Effect Of Smoking Status Research Articles

Sex and Smoking Status Effects on the Early Detection of Early Lung Cancer in High-Risk Smokers Using an Electronic Nose.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath as measured by electronic nose (e-nose) have utility as biomarkers to detect subjects at risk of having lung cancer in a screening setting. We hypothesize that breath analysis using an e-nose chemo-resistive sensor array could be used as a screening tool to discriminate patients diagnosed with lung cancer from high-risk smokers. Breath samples from 191 subjects-25 lung cancer patients and 166 high-risk smoker control subjects without cancer-were analyzed. For clinical relevancy, subjects in both groups were matched for age, sex, and smoking histories. Classification and regression trees and discriminant functions classifiers were used to recognize VOC patterns in e-nose data. Cross-validated results were used to assess classification accuracy. Repeatability and reproducibility of e-nose data were assessed by measuring subject-exhaled breath in parallel across two e-nose devices. e-Nose measurements could distinguish lung cancer patients from high-risk control subjects, with a better than 80% classification accuracy. Subject sex and smoking status impacted classification as area under the curve results (ex-smoker males 0.846, ex-smoker female 0.816, current smoker male 0.745, and current smoker female 0.725) demonstrated. Two e-nose systems could be calibrated to give equivalent readings across subject-exhaled breath measured in parallel. e-Nose technology may have significant utility as a noninvasive screening tool for detecting individuals at increased risk for lung cancer. The results presented further the case that VOC patterns could have real clinical utility to screen for lung cancer in the important growing ex-smoker population.

Sex-related and tissue-specific effects of tobacco smoking on brain atrophy: assessment in a large longitudinal cohort of healthy elderly.

We investigated the cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of tobacco smoking on brain atrophy in a large cohort of healthy elderly participants (65–80 years). MRI was used for measuring whole brain (WB), gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and hippocampus (HIP) volumes at study entry time (baseline, N = 1451), and the annualized rates of variation of these volumes using a 4-year follow-up MRI in a subpart of the cohort (N = 1111). Effects of smoking status (never, former, or current smoker) at study entry and of lifetime tobacco consumption on these brain phenotypes were studied using sex-stratified AN(C)OVAs, including other health parameters as covariates. At baseline, male current smokers had lower GM, while female current smokers had lower WM. In addition, female former smokers exhibited reduced baseline HIP, the reduction being correlated with lifetime tobacco consumption. Longitudinal analyses demonstrated that current smokers, whether men or women, had larger annualized rates of HIP atrophy, as compared to either non or former smokers, independent of their lifetime consumption of tobacco. There was no effect of smoking on the annualized rate of WM loss. In all cases, measured sizes of these tobacco-smoking effects were of the same order of magnitude than those of age, and larger than effect sizes of any other covariate. These results demonstrate that tobacco smoking is a major factor of brain aging, with sex- and tissue specific effects, notably on the HIP annualized rate of atrophy after the age of 65.

Effect of smoking status on inhibin‐A in second‐trimester prenatal screening for Down syndrome

What's already known about this topic? Inhibin‐A is a useful marker in screening for Down syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy. It is known to be about 50% higher among women who state they smoke compared with women who state they do not smoke. A single adjustment factor has been used in antenatal screening programmes.What does this study add? This study shows that the extent of the effect of smoking on Inhibin‐A is dependent on the gestational age of the pregnancy. The extent of the effect increases from about 20% higher at early gestation (14 weeks) to about 70% higher at later gestations (20 weeks). An equation allowing the effect of gestation to be considered is presented.

