Effect Of Social Deprivation Research Articles

Breast, lung and colorectal cancer incidence and survival in South Thames Region, 1987-1992: the effect of social deprivation.

This paper describes the relationship between social deprivation and incidence of, and survival from, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers among residents of the South Thames regions. We analysed 23,505 cases of breast cancer, 29,903 cases of lung cancer and 21,905 cases of colorectal cancer, aged 40-99 inclusive at diagnosis and diagnosed between 1 January 1987 and 31 December 1992. Using the 1991 Census in conjunction with the Townsend index on social deprivation, we derived proxy indicators of deprivation based on patients' home postal codes. Cumulative relative five-year survival rates (per cent) were calculated for each cancer. We then compared our results with the relevant standardized incidence and mortality ratios by deprivation status. A clear trend was observed in standardized mortality rates across deprivation tenths for the three tumour sites: mortality increased with deprivation. A strong positive correlation was found between deprivation and the incidence of lung cancers (p < 0.0001), but no association was found between deprivation and incidence of breast and colorectal cancers. Significantly lower five-year relative survival rates were found for breast and colorectal cancer patients in the most deprived Townsend tenths. Breast cancer patients resident in the most affluent tenth of enumeration districts had a 70 per cent relative survival ratio compared with 57 per cent in the most deprived tenth. The corresponding figures for colorectal cancer patients were 40 per cent and 32 per cent, respectively. Survival differences by deprivation status exist in South Thames among patients suffering from breast or colorectal cancers and are not explained by differences in the incidences of these diseases. For lung cancer, incidence and mortality were positively correlated with deprivation, but no socio-economic gradient was found for survival.

The effect of early social deprivation on rhesus monkeys: Social responsiveness

Twelve rhesus infants were subjected to early total social deprivation in a free-ranging environmental situation for the periods of 6, 12, and 18 months. After the termination of treatment at the end of each period, a group of four subjects was tested for social responsiveness with six stimulus animals belonging to both the sexes and three age groups. Responses of the subjects were compared with similarly tested, naturally reared controls. Purpose of the experiment was to separate the effect of social deprivation from that of physical restrictions which had confounded the results of earlier experiments. It is concluded that the deficit in social responsiveness indicated by quantitative measures should be interpreted in the light of qualitative observations. Subjects were found deficit in “social communication” and “social manners” that interfered with social interactions. It is suggested that appropriate social experience enabling the subjects to learn social communication should benefit them as they possess primary social response tendencies to an appreciable degree.

Verbal Conditioning As A Psychotherapeutic Model: The Effects of Social Deprivation

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of social deprivation on the conditionability of adult female subjects. The prediction that social deprivation of relatively brief duration would heighten sensitivity to minimal reinforcing cues supplied by the interviewer and would result in a significantly higher frequency of self-reference statements in a simulated therapy interview, was confirmed. The findings were interpreted as supporting the Gewirtz-Baer hypothesis of social drive as a motivational factor which enhances subsequent effectiveness of social reward. However, the possible concurrent influence of anxiety, ‘set’ or ambiguity in producing the verbal conditioning effects could not be ruled out.