Shadow Effect Research Articles

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) Channel Model for Suburban Area

In this work, a robust channel model for the newly developed Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) has been proposed considering a dynamic scenario due to receiver movement. The channel model takes into account various channel impairments such as random shadow fading with multipath fluctuations as well. Capturing the dynamic range variation, a two-state channel model is proposed here. The versatile Nakagami-lognormal (NL) composite distribution function is used for both the channel states, and the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$K$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -means clustering algorithm has been used for state separation. An extensive measurement campaign has been conducted at the L5-band of the IRNSS system to obtain real-time fading data, on which the non-linear curve fitting method has been used to extract pertaining channel model parameters. The accuracy of the proposed channel model is measured quantitatively using quantitative metrics such as mean square error (mse) and Kullback–Leibler divergence (KLD). The illustrated results showing the close match between the modeled and empirically obtained data validate the fact that the proposed channel model can be used to capture the combined effect of random shadowing and multipath in the received IRNSS signal.

Spatial cues on normal hearing and cochlear implant simulation with different coding strategies

Cochlear implant users are known to have limited access to spatial cues. This study investigated the perception of spatial cues in normal-hearing listeners and cochlear implant simulation users. Perception of spatial cues is assessed for performance in determining the direction of the sound and understanding the speech. The results show that cochlear implant simulation users still have access to spatial cues, just like normal- hearing listeners. Normal-hearing listeners and cochlear implant simulation users can perceive spatial cues in ILD and ITD. Both can accurately identify the direction of the sound (slope ≈ 1.00 and of set ≈ 0.00°). Cochlear implant simulation users can understand sentences as well as normal-hearing listeners (PCW = 113.64 rau) by using the coding strategy SPEAK in all channels or CIS with channel above 8. Perception of spatial cues in normal-hearing listeners and cochlear implant users can be improved by listening with two ears and spatially separating the target-masker position. The largest improvement in spatial cue perception was obtained from the head shadow effect (normal-hearing (NH) = 12.96, cochlear implant simulation users (CI) = 59.02), followed by binaural summation (NH = 5.72, CI = 19, 86) and binaural squelch (NH = 3.76, CI = 7.66).

Optimization of various photocatalytic reaction parameters of Degussa P25 under UV irradiation

Solar photocatalysis is an Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP), used as a sustainable green technology for waste water treatment. Material engineering is one of the most widely reported strategies to develop efficient photocatalysts. However, material engineering is a time consuming and costly process. Recently it has been reported that optimization of photocatalytic reaction parameters can also enhance the photocatalytic performance substantially. In this study, an attempt was made to optimize the adsorption/desorption equilibrium and dispersion of the photocatalyst for improving the photocatalytic performance of the commercial photocatalyst Degussa P25 using Methylene Blue as the probe pollutant. The adsorption/desorption equilibrium studies were carried out under various conditions such as with and without stirring and sonication. Effect of dispersion of photocatalyst on photocatalytic performance was studied under various conditions such as stirring, sonication and with the help of homogenization. The result shows that the adsorption/desorption equilibrium was obtained under low stirring condition, within an optimal time of 20–30 min. In the study of the dispersion of photocatalysts to improve the photocatalytic performance, it is seen that dispersion under sonication showed highest photocatalytic performance under UV light irradiation. Interestingly, the use of homogenizer with higher range of rpm was not able to improve the photocatalytic performance of DP25 than stirring at lower range due to the shadow effect. Based on the above result this study gives an overview of the role of dispersion in improving the overall photocatalytic performance of the photocatalysts.

A novel low-temperature thermo-mechanical coupling model for frost cracking simulation using the finite-discrete element method

Frost cracking is widely prevalent in cold areas and is typically associated with the deterioration of rock masses. A better understanding of the frost cracking mechