Effect Of Silica Content Research Articles

Dynamic Rebound Behavior of Silica/Natural Rubber Composites: Fly Ash Particles and Precipitated Silica

This article investigated the elastic response of natural rubber (NR) compounds filled with silica from fly ash particles (FASi) and commercial precipitated silica (PSi), through a dynamic rebound test. The effects of silica content and initial drop‐height on the height and number of rebounds, dynamic stiffness, and the energy loss were of interest. The results suggested that the unfilled NR vulcanizates exhibited a greater elastic response than the FASi and PSi‐filled vulcanized composites. For given silica contents, the NR compounds with FASi had better elastic response than those with PSi, where the elastic response decreased with an increase in silica content. The greater the silica contents, the higher the dynamic stiffness of the composites. The initial drop‐height had no effects on the elastic response change for the unfilled NR compound, but resulted in an increase in the energy loss for the silica‐filled NR composites. The differences in the elastic responses for the NR compounds filled with silica from FASi and PSi were associated with the differences in crosslink density and the filler–filler interaction influenced by content of bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfane (designated as Si69) used.

Fly‐ash particles and precipitated silica as fillers in rubbers. II. Effects of silica content and Si69‐treatment in natural rubber/styrene–butadiene rubber vulcanizates

AbstractThis article explored the possibility of using silica from fly‐ash particles as reinforcement in natural rubber/styrene–butadiene rubber (NR/SBR) vulcanizates. For a given silica content, the NR : SBR blend ratio of 1 : 1 (or 50 : 50 phr) exhibited the optimum mechanical properties for fly‐ash filled NR/SBR blend system. When using untreated silica from fly‐ash, the cure time and mechanical properties of the NR/SBR vulcanizates decreased with increasing silica content. The improvement of the mechanical properties was achieved by addition of Si69, the recommended dosage being 2.0 wt % of silica content. The optimum tensile strength of the silica filled NR/SBR vulcanizates was peaked at 10–20 phr silica contents. Most mechanical properties increased with thermal ageing. The addition of silica from fly‐ash in the NR/SBR vulcanizates was found to improve the elastic behavior, including compression set and resilience, as compared with that of commercial precipitated silica. Taking mechanical properties into account, the recommended dosage for the silica (FASi) content was 20 phr. For more effective reinforcement, the silica from fly‐ash particles had to be chemically treated with 2.0 wt % Si69. It was convincing that silica from fly‐ash particles could be used to replace commercial silica as reinforcement in NR/SBR vulcanizates for cost‐saving and environment benefits. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007

Nanofiller effect on the glass transition of a polyurethane

The effect of silica nanofiller on the glass transition of a polyurethane was studied by DSC. The pristine polymer exhibits a single glass transition at about –10°C. Uniform SiO2 spheres with different average sizes and narrow size distributions were synthesized in solution by the Stober method [1]. Both the effects of silica content within the polymer and particle size were investigated, as well as two different surface treatments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) clearly confirms the presence of the particles within the polymer matrix, showing uniform distribution and no agglomeration. While shifting of the glass transition has been reported by many authors, we have not seen any noticeable shift in this polymer. Surprisingly, we found no relevant effects when either increasing the filler content or changing the particle size. Different amounts of particles with average diameters of 175, 395 and 730 nm did not affect the glass transition temperature of the pristine polymer.

Effect of Silica Content in the PMMA/Silica Nano-Composite on the Mechanical Properties and Growth Behavior of Calcium Phosphate Crystals during Cell Culture

The effect of silica content in the PMMA/silica nano-composite on the mechanical properties and the growth behavior of apatite crystals were investigated. The PMMA/silica nano-composites with different silica content were synthesized through the sol-gel reaction with triethoxysilane end-capped PMMA and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The compressive strength showed its maximum value when the content of TEOS was 20 wt% while the elastic modulus showed its maximum value when the content of TEOS was 60 wt%. The growth behavior of the apatite crystals following the cell culture showed different response according to the silica content. As increasing the TEOS content, the shape of the apatite crystals changed from globule-like structure to fiber-like one.

Fabrication of α-AlO(OH)·SiO2 with core-shell structures by heterogeneous nucleation-and-growth processing

Multicomponents mixture in the procedure of ceramic preparation is an important procedure, but it is difficult as multicomponents are mixed homogeneously in the traditional process. In order to solve this difficult problem, a novel processing (heterogeneous nucleation-and-growth processing) was used to prepare homogeneous distribution powders. Composite coating particles with mullite stoichiometric ratio (consisting of alpha monohydrate bauxite (α-AlO(OH)) cores without aggregation (average particle size 1.23μm) with an outer homogeneous amorphous silica layer) were prepared by heterogeneous nucleation-and-growth processing. Effects of silica content in composite coating particles versus concentration of tetraethylorthosilicate, pH value, reaction time and reaction temperature were studied. A homogeneous amorphous silica layer on α-AlO(OH) cores was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zeta-potentials.

Effect of Silica Content in PMMA/Silica Hybrids Containing Calcium Salt on Calcium Phosphate Formation and Cell Responses

Effect of Silica Content in PMMA/Silica Hybrids Containing Calcium Salt on Calcium Phosphate Formation and Cell Responses

Preparation of Core/Shell Structure of α-Al(OH)3-SiO2 by Heterogeneous Nucleation-and-Growth Processing

In order to solve the difficult problem of heterogeneity of different components in the procedure of ceramic preparation, a novel processing (heterogeneous nucleation-and-growth processing) was used to prepare homogeneous distribution powders. Composite coating particles consisting of alpha aluminum hydroxide (α-Al(OH)3) cores (average particle size 0.42 μm) with outer homogeneous amorphous silica layer are prepared by heterogeneous nucleation-and-growth processing. Effects of silica content in composite coating particles versus concentration of silicon tetraethoxide (TEOS), pH value, time and temperature are studied. The homogeneous amorphous silica layer on cores is confirmed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and zeta potential measurement.

Preparation of composite coating particles of α-Al 2O 3–SiO 2 by heterogeneous nucleation-and-growth processing

In order to solve the difficult problem of heterogeneity of different components in the procedure of ceramic preparation, heterogeneous nucleation-and-growth processing is used to prepare the homogeneous distribution powders. Composite coating particles consisting of alpha alumina cores (average particle size 0.57 μm) with an outer amorphous silica layer are prepared by the heterogeneous nucleation-and-growth processing. The amorphous silica layer on cores is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zeta-potential measurement. Effects of silica content in composite coating particles versus concentration of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), pH value, reaction time and reaction temperature are studied.

Fabrication of composite coating particles with mullite stoichiometric ratio by a novel processing

In order to solve the difficult problem of heterogeneity of different components in the procedure of ceramic preparation, a novel processing (heterogeneous nucleation-and-growth processing) was used to prepare homogeneous distribution powders. Composite homogeneous coating particles with mullite stoichiometric ratio (consisting of alpha alumina cores (average particle size 0.26 μm) with an outer homogeneous amorphous silica layer) were prepared by the heterogeneous nucleation-and- growth processing. Effects of silica content in composite coating particles versus concentration of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), pH value, reaction time and reaction temperature were studied. The homogeneous amorphous silica layer on cores was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zeta potential measurement.

Fabrication of composite particles with core-shell structures by a novel processing

In order to solve the difficult problem of heterogeneity of different components in the procedure of ceramic preparation, novel processing (heterogeneous nucleation-and-growth processing) was used to prepare a homogeneous distribution of powders. Composite coated particles with core-shell structures were prepared by the heterogeneous nucleation-and-growth processing. The effects of silica content in composite coating particles versus concentration of tetraethylorthosilicate, pH value, reaction time and reaction temperature were studied. The amorphous silica shell on the cores was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and zeta potential measurement.

Synthesis of Submicron Silicalite-1 Crystals from Clear Solutions

Discrete and monodisperse submicron crystals of silicalite-1 with a mean size of 0.3 μ m were synthesized from clear crystallization solutions. The effects of silica content, alkalinity of batch and the nature of silica source on the product yield, crystal morphology and particle size distribution were investigated. The crystal shape was sphere-like or hexagonal twinned disks when silicic acid was the silica source. Change of silica source to sodium silicate solution leads to the formation of rounded-edged-hexahedron crystals. Silica content of batch does not influence crystal morphology. Alkalinity of clear crystallization solution has a strong effect both on the particle size distribution and yield of product. Increase of alkalinity caused bimodal particle size distribution and decrease of yield.

A quantitative method for silica flux evaluation

In the smelting of copper and copper/nickel concentrates, the role of silica flux is to aid in the removal of iron by forming a slag phase. Alternatively, the role of flux may be regarded as a means of controlling the formation of magnetite, which can severely hinder the operation of a furnace. To adequately control the magnetite level, the flux must react rapidly with all of the FeO within the bath. In the present study, a rapid method for silica flux evaluation that can be used directly in the smelter has been developed. Samples of flux are mixed with iron sulfide and magnetite and then smelted at a temperature of 1250 °C. Argon was swept over the reaction mixture and analyzed continuously for sulfur dioxide. The sulfur dioxide concentration with time was found to contain two peaks, the first one being independent of the flux content of the sample. A flux quality parameter has been defined as the height-to-time ratio of the second peak. The value of this parameter for pure silica is 5100 ppm/min. The effects of silica content, silica particle size, and silicate mineralogy were investigated. It was found that a limiting flux quality is achieved for particle sizes less than 0.1 mm in diameter and that fluxes containing feldspar are generally of a poorer quality. The relative importance of free silica and melting point was also studied using synthetic flux mixtures, with free silica displaying the strongest effect.

Interdiffusion of hydrous dacitic and rhyolitic melts and the efficacy of rhyolite contamination of dacitic enclaves

Effective binary diffusion coefficients of Si during the interdiffusion of hydrous, 3 and 6% H2O, dacitic and rhyolitic melts have been determined at 1.0 GPa, 1100°–1400°C. Water is shown to enhance diffusivities by one to two orders of magnitude above dry Si diffusivities in the same compositional system for SiO2 compositions 65–75wt%. The effect of silica content on diffusion is small and typically within experimental error. With 3% H2O in the melts the Arrhenius equation for Si diffusion at 70% SiO2 is: $${\text{D = }}2.583\operatorname{x} 10^{ - {\text{ }}8} {\text{ }}\exp ( - 126.5/R{\text{T}})$$ where D is the diffusivity in m2/s, the activation energy (126.5) is in kJ/mol, R is in J/mol and T in Kelvin. Although less-well constrained, the Si diffusivity at 70% SiO2 with 6% H2O in the melts can be described by: $${\text{D = }}2.692\operatorname{x} 10^{ - {\text{ }}7} {\text{ }}\exp ( - 131.4/R{\text{T}})$$ The activation energies for diffusion are substantially below the activation energy of 236.4kJ/mol measured during anhydrous interdiffusion in the same system (Baker 1990). The decrease in activation energy with the initial addition of 3% water and the relative insensitivity of the activation energy to the additional water is related to the abundance of OH species in the melt, and the reduction of (Si,Al)-O bond strengths due to the interaction of hydroxyls with the (Si,Al)-O network. Changes in the pre-exponential factor of Arrhenius equations are attributed to the abundance of H2O species in the melts. No decoupling of non-alkalies from SiO2 during interdiffusion of the two melts was observed, although alkalies diffuse much more rapidly than non-alkalies (but were not measured quantitatively in this study) and can become decoupled. Interdiffusion of Si and all non-alkalies is demonstrated to be predictable, at least to within a factor of ten, by the Eyring equation. Using the diffusion data of this study for nonalkalies and of other studies for alkalies and Sr isotopes the contamination of a host rhyolitic magma by dacitic enclaves, 5 and 50 cm radius, has been modeled for temperatures of 1000°, 900°, and 800° C with water contents of 3 and 6%. Even when the effects of phenocrysts on diffusion in the dacitic enclaves are estimated the results of the modeling demonstrate that significant contamination is possible in the case of small enclaves, and even large enclaves have the potential to affect the composition of their host magma in geologically short times.

The effects of silica content, sintering temperature and sintering time on a Ni‐Zn ferrite

Abstract In this experiment the effects of silica content, sintering time, and sintering temperature on the microstructure and magnetic properties of a ferrite, Ni032Zn068Fe2O4, were studied. The initial permeability is reduced only slightly when the silica content is less than 0.2 wt %. The Q value is proportional to the silica content approximately. The peak value of μ iQ product is about constant when the silica content is less than 0.2 wt %. The best sintering temperature is between 1175°C and 1200°C. The addition of silica (<0.2 wt%) enhances the rate of densification, but the control of sintering time has to be more precise because the addition of silica makes the shape of μ iQ product peak become sharper and narrower.