Effect Of Soaking Research Articles

Complexity of Electron Injection Dynamics and Light Soaking Effects in Efficient Dyes for Modern DSSC

Electron transfer dynamics in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) employing triphenylamine Y123 dye were investigated by means of femtosecond broadband transient absorption spectroscopy in the visible and mid-IR range of detection. The electron injection process to the titania conduction band was found to appear biphasically with the time constant of the first component within 350 fs and that of the second component between 80 and 95 ps. Subsequently, the effects of continuous irradiation on the ultrafast and fast electron transfer processes were studied in the systems comprising Y123 dye or carbazole MK2 dye in combination with cobalt- or copper-based redox mediators: [Co(bpy)3](B(CN)4)2/3 (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) or [Cu(tmby)2](TFSI)1/2 (tmby = 4,4′,6,6′ tetramethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, TFSI = bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide). We have found that the steady-state illumination led to acceleration of the electron injection process due to the lowering of titania conduction band edge energy. Moreover, we have observed that the back electron transfer to the oxidized dye was suppressed. These changes in the initial (up to 3 ns) charge separation efficiency were directly correlated with the photocurrent enhancement.

Effect of Soaking with Yeast Solution on the Dormancy and Sprouting of Potato Tubers

Effect of Soaking with Yeast Solution on the Dormancy and Sprouting of Potato Tubers

Effect of soaking, boiling and frying on selenium content of major african fresh foods.

Selenium is an essential trace element that is crucial for normal functioning of human body systems and it is obtained from diet or dietary supplements. The concentration of selenium (Se) varies from soil-to-soil and therefore in various food types. We profiled the selenium concentration in the major African fresh foods and studied the effect of boiling, frying and overnight soaking on their selenium content. The foods were taken to the chemistry laboratory, processed for determining selenium concentration in the fresh foods and then subjected to the various treatments before determining their Se concentration using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Among the fresh foods studied, pumpkin seeds were found to have the highest Se concentration (109.25 ± 0.125 parts per billion (ppb)), while Irish potatoes had the lowest (16.25 ± 0.125 ppb). In most fresh foods studied, boiling and frying had the effect of reducing the Se concentration, except in yams that showed an increased concentration after frying. Overnight soaking of matooke (plantain bananas) and beans showed an effect of causing a considerable reduction in the Se concentration from 36.375 ± 0.281 ppb and 59.125 ± 0.031 ppb to 14.03 ± 0.441 ppb and 24.375 ± 0.281 ppb, respectively. Boiling and frying cause a significant reduction in Se concentration of most African fresh foods. Overnight soaking of matooke and beans caused further reduction in the selenium concentration of the fresh foods. This implies that people who pre-soak their food before cooking it are likely to lose more selenium than those who do not soak and may be more likely to suffer from Se deficiencies.

Effect of soaking and germination treatments on nutritional, anti-nutritional, and bioactive properties of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa L.), and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.)

Pseudocereals have attracted the attention of nutritionists and food technologists due to their high nutritional value. In addition to their richness in nutritional and bioactive components, these are deficient in gluten and can serve as valuable food for persons suffering from gluten allergies. Processing treatments are considered an effective way to enhance the quality of food grains. Soaking and germination are traditional and most effective treatments for enhancing the nutritional and bioactive potential as well as reducing the anti-nutritional components in food grains. This study reflects the effect of soaking and germination treatments on nutritional, bioactive, and anti-nutritional characteristics of pseudocereals. There was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in nutritional and bioactive components such as crude fiber, crude protein, phenolic components, antioxidant activity, and mineral content but reduced the anti-nutrients such as tannin and phytic acid. In amaranth, there was a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) of 7.01, 74.67, 126.62, and 87.47% in crude protein, crude fiber, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity but significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction of 32.30% and 29.57% in tannin and phytic acid contents, respectively. Similar changes in values of crude proteins, crude fiber, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity were observed in buckwheat and quinoa. While the anti-nutritional components such as tannin and phytic acid decreased by 59.91 and 17.42%, in buckwheat and 27.08% and 47.57%, in quinoa, respectively. Therefore, soaking and germination proved to be excellent techniques to minimize the anti-nutritional component and enhance the nutritional, bioactive, and antioxidant potential of these underutilized grains.

