’ relationship quality affects adult children’s psychological well-being. We proposed that adult children bear the consequence of mothers’ relationship quality because they tend to develop interpersonal relationships similar to their mothers’ through socialization and observational learning, which in turn affects their psychological well-being. We investigated how this mechanism varied by adult children’s gender using mixed-method data collected from 693 adult children in 270 families as part of the Within-Family Difference Study. Multilevel mediation analyses revealed that transmission of mother-child closeness and tension affected adult sons’ but not daughters’ depressive symptoms. In contrast, transmission of friendship closeness decreased daughters’ but not sons’ depressive symptoms. Mother’s friendship tension affected both sons’ and daughters’ depressive symptoms, but the mechanisms differed by gender. Sons’ depressive symptoms were affected by intergenerational transmission of friendship tension. In contrast, intergenerational transmission was not the mechanism via which mothers’ friendship tension raised daughters’ depressive symptoms. Qualitative analyses revealed daughters’ well-being was affected by more diverse pathways besides intergenerational transmission of relationship quality and that these differences could be explained by gender socialization and differing meanings of social relationships for sons and daughters. These findings highlight the role of parental socialization in the mechanisms by which linked lives affect adult children’s well-being, even decades after these processes were set into motion.

Social connectedness and cognitive decline

Social connectedness and cognitive decline

Social isolation and postnatal bonding disorder in Japan: the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study.

Although there is substantial information about the effects of social relationships on mental health, their effects on postnatal bonding remain unclear. We aimed to examine the association between social isolation and postnatal bonding disorder. We analyzed data from 17,999 women who participated in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study. An abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale was used to assess social isolation in the second trimester of pregnancy, and its subscales were used to assess marginal family ties and marginal friendship ties. Bonding disorder was defined as a Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale score of ≥ 5 1month after delivery. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between social isolation and postnatal bonding disorder after adjusting for age at delivery, parity, feelings towards pregnancy, psychological distress during pregnancy, and household income. Analyses stratified by postnatal depressive symptoms (PDS) were also conducted. Social isolation was associated with postnatal bonding disorder: the odds ratio (OR) was 1.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-1.71). Marginal family ties and friendship ties were associated with postnatal bonding disorder: the ORs were 1.40 (95% CI, 1.23-1.60) and 1.44 (95% CI, 1.32-1.57), respectively. Marginal family ties were associated with postnatal bonding disorder only among women without PDS: the ORs were 1.30 (95% CI, 1.10-1.55) among women without PDS and 1.13 (95% CI, 0.91-1.40) among women with PDS. Social isolation during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of postnatal bonding disorder.

Social Relationships and Group Dynamics within the Supervisory Board and their Influence on CEO Compensation

As financial performance measures are not the sole determinant of chief executive officer (CEO) compensation, researchers have investigated social relationships between the CEO and the supervisory board’s (SB’s) members to identify other determinants. However, different conclusions have been obtained so far. We argue that disregarding group dynamics in the board’s social categorization, which arise because of social relationships between board members, can help explain the mixed evidence. Our results suggest that group dynamics within the SB impact the level of CEO compensation. Surprisingly, more robust social ties between the CEO and SB members can lead to lower CEO compensation. In addition, the effects of social relationships depend on the specific type of social relationships.

Stress-Buffering Factors of Social Integration on Depressive Symptoms Over Time in Late-Life

The negative impacts of stress on older adults’ well-being are well documented, and social integration is posited as protective against such detrimental effects. Previous research illustrates the stress-buffering effect of social relationships on both physical and mental health, such as depressive symptoms, in older adults. The purpose of this study was to expand on prior findings by investigating the longitudinal stress-buffering effect of various dimensions of social integration on depressive symptoms among an older sample. Four waves of data were drawn from the Social Integration and Aging Study, including 416 older adults (ages 60-100). Subscales of the Social Integration in Later Life Scale measuring frequency and satisfaction with social ties and community interaction were used to assess distinct dimensions of social integration. Multilevel modeling demonstrated that two facets of social integration—satisfaction with social ties and frequency of community interaction—moderated the relationship between perceived stress and trajectories of depressive symptoms over time. Participants who reported high levels of stress reported fewer depressive symptoms if they had high satisfaction with social ties and high frequency of community involvement. Interestingly, frequency of contact with social ties and satisfaction with community interaction did not similarly buffer negative effects for depressive symptoms. These findings indicate the value of remaining actively engaged in the community and maintaining meaningful relationships as older adults age. Future research should investigate programs to foster relationships and engagement between older adults and their communities, with particular consideration of populations at a greater risk for isolation.

SOCIAL DIMENSIONS ON POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF REFUSALS USED BY AMBONESE AND AMERICAN

The aims of this study were to identify the politeness strategies used by Ambonese and Americans in refusing requests, as well as the effects of social relationships. A descriptive qualitative approach was used in the study. The data of American conversations were collected from youtube.com and direct observation by recording conversations between interlocutors by 20 respondents of Ambonese in any situation. The data was analyzed and classified using six politeness systems by Yassi, and politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson. The results show that in interactions between strangers, Ambonese people tend to use a bald on record strategy, which is frequently combined with a negative politeness strategy, whereas Americans tend to use a negative politeness strategy, which includes expressing apology followed by a direct expression of refusal or using off-record strategy. In an intimate relationship, Ambonese people tend to use positive politeness strategies, whereas Americans tend to use off-record strategies and negative politeness strategies. In a hierarchal relationship, Ambonese tend to use negative politeness strategies by inferior to superior person, while Americans tend to use negative politeness strategies or off record strategies. Culturally, Ambonese people were influenced by local wisdom to maintain solidarity in responding and addressing, which is called Pela Gandong, whereas Americans were influenced by the freedom to express themselves.

Covariation of psychobiological stress regulation with valence and quantity of social interactions in everyday life: disentangling intra- and interindividual sources of variation

While the overall effects of social relationships on stress and health have extensively been described, it remains unclear how the experience of social interactions covaries with the activity of psychobiological stress in everyday life. We hypothesized that the valence as well as quantitative characteristics of social interactions in everyday life would attenuate psychobiological stress. Sixty healthy participants provided data for the analyses. Using an ecological momentary assessment design, participants received 6 prompts on their smartphone for 4 days. At each prompt, they reported on social interactions since the last prompt (any occurrence, frequency, duration, quality, and perceived social support), current subjective stress, and provided one saliva sample for the analyses of cortisol (sCort) and alpha-amylase (sAA). Experiencing any contact within days as well as higher daily levels of contact quality and perceived social support were associated with reduced levels of sCort. Furthermore, on a daily level, experiencing at least one contact in-between prompts more often as well as having more contacts on average attenuated the sAA output. Perceived social support and contact quality as well as higher daily contact durations were associated with lower subjective stress. For sCort, daily levels of stress moderated the effects of experiencing any contact within days while daily perceived social support moderated the effects of subjective stress. For sAA, experiencing at least one contact in-between prompts more often on a daily level moderated the effects of subjective stress. There were no between-person effects throughout all analyses. The results show ecologically valid evidence for direct attenuating effects of social interactions on psychobiological stress as well as for the stress-buffering hypothesis in everyday life. Increasing the quantity and improving the valence of social interactions on an intrapersonal level can possibly reduce psychobiological stress and prevent its consequences.

The Effects of Social Relationship and Community Environment of Elderly Living Alone on Life Satisfaction: Analysis of 2019 Community Health Survey Data

연구목적 : 본 연구는 동거가구원 없이 홀로 삶을 살아가는 남녀 독거노인의 사회적 관계 및 지역사회환경이 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 시도된 조사 연구이다. 연구방법 : 질병관리본부(현, 질병관리청)로부터 ‘2019년 지역사회건강조사’ 원시자료를 제공받아 연구목적에 맞는 대상자를 선택하였으며, 최종적으로 분석에 포함된 조사대상자는 15,840명이었다. 자료 분석은 SPSS 20. Win. 패키지를 활용하여 분석하였으며, 기초통계분석, 차이검정(t-test/Kruskal-Wallis H test/χ2), 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 : 남성보다 여성의 사회적⋅경제적 수준과 환경은 더 낮고 열악하였으나, 사회적 관계 속에서 소통과 지역사회환경, 삶의 만족도는 남성보다 여성이 비교적 높은 수준을 보였다. 남녀 성별에 따른 독거 노인의 사회적 관계와 지역사회환경은 삶의 만족도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 남성은 친척(가족포함)과 친구와의 교류, 이웃 간 신뢰가 유의미하였고, 여성은 친척(가족포함), 친구 뿐만 아니라 이웃과의 교류, 이웃 간 신뢰, 이웃 간 경조사, 동네 자연환경이 삶의 만족도에 정(+)적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 세부적으로는 다소 다른 결과가 나타났다. 결론 : 독거노인의 성별 특성의 차이, 사회적 관계 및 지역사회환경이 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향을 구체적으로 비교하며, 확인했다는 데에 의미가 있다. 또한 본 연구의 결과가 주는 시사점과 함의를 바탕으로 정부 및 지역사회의 정책적 개입 방안을 제안하였다.

Toxic Nightlife Relationships, Substance Abuse, and Mental Health: Is There a Link? A Qualitative Case Study of Two Patients.

Introduction and Aims: This article explores the role of toxic close relationships in night life on substance use disorders and mental health conditions. We also contrast the quality and effects of social relationships when doing drugs with those produced by a mental health program that fosters quality relationships between patients.Design and Methods: This qualitative case study was carried out at a mental health day care center of a hospital in Malaga (Spain). The cases of two patients with severe mental disorders and a history of drug addiction were analyzed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with every patient, semi-structured interviews about each patient with the psychologist of the medical team of the program, and medical documentation. The analysis involved a combination of inductive and deductive approaches.Results: The analysis of the data revealed, on the one hand, the influence of toxic relationships in nightlife, including violent sporadic sexual relationships, in the initiation and persistence of substance use that took part of the mental health disorder in these patients. On the other hand, the findings show that these participants' current involvement in a mental health program, which fosters quality relationships between patients, has brought emotional benefits to both of them.Discussion and Conclusion: This paper points out the relevance of considering quality of social relationships when examining substance use disorders and related mental health problems. Additionally, the findings indicate the importance of fostering quality peer relationships in mental health rehabilitation programs addressed to patients with histories of drug addiction to improve treatment outcome.

Effect Of Social Relationships On Oralhealth Among Older Individuals

Effect Of Social Relationships On Oralhealth Among Older Individuals

중고령층의 사회참여와 삶의 만족도간의 관계: 사회적 관계와 주관적 건강의 매개효과 분석을 중심으로

중고령층의 사회참여와 삶의 만족도간의 관계: 사회적 관계와 주관적 건강의 매개효과 분석을 중심으로

The consequences of friendships: Evidence on the effect of social relationships in school on academic achievement

This paper examines the impact of youth friendship links on student's own academic performance (grade point average) using the Add Health. We estimate a reduced form, high dimensional fixed effects model of within cohort or grade friendship links and use this model to predict each student's number of friends whose mothers completed four years of college. The effects of friendship links are identified using across-cohort, within school variation in demographic composition of the student's cohort or grade. We find that increases in the number of friendship links with students whose mothers are college educated raises grade point average among girls, but not among boys. Additional analyses suggest a positive view of the school environment and a perception of one's self as functioning well in that environment as possible mechanisms. The effects are relatively broad based across students over maternal education, racial and ethnic composition, and across schools that vary in demographic composition.

How social capital influences medical choices: a study of colonoscopy decision-making

ABSTRACTWhile many studies have focused on the aggregate effect of social relationships on economic outcomes, this study identifies how social relationships are likely to motivate individual decision-making as it relates to health care choices. Focusing on surveys collected about colonoscopies, we show that a key determining factor in the decision to undergo the procedure is the relational nature of the patient's health. That is, patients who consider how their health influences other people in their lives are more likely to get a colonoscopy. These results suggest that encouraging patients to consider their social relationships is likely to increase the likelihood that they undergo beneficial procedures.

Social Relationships and Turnover: A Multidisciplinary Review and Integration

Although there has been a notable increase in research on the effect of social relationships on turnover across different disciplines, including management, sociology, communication, applied psychology, corporate strategy, and economics over the past two decades, this stream of research has not been complied into a thorough and theoretically insightful review. In this article, we review and integrate the literature on social relationships and turnover by (a) defining social relationships broadly; (b) taking an interdisciplinary approach; (c) examining relational components embedded in turnover theories; (d) summarizing findings on the association between behavioral, structural, and psychological features of social relationships and turnover; (e) explaining how the findings can contribute to extant turnover theories; (f) discussing operationalizations of social relationships; (g) identifying limitations of prior research and theories; and (h) providing directions for future research. Our review charts what is known and unknown about the association between social relationships and turnover with the goal of laying out a path for moving forward.

The Effects of Social Relationships in Proximal Contexts on Adolescents’ Sense of Community and Multicultural Acceptance

The Effects of Social Relationships in Proximal Contexts on Adolescents’ Sense of Community and Multicultural Acceptance

The effect of social relationships and leisure activities in prevention of Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome. (P6.180)

The effect of social relationships and leisure activities in prevention of Motoric Cognitive Risk Syndrome. (P6.180)

The Effects of Social Relationships and the Justice Environment on Creative Idea Endorsement

In this paper, we addressed peers’ perceived creative idea generation and supervisors’ endorsement of these creative ideas in the software industry. Using three sources of data collection techniques for 317 subordinates, subordinate-colleague dyads, and 50 supervisors, we collected data from software engineers, software developers, and software quality specialists working in different hierarchical levels of a software firm and analyzed our hypothesized model with Mplus using random coefficient modeling. We found that the creative idea generation of subordinates is positively related to supervisors’ endorsement of creative ideas. Justice in organizations and relationships with a supervisor both independently strengthened the relationship between creative idea generation as well as creative idea endorsement. We found that supervisors are likely to endorse the ideas of their subordinates when there is an overall application of justice in the organization and when they have a good, trustworthy relationship with their subordinates. Research implications, limitations, and future research directions are also discussed.

Gender Difference in the Effects of Social Relationships in Proximal Contexts on the Development of a Sense of Community among Korean Adolescents

Gender Difference in the Effects of Social Relationships in Proximal Contexts on the Development of a Sense of Community among Korean Adolescents