Effects of Smoking Status on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Prevalence in Males 40 years and Older: Findings from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Background: This is a study of the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which shows high mortality worldwide, and the effects of smoking on COPD by using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V. Methods: FEV1/FEV6<0.73 was used as a diagnostic criterion of COPD. Frequency analysis for prevalence, descriptive statistics for general characteristics and ventilation rate according to age-specifications, and complex sample logistic regression analysis for the effect of smoking on COPD prevalence were used. IBM SPSS Statistics 21 Standard, Complex Samples for Medical Science(Windows) was used for data analysis(α=0.05). Results: Prevalence of COPD was 11.6±0.5% of Koreans in their forties or over, and 17.5±0.8% in males, and 6.2±0.5% in females. There was significant increase of COPD prevalence with age increment. Before adjusting for age and smoking index(SI), the COPD possibilities of past and current-smokers compared with non-smoking males were (odds ratio [OR] 2.112 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.551-2.875]) and (OR 1.834 [95% CI 1.319-2.551]) respectively. After adjustments with age and SI, the COPD possibility of current-smoking was 2.099 (1.382-3.188) times higher and for past-smoking was 1.463 (1.012-2.115) times higher than non-smoking. The P-value of each group was significant. The regression coefficients (B) of current-smoking and past-smoking were 0.741 and 0.380 respectively. The prevalence of COPD increased 1.102 (1.090-1.115) times for every 1 year of age increase, and 1.012 (1.007-1.018) times for every 1 SI increase (P<0.001). Conclusions: After adjusting for age and SI, the prevalence of COPD in smokers was higher than non-smokers. And current-smoking had a higher OR and higher B than past-smoking. Korean J Health Promot 2014;14(4):155-161

Delay and probability discounting of multiple commodities in smokers and never-smokers using multiple-choice tasks

The purpose of the present study was to investigate temporal and probabilistic discounting in smokers and never-smokers, across a number of commodities, using a multiple-choice method. One hundred and eighty-two undergraduate university students, of whom 90 had never smoked, 73 were self-reported light smokers (<10 cigarettes/day), and 17 were heavy smokers (10+cigarettes/day), completed computerized batteries of delay and probability discounting questions pertaining to a total of eight commodities and administered in a multiple-choice format. In addition to cigarettes, monetary rewards, and health outcomes, the tasks included novel commodities such as ideal dating partner and retirement income. The results showed that heavy smokers probability discounted commodities at a significantly shallower rate than never-smokers, suggesting greater risk-taking. No effect of smoking status was observed for delay discounting questions. The only commodity that was probability discounted significantly less than others was 'finding an ideal dating partner'. The results suggest that probability discounting tasks using the multiple-choice format can discriminate between non-abstaining smokers and never-smokers and could be further explored in the context of behavioral and drug addictions.

Effect of Smoking Status on Healthcare Costs and Resource Utilization in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Routine Clinical Practice: A Retrospective Nested Case-Control Economic Study

Aim: To compare healthcare resource utilization and costs according to smoking status in patients with type 2 diabetes in clinical practice. Methods: A retrospective cohort nested case-control study was designed. Cases were current smokers, while 2 types of controls (former smokers and never smokers) were matched (2 controls per case) for age, sex, duration of diabetes and burden of comorbidity using data from medical records. Noninstitutionalized diabetics of both genders, aged >18 years and seen consecutively over a 5-year period before the index date, were enrolled. Analysis compared healthcare resource utilization, loss of productivity due to sick leave and corresponding costs. Results: In total, 2,490 medical records were analyzed, i.e. 498 cases, 996 former smokers and 996 never smokers. Mean age was 63.4 years (64.9% male). Smokers had higher glycosylated hemoglobin levels (7.4 vs. 7.2 and 7.2%, respectively; p = 0.013) and a lower degree of metabolic control (49.2 vs. 54.7 and 55.8%; p = 0.036). Smokers had higher average annual costs (EUR 3,583) than former smokers (EUR 2,885; p < 0.001) and never smokers (EUR 2,183; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Diabetic smoker patients had lower metabolic control, higher health resource utilization and more sick leave, resulting in higher healthcare costs and lost productivity compared with both former and never smoker diabetics.

PRS28 - Effect of Smoking Status on Health Care Costs and Resource Utilization in Patients with Chronic-Obstructive-Pulmonary-Disease in Clinical Practice: A Retrospective Nested Case-Control Economic Study

PRS28 - Effect of Smoking Status on Health Care Costs and Resource Utilization in Patients with Chronic-Obstructive-Pulmonary-Disease in Clinical Practice: A Retrospective Nested Case-Control Economic Study

TCT-157 The Effect of Smoking Status on Platelet Reactivity and Long-Term Events after PCI. Does a Clopidogrel-related "Smoker's paradox" Exist?

TCT-157 The Effect of Smoking Status on Platelet Reactivity and Long-Term Events after PCI. Does a Clopidogrel-related "Smoker's paradox" Exist?

The Effects of Smoking Status on Walking Ability and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease

Smoking is a leading risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), yet little is known about the interrelationships among smoking status, walking endurance, calf muscle tissue oxygenation, and quality of life in patients with PAD. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in factors associated with walking endurance including walk distance, perceived walking ability, measures of skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation (StO2), claudication pain, peak oxygen consumption per unit time, and quality of life in smokers versus nonsmokers. A total of 105 patients with PAD performed progressive, symptom-limited treadmill test. Ankle-brachial index was measured at baseline. Calf muscle tissue oxygenation measures were obtained during testing. The RAND Short Form-36 and Walking Impairment Questionnaire were used to measure health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). In the total sample (36 current smokers, 69 nonsmokers), smokers had steeper declines in StO2 from baseline to 2 minutes (42.3% vs 33%, P = .05) and shorter distance walked to onset of claudication pain (142.6 vs 247.7 m) than did nonsmokers (P < .0125), despite having no differences in ankle-brachial index, peak oxygen consumption per unit time, or any momentary measure of StO2 during walking. Smokers reported significantly lower HR-QoL on the Short Form-36 in several domains but no differences in the Walking Impairment Questionnaire measures. The smokers were younger than the nonsmokers; however, when age was entered as a covariate in the analyses, the results remained unchanged. These findings suggest that smokers have lower HR-QoL than do nonsmokers with PAD and that smoking confers risks for disrupted tissue oxygenation above those seen in patients who do not smoke.

Smoking Impact on Grip Strength and Fatigue Resistance: Implications for Exercise and Hand Therapy Practice

Grip strength assessment reflects on overall health of the musculoskeletal system and is a predictor of functional prognosis and mortality. The purpose of this study was: examine whether grip-strength and fatigue resistance are impaired in smokers, determine if smoking-related impairments (fatigue-index) can be predicted by demographic data, duration of smoking, packets smoked-per-day, and physical activity. Maximum isometric grip strength (MIGS) of male smokers (n = 111) and nonsmokers (n = 66) was measured before/after induced fatigue using Jamar dynamometer at 5-handle positions. Fatigue index was calculated based on percentage change in MIGS initially and after induced fatigue. Number of repetitions to squeeze the soft rubber ball to induce fatigue was significantly lower in smokers compared with nonsmokers (t = 10.6, P < .001 dominant hand; t = 13.9, P < .001 nondominant), demonstrating a significantly higher fatigue-index for smokers than nonsmokers (t = -8.7, P < .001 dominant hand; t = -6.0, P < .001 nondominant). The effect of smoking status on MIGS scores was significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers after induced fatigue (β = -3.98, standard error = 0.59, P < .001) where smokers experienced on average a reduction of nearly 4 MIGS less than nonsmokers before fatigue. Smoking status was the strongest significant independent predictor of the fatigue-index. Smokers demonstrated reduced grip strength and fast fatigability in comparison with nonsmokers.

Serum prolactin and smoking status in chronic antipsychotic-treated male patients with schizophrenia

We investigated the effects of smoking status on the serum prolactin levels in schizophrenia. The serum prolactin concentration was significantly higher in nonsmokers compared with smokers. Moreover, smoking was an independent predictor of prolactin concentration. These findings suggest that smoking has an impact on prolactin concentration in male schizophrenic patients.