Influence of the Soaking Time on the Mechanical Properties of Coir as a Natural Composite Reinforcement

This study aimed to determine the effect of the long soaking of coir in sodium hydroxide solution on its mechanical properties. The materials used, namely coir, sodium hydroxide solution, polyester matrix, catalyst, and aquades. The coir was soaked in a sodium hydroxide solution for 1, 5, 7, 9, and 11 hours. After that, coconut fibre was washed using distilled water, and then dried in an oven at 90 °C for 5 hours. Next, a single fibre tensile and pull out test was performed. Based on the results and discussion, it was concluded that immersing coconut fibre in sodium hydroxide solution for 7-hours gave the maximum tensile strength and interfacial shear strength of 223.91 N/mm2, and 9.8 N/mm2, respectively Coir as a composite reinforcement has the potential to be used for engineering material such as ceiling boards and fishing boat walls.

Penurunan Tekanan Darah Wanita Hamil dengan Perendaman Kaki Air Hangat

Hydrotherapy non-pharmacological treatment for hypertension during pregnancy needs to be developed because it is safe for mother and fetus. Hydrotherapy soaking feet using warm water can increase vasodilation and increase blood flow, thereby lowering blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of foot soaking with warm water to reduce hypertension in pregnant women. The pre-experimental research design was one group pretest posttest, which measured blood pressure before and after warm water therapy was given to pregnant women with hypertension for three days. The research sample was selected using purposive sampling method and the number was 15 people. Data analysis was performed by using paired sample T-Test. Results: Giving hydrotherapy soaking feet using warm water reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure in pregnant women (p = 0.000 <0.05). Hydrotherapy is effective in reducing systolic blood pressure by 13-16 mmHg and diastolic by 8-9 mmHg. Conclusion: Hydrotherapy soaking feet using warm water is effective in reducing hypertension of pregnant women who go to dr. Jerry Kp. Kulon waterfall. Suggestion: Apply the foot soaking method with warm water as a non-pharmacological method of hypertension in pregnant women.

Breaking the Dormancy of Snake's Head Fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris L.) In Vitro Bulbs-Part 2: Effect of GA3 Soaking and Chilling on Sugar Status in Sprouted Bulbs.

The bulb is the main propagation organ of snake’s head fritillary (Fritillaria meleagris L.), a horticulturally attractive and rare geophyte plant species. In this study, we investigated the effect of soaking bulbs in GA3 solution (1, 2, and 3 mg L−1) combined with low-temperature treatment (7 °C) on breaking the dormancy of in vitro bulbs. Sugar status (total soluble sugars, glucose, and fructose content) was analyzed in different parts of the sprouted bulbs. The results showed that the soluble sugar concentration was highest in bulbs soaked in GA3. The main sugar in fritillary bulbs was glucose, while fructose content was much lower. Glucose concentration dramatically increased after bulb chilling (7 °C), and its accumulation was predominantly detected in the lower sprout portion during the first weeks of sprouting. Sugar concentration was significantly lower in nonchilled bulbs, which indicates the importance of low temperature in bulb development and sprouting.

Effects of aluminum sulfate soaking pretreatment on dimensional stability and thermostability of heat-treated wood

Acidic aluminum sulfate hydrolysis solutions can be used to catalyze the thermal degradation of wood in a mild temperature environment, and thus reduce the temperature required for heat treatment process. To improve the dimensional and thermal stability of Chinese fir during heat treatment at 120 °C, 140 °C and 160 °C, this study investigated the effects of soaking pretreatment with 5%, 10% and 15% aluminum sulfate on the chemical and structural changes of the heat-treated Chinese fir. The results indicated that the samples treated at 15% aluminum sulfate concentration and 160 °C heat treatment achieved the best dimensional and thermal stability. Chemical analyses by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that the catalysis of aluminum sulfate resulted in degradation of hemicelluloses during the heat treatment, and an increase in the soaking concentration and heat treatment temperature also affected the thermal degradation of celluloses. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mass changes test results proved that the hydrolyzed aluminum flocs mainly adhered to the inner wall of the wood tracheid as spherical precipitates, and when the soaking concentration reached 10% and 15%, a uniform soaking effect could be achieved. The thermogravimetric (TG) analysis revealed the soaking pretreatment effectively improved the thermal stability of the heat-treated wood by physically wrapping and promoting the formation of a carbon layer on the wood surface during heat treatment. Thus, aluminum sulfate soaking pretreatment exerted a great effect on the dimensional and thermal stability of wood, allowing heat treatment to be performed at a lower temperature.

Effect of pre-plant soaking of corms in bio- regulators on corms and cormels Producation in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) Cv. Rani

The present experiment entitled “Effect of pre-plant soaking of corms in bio- regulators on corms and cormels production in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. Rani.” was carried out at the Jambuvadi Farm, Department of Horticulture, J. A.U., Junagadh (Gujarat) during 2019 to 2020. The results of the study indicated that, the pre-plant soaking of corms in bio- regulator BA @ 50 ppm was found effective for maximum corms yield (4.27 t/ha). The maximum cormels yield (2.13 t/ha) was found in pre-plant soaking of corms in bio- regulator of thiourea @ 3%. While maximum corm average weight (47.91 g) and diameter of largest corm (5.76 cm) was found in pre-plant soaking of corms in bio- regulator of GA3 @ 150 ppm.

Effect of pre-plant soaking of corms in bio- regulators on growth, flowering, Yield and quality in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) CV. rani

The present experiment entitled “Effect of pre-plant soaking of corms in bio- regulators on growth, flowering, yield and quality in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. Rani.” was carried out at the Jambuvadi Farm, Department of Horticulture, J. A.U., Junagadh (Gujarat) during 2019 to 2020. The results of the study indicated that, the pre-plant soaking of corms in bio- regulator GA3 (150 ppm) was found effective for earlier sprouting (6.90 days), maximum plant height (78.74 cm) and number of leaves (13.62). Regarding flowering characters, the GA3 150 ppm responded best especially in commercial traits like spike length (86.82 cm), rachis length (40.30 cm), number of floret/spike (10.63), diameter of 2nd floret (13.09 cm) and duration of flowering (22.34 days).

Effect of Soaking and Malting Process on Chemical Compostion, Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of some Egytian Barley Varities

Recently, the demand for functional foods containing bioactive compounds with therapeutic and disease-preventing properties has increased. This work aimed to study the effect of soaking and malting processes on nutrient and bioactive compounds in selected Egyptian barley cultivars. Three barley varieties, namely, Giza128, Giza130, and Giza 2000, were investigated. Protein content in all raw and treated samples were ranged from 8.46 to 13.30g/100g on a dry weight basis. The crude fat and carbohydrate content were slightly decreased in all treated samples. Phenolic compounds content of raw barley seeds being, 336.2, 461.8, and 460.5 mg/100g in Giza128, Giza130, and Giza 2000, respectively, while flavonoids content recorded 35.3, 58.1, and 31.3 mg/100g, respectively. Antioxidant activity in untreated samples were 29.45, 37.08, and 28.58% for Giza 128, Giza 130, and Giza 2000, respectively. Soaking of barely seed samples for 12 h increased total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity by 7.6-20.3, 11.7- 19.3, and 10.5-21%, while the germination process for 48 h increased it by 37.3-69, 30.3- 62.6, and 36-65%, respectively. With germination time (48 h), the total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity have been gradually increased and subsequently decreased with the further of malting was occurred. It can be concluded from results that their nutritional properties and therapeutic properties with potential using treated barley flour to produce functional foods have hardly improved by soaking and germinating.

PENGARUH PIJAT KAKI DAN RENDAM AIR HANGAT CAMPUR KENCUR TERHADAP EDEMA KAKI FISIOLOGIS PADA IBU HAMIL TRIMESTER III

Physiological foot edema is found in about 80% of pregnant women. This occurs because of uterine pressure that inhibits venous return. Physiological foot edema if left untreated can cause discomfort, feeling heavy and cramping at night. This study aims to analyze the effect of foot massage and soaking mixed with warm water on pregnant women in the clinic of Nining Pelawati sub-district Lubuk Pakam, Deliserdang Regency. The type of research used in this study is the type of Quasy Experimental research with One Group Pre-Test and Post-test design. erian that has been determined by the researcher. The population in this study were all trimeter III pregnant women who experienced physiological foot edema, the sample in this study was 10 respondents with purposive sampling technique. Based on the results of the study, it was found that prior to the intervention of the mother with a degree of severe edema of 50% and a moderate degree of 50%, while after the intervention obtained a degree of edema was 50% and mild 50%. Based on these results the p-value of 0.002 <0.05 was obtained. This means that there is an effect of foot massage and soaking mixed with warm water on physiological foot edema in third trimester pregnant women .

Effect of Vancomycin Soaking on Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Biomechanics

PurposeTo evaluate the effect of soaking of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts in vancomycin solution on graft biomechanical properties at the time of implantation. MethodsThe central third of patellar tendons was harvested from mature bovine knees and prepared as a tendon-only graft or a bone-tendon-bone (BTB) graft. Tendons were wrapped in gauze soaked in vancomycin solution (VS) (5 mg/mL) or normal saline (NS) and left to stand for 30 minutes at room temperature, simulating graft exposure times in the operating room during ACL reconstruction. Tensile testing was carried out on a materials testing system with (1) low-magnitude loading (60 N at 3 mm/s) with repeated testing of tendon-only grafts; and (2) high-magnitude loading (600 N at 10 mm/min) of BTB grafts. For tendon-only grafts, specimens were first wrapped in NS-soaked gauze and underwent testing, with repeated testing performed after wrapping in gauze soaked in VS or buffered VS (pH 7.0). For BTB grafts, specimens were randomly assigned to treatment with VS or NS. ResultsFor tendon-only grafts, there was no difference in Young’s modulus (YM) after soaking with VS soaking (baseline, 12.69 MPa; treatment, 16.07 ± 4.44 MPa; P = .99) or buffered VS (baseline, 12.45 ± 4.55 MPa; treatment, 15.56 ± 2.83 MPa; P = .99). For BTB grafts, there were no differences in elongation strain (VS, 46.8% ± 7.0%; NS, 31.5% ± 13.5%, P = .19) or YM (VS, 158.4 ± 15.8 MPa; NS, 158.5 ± 23.3 MPa, P = .99). ConclusionsAccording to controlled biomechanical tests, vancomycin soaking of patellar tendon grafts does not adversely affect time-zero material properties. Clinical RelevanceThis study suggests that vancomycin wrapping has no immediate adverse effects on the biomechanical properties of ACL grafts. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to validate the widespread use of vancomycin soaking of tendon grafts for infection prophylaxis during ACL reconstruction.

The effect of curing in soil and compound on compressive strength of concrete quality fc’ 25 MPa

Concrete is a material that dominates high-rise building construction materials, because concrete materials are easy to obtain and able to withstand very large loads. In addition, concrete can be made in various forms so that according to needs and can beautify the shape of a building, easy to maintain, durable and relatively cheap prices. But in the implementation of using concrete, there are times when found concrete needs to be perforated on its appearance for the purposes of supporting facilities for building functions such as sanitation, gas, hydrants and others. To increase the compressive strength of concrete so that it meets the desired requirements in addition to the quality of the material, the casting process is also required after the casting. This treatment can be done by several methods, among others: immersion in water, wrapped in wet burlap sacks, watering with water, spraying by compounding, and can also be done by landfilling. Through treatment is expected to be obtained the quality of concrete as planned. Because with the maintenance of concrete, the security of the building structures made of concrete will be assured security. Beside that, concrete is required for minimum usage of 50 years. Therefore the research was carried out with the title “Effect of Soaking (Curing) in Soil and Compound on Compressive Strength of Concrete Quality Fc ’25” MPa by using 40 cylindrical concrete specimens and each treatment consisted of 8 test specimens with 300 high dimensions mm and a diameter of 150 mm. Results of a strong test of concrete press performed after the concrete aged 14 days and subsequently converted to a 28-day old concrete produce : Strong high average press that is on concrete with the treatment of using water immersion with a strong press of 23.78 MPa, while the lowest average press is in concrete with the treatment of using a strong burlap sack with a tekasn of 21.88 MPa. Concrete elastic modulus testing using 4 specimens produces an average modulus of elasticity of 24919.59 Mpa.

The seed diversity of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) and the relationship between seeds color and coat dormancy

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of seeds of nine populations of north-west Algerian Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) and to evaluate the relationship between seeds color and coat dormancy by studying the effect of soaking in pure sulfuric acid (chemical scarification) on seed germination, for several durations (Control, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, 24, 30 and 36 h). The results showed these seeds were very diverse morphologically. The mean seeds length (range between 0.826 ± 0.058 cm and 0.996 ± 0.055 cm), the mean seeds width (range between 0.656 ± 0.056 cm and 0.710 ± 0.048 cm) and the mean seeds weight (range between 0.143 ± 0.011 g and 0.186 ± 0.011 g) were studied. Four colors of the seed coats have been identified in this study: chocolate brown, clear brown, greenish brown and yellowish brown. The results have revealed that the seeds with clear color (yellowish brown) showed high coat dormancy, their maximum germination percentage were 2%. However, the seeds with a chocolate brown color, does not present dormancy, their maximum germination percentage was between 80 and 88 % without any pretreatment. Moreover, seeds of Ceratonia siliqua with yellowish brown color were more resistant to prolonged periods of soaking in pure sulfuric acid (18, 24 and 30 h), but the chocolate brown seeds are more fragile for prolonged soaking durations, they lose their viability beyond 10 h in acid. The histochemical features of the seed coats have indicated that there are not anatomic differences between the 4 seed colors of different cultivated and spontaneous populations.

Soaking Effects of Chips from Two Bitter Yam Species on Chemical and Functional Compositions of the Flour

Physico-chemical properties of foods are greatly influenced by some processing methodologies which thus affects the utilization of these foods. This research studied the soaking effect of two species of bitter yam chips D. dumentorum and D. hispida in water for for 6, 12, 18 and 24 h before oven drying and size reduction to flour. The various flour samples and their respective controls were analyzed for functional properties, vitamin C, beta carotene, phosphorus, calcium, pH and anti-nutrient (alkaloid and tannin) using standard methods. The results depicts that in flour samples of D. hispida and D. dumetorum, respectively, there were significant increase (from fresh to 24 h soaked samples) in pH values from acidic to near neutrality (5.2 - 7.5; 4.8 - 7.9), decrease in anti-nutritional factors (tannin (0.48 - 4.02%; 1.37 -15.83%) and alkaloid (nil; 0.14 - 1.26%), vitamin C (1.02 - 1.95; 1.22 - 2.39 mg/100g) and beta carotene (1.81 - 3.56; 4.24 - 5.79 mg/100g) and minerals (phosphorus (1.40 - 3.44; 1.78 - 4.50 mg/100g) and calcium (16.4 - 24.80; 4.23 - 28.16 mg/100g) with increase in soaking periods (h) due to leaching out of these nutrients in soaking water. Water/oil absorption capacity, swelling index, least gelation capacity and viscosity of samples decreased with increase in soaking time (h), while gelatinization temperature of samples increased with increase in soaking time (h). This shows that there was modification in compositions of these flours depending on the soaking time applied which provided information on utilization of soaking in water processes in optimizing the properties of bitter yam chips in flour production.

Effect of washing, soaking and pH in combination with ultrasound on enzymatic rancidity, phytic acid, heavy metals and coliforms of rice bran

Simultaneous reduction in activity of fat destabilizing enzymes (lipase and lipoxygenase), contaminants heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, and Hg), antinutrient phytic acid and hazardous coliforms in rice bran was investigated. Application of washing, soaking the washed sample at different pH values (2, 6 and 9) alone or in combination with ultrasonication were examined. While washing was beneficial, its low efficiency acquired further treatment, which was prevailed by application of acidic pH and ultrasound (28 kHz) treatments. Free fatty acids and peroxide value, as indicators of enzymes activity, implied the effectiveness of treatments with adverse impact of sonication on peroxide value. Remarkably, reduction of dominant heavy metals (As, Pb and Zn) and phytic acid were synergistically facilitated by sonication. Coliforms growth was inhibited at pH 2 even at the absence of ultrasonic treatment. Evidently, combination of acidic pH and ultrasound is a practical approach to improve rice bran stability and safety.

Impact of soaking, germination, fermentation, and thermal processing on the bioaccessibility of trace minerals from food grains

The effects of soaking, germination, fermentation, and thermal processing on the bioaccessible copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and chromium (Cr) from selected food grains as well as from some chiefly consumed food products—idli, dosa, and dhokla were investigated. Soaking of the legumes (chickpea and green gram) and cereal–pulse combinations (rice + black gram) used for idli and dosa preparation, improved the bioaccessible Cr; however, the bioaccessible Cu and Mn were reduced. Germination improved the Cu and Cr bioaccessibility. Fermentation enhanced only the Cr bioaccessibility in idli and dosa batter. Also, cooking enhanced only the bioaccessible Cu in idli and dosa. The beneficial effects of these processing methods were more visible in Cr bioaccessibility, followed by Cu. The present study can be helpful in understanding the effects of household methods on the bioaccessibility of less understood minerals (Cu, Mn, and Cr), and thus, in developing dietary strategies. Practical applications Copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and chromium (Cr) are the essential trace minerals required by humans for normal physiological functions. Cereals and pulses are the primary sources of these minerals. However, the bioavailabilities of these minerals from plant foods are compromised due to the presence of several antinutrients such as phytates, polyphenols, oxalates, etc. Household methods such as soaking, germination, fermentation, and thermal processing are known to affect the bioavailability of minerals both positively and negatively. However, the information on the effect of these food processing methods on Cu, Mn, and Cr is poorly documented. In this study, we reported the beneficial effect of germination and thermal processing on bioaccessible Cu, and, soaking, germination, and fermentation on bioaccessible Cr from food grains. Thus, we can recommend using these household methods to access the plant foods with higher bioavailability of essential trace minerals, Cu and Cr.

Unveiling the light soaking effects of the CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells

Pure inorganic perovskite of CsPbI3 attracts great attentions due to its excellent thermal stability and more suitable bandgap for tandem solar cells. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells has swiftly increased to 19.03%. However, extensive researches on the material property and photovoltaic characterization are rather rare in the literatures. In this study, a remarkable light soaking effect is found in the CsPbI3 based perovskite solar cells as the PCE increases from 10.8% to 18.3% after 180 s soaking under AM 1.5G sunlight. Mechanisms behind this reproducible soaking effect have also been studied. It reveals that the depressed dark current caused by a stronger built-in field and the decreased defects density passivated by the photogenerated electrons result in the enhanced PCE after light soaking. Moreover, we carefully characterize that the supposed “HPbI3” should be “DMAPbI3” synthesized through anti-solvent vapor recrystallisation method.

Effects of Slug Size, Soaking, and Injection Schemes on the Performance of Controlled Ions Water Flooding in Carbonates.

The results of many previous studies on low salinity/controlled ions water (CIW) flooding suggest that future laboratory and modeling investigations are required to comprehensively understand and interpret the achieved observations. In this work, the aim is co-optimization of the length of the injected slug and soaking time in the CIW flooding process. Furthermore, the possibility of the occurrence of several governing mechanisms is studied. Therefore, the experimental results were utilized to develop a compositional model, using CMG GEM software, in order to obtain the relative permeability curves by history matching. It was concluded that CIW slug injection, concentrated in the potential-determining ion, can increase oil recovery under a multi ion exchange (MIE) mechanism. The wettability of the carbonate rocks was changed from a mixed or oil wet state toward more water wetness. However, there is a CIW slug length, beyond which extending the length does not significantly improve the rock wettability, and consequently, the oil production, which is known as the optimum slug size. This implies that the optimization of the injection process, by minimizing the slug size, can decrease the need for the CIW supply, therefore lowering the process expenditure. Moreover, if the exposure time of the rock and CIW is increased (soaking), a higher level of ion substitution is probable, leading to more oil detachment and production. Rock dissolution/precipitation (leading to a pH change) was found to have a negligible contribution.