The Prevalence of Tobacco Use Co-morbidities in Canada

Tobacco use co-morbidities, including co-occurring tobacco use, substance use and mental health problems, are a serious public health issue that has implications for treatment and policy. However, not enough is known about the prevalence of various types of tobacco use co-morbidities among the Canadian population. The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of the extent of this issue through an examination of prevalence and correlates of tobacco use co-morbidities in Canada. We undertook a series of comprehensive secondary analyses of population survey data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) and the Canadian Alcohol and Drug Monitoring Survey (CADUMS). Data were analyzed for 123,846 individuals from the CCHS and 13,581 individuals from the CADUMS. Substance use and mental health variables were compared by smoking status, with chi-square tests. Multivariate logistic regression models were fit to quantify the association between smoking, substance use and mental health issues, adjusting for age, sex, and family income. Prevalence of problematic alcohol and illicit drug use was significantly higher among current smokers than non-smokers. Co-morbid mental health problems were also elevated among current smokers, and co-morbidities varied by age and gender. While smokers of all ages and genders were more likely to report problematic substance use and poor mental health, the effect of smoking status was significantly larger among youth. Smoking in Canada is associated with problematic use of alcohol and illicit drugs, as well as co-morbid mental health problems. Youth tobacco use co-morbidities are at a concerning level, especially among young female smokers. More research on this issue in the Canadian context is needed, as well as the development of integrated interventions tailored to treat smokers with co-morbidities, particularly youth.

Tobacco Knowledge among Adults in Zhejiang Province, China

ObjectiveThe aims of current study were to assess the level of tobacco knowledge, anti-tobacco messages and major information channels in Zhejiang.MethodsFace-to-face interviews were conducted with 2112 adults in Zhejiang. Data on demographic information, smoking status, tobacco knowledge, anti-tobacco messages and major information channels was collected.ResultsThe findings revealed that only 31.87% of the population were aware that smoking could cause all three diseases (stoke, heart disease, and lung cancer), 86.09% were aware that smoking causes lung cancer, 46.43% and 42.40% were aware that smoking causes stroke and heart attack, respectively. Residence and education level had significant effects on awareness, while the effects of smoking status, gender, age, and household monthly income were not significant. There were five major information channels as follows: television (67.52%), newspapers or magazines (40.79%), billboards (30.02%), public walls (24.72), and radio (23.79%). Respondents got the following anti-tobacco messages from mass media: “No smoking in public” (66.34%), “No smoking in front of other people” (35.18%) and “Not offering cigarettes to one another” (22.82%).ConclusionsThe tobacco knowledge among residents in Zhejiang province is relatively poor. Improved information channels and content of anti-tobacco messages are necessary to increase the public’s tobacco knowledge, particularly among rural residents and people with less education.

Six‐minute walk test before and after a weight reduction program in obese subjects

OBEJCTIVE: Weight loss and physical activity have shown favorable effects on risks associated with obesity. It is therefore of interest to evaluate exercise capacity and related co-morbidities in obese patients. We present data from obese subjects evaluated by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) before and after a 7.3 (6.1-8.2) month weight reduction program. 251 subjects completed the test at baseline (BMI 40.6 [36.9-44.6] kg/m(2) ) and 129 (51.4%) repeated the test after intervention (BMI 35.6 [31.2-38.5] kg/m(2) ). The six minute walking distance (6MWD) at baseline (535 [480-580] m) and at follow up (599 [522-640] m) correlated to several cardiovascular risk markers. Age, weight, height, resting heart rate, smoking status, fP-glucose and use of β-blockers explained 43 % of the variance in predicted 6MWD at baseline. The effect of smoking status, fP-glucose, β-blockers, and resting heart rate lost significance at follow up. Presence of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome had a negative influence on 6MWD but did not affect the impact of intervention based on percentage increase in walking distance. Gender had no impact on 6MWD. Reported pain during the test was common but decreased after intervention (57.0% vs. 28.7%, P < 0.001). The 6MWT may be used to evaluate intervention success beyond kilogram weight loss in obese subjects. We present formulas to predict 6MWD and the effect of weight loss on walking distance in clinical practice. Pain is a common problem which has to be considered when giving advice on exercise as a part of weight loss intervention.

Human papillomavirus, smoking status and outcomes in tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma

It is now clear that the two separate entitles of tonsillar cancer, HPV induced and non-HPV induced (smoking induced), have significantly different presenting stage and outcomes. A significant proportion of patients with human papillomavirus positive tonsillar cancer have had exposure to smoking. We examined the combined effect of human papillomavirus and smoking on the outcomes and determined whether smoking can modify the beneficial effect of human papillomavirus. A total of 403 patients from nine centers were followed up for recurrence or death for a median of 38 months. Determinants of the rate of loco-regional recurrence, death from tonsillar cancer and overall survival were modeled using Cox regression. Smoking status was a significant predictor of overall survival (p = 0.04). There were nonstatistically significant trends favoring never smokers for loco-regional recurrence and disease specific survival. In addition, there was no statistically significant interactions between smoking and human papillomavirus (p-values for the interaction were 0.26 for loco-regional recurrence, 0.97 for disease specific survival and 0.73 for overall survival). The effect of smoking on loco-regional recurrence and disease specific survival outcomes was not statistically significant, nor was there significant evidence that the effect of smoking status on these outcomes was modified by HPV status. Irrespective of HPV status, however, smokers did have poorer overall survival than never-smokers, presumably due to effects of smoking that are unrelated to the primary cancer.

Implications of smoking for quality of life and illness perceptions of lung cancer patients.

6113 Background: Adverse publicity about smoking may lead to feelings of guilt among lung cancer patients or pessimism about their future, potentially compromising health-related quality of life (QoL) and adherence with medical advice. QoL is an important outcome in clinical trials, particularly where survival rates are low. We aim to compare QoL and illness perceptions of lung cancer patients depending on smoking history. Methods: Clinical data, measures of QoL (EORTC-QLQ-C30+LC13) and illness perceptions (Brief IPQ – includes items to assess perceived severity, causality, timeline, understanding, emotional impact, and control over illness) were completed by 190 newly diagnosed lung cancer patients (Non-small cell: 75%; Mean age: 68 years, range: 48-85 years; 58% males). Of these, 24% were current smokers, 69% former smokers, and 7% never smoked. Results: Although overall QoL was similar between the three smoker groups, there was a significant effect of smoking status on QoL subscale emotional function (EF)(F(2,168)=4.08,p=.019). Those who never smoked had significantly higher EF than current smokers (p=.03). There was also a significant effect of smoking history on cough (F(2,166);=5.40 ,p=.005) with smokers reporting significantly greater levels than former smokers (p=.004). Smokers were more likely than former smokers (p=.015) to attribute their lung cancer to smoking (F(2,161)=16.49,p&lt;.000). Furthermore, there was a significant effect of smoking on the perceived timeline of illness (F(2,144)=3.33,p=.039), with smokers being more pessimistic about this than former smokers (p=.043). Conclusions: These findings have implications for planning the care of lung cancer patients. In addition to the different treatment needs of smokers and former smokers, smokers may need greater support to cope with the emotional effects of their illness. Our findings suggest that smokers blame their illness on their own behaviour, and have a more pessimistic view of likely survival time, so they may need more encouragement to accept life-prolonging treatments. These results may also inform tailored smoking-cessation advice.

The Effect of Smoking Status on Gastric and Small Intestinal Motility in Patients Undergoing Small Intestinal Video Capsule Endoscopy

The Effect of Smoking Status on Gastric and Small Intestinal Motility in Patients Undergoing Small Intestinal Video Capsule Endoscopy

Effect of Smoking Status on Seminal Parameters and Apoptotic Markers in Infertile Men

We assessed semen parameters, sperm apoptotic markers and seminal plasma cotinine in infertile smokers. A total of 160 men were divided into 4 equal groups, including fertile smokers, fertile nonsmokers, infertile smokers and infertile nonsmokers. Smoking was classified as mild--fewer than 10, moderate--10 to 20 or heavy--more than 20 cigarettes daily. All men underwent semen analysis, and assessment of sperm caspase-9, Smac/DIABLO, DNA fragmentation and seminal plasma cotinine. Infertile men, particularly smokers, have significantly lower semen variables and significantly higher sperm Smac/DIABLO, caspase-9 activity, the percent of DNA fragmentation and seminal plasma cotinine. The mean number of cigarettes smoked daily and smoking duration significantly correlated positively with sperm Smac/DIABLO, caspase-9 activity, the percent of DNA fragmentation and seminal plasma cotinine, and significantly correlated negatively with tested semen variables. Heavy smoking was associated with a significant increase in sperm Smac/DIABLO, caspase-9 activity and seminal plasma cotinine, and with a significant decrease in tested semen variables compared with those in moderate or mild smokers. Smoking has a negative impact on semen variables. It is associated with increased sperm caspase-9, Smac/DIABLO and the percent of DNA fragmentation, especially in infertile heavy smokers.

Adolescents' Support for Smoke-Free Public Settings: The Roles of Social Norms and Beliefs About Exposure to Secondhand Smoke

To assess support for smoke-free policies in public settings among adolescent smokers and nonsmokers in a pro-smoking culture. A total of 1,924 Greek secondary school students (mean age = 14 years, standard deviation = 1.00, 50% female) from nine schools in the urban area of Thessaloniki, Greece, participated in the study. The main outcome measures were supportiveness of smoke-free policies in public settings. Smoker adolescents were less supportive of smoke-free policies, compared with nonsmokers. Regression analysis showed that policy support was predicted by smoking status and motivation to smoke, social norms, and beliefs about the effects of smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. A significant interaction between smoking status and social norms was also observed, as smoker adolescents who often encountered others smoking in public places reported less support for smoke-free public settings. Three important processes underlying adolescents' support for smoke-free policies not mentioned in previous research were identified. First, social norms of the immediate social environment play a pivotal role in shaping policy support of young people. Second, the effects of smoking status on policy support are significantly moderated by exposure to public smoking. Finally, beliefs about the effects of exposure to secondhand smoke significantly predict young people's support for smoke-free public settings.

Effect of smoking status on total energy expenditure.

Individuals who smoke generally have a lower body mass index (BMI) than nonsmokers. The relative roles of energy expenditure and energy intake in maintaining the lower BMI, however, remain controversial. We tested the hypothesis that current smokers have higher total energy expenditure than never smokers in 308 adults aged 40-69 years old of which 47 were current smokers. Energy expenditure was measured by doubly labeled water during a two week period in which the subjects lived at home and performed their normal activities. Smoking status was determined by questionnaire. There were no significant differences in mean BMI (mean ± SD) between smokers and never smokers for either males (27.8+5.1 kg/m2 vs. 27.5+4.0 kg/m2) or females (26.5+5.3 kg/m2 vs. 28.1+6.6 kg/m2), although the difference in females was of similar magnitude to previous reports. Similarly, total energy expenditure of male smokers (3069+764 kcal/d) was not significantly different from that of never smokers (2854+468 kcal/d), and that of female smokers (2266+387 kcal/d) was not different from that of never smokers (2330+415 kcal/d). These findings did not change after adjustment for age, fat-free mass and self-reported physical activity. Using doubly labeled water, we found no evidence of increased energy expenditure among smokers, however, it should be noted that BMI differences in this cohort also did not differ by smoking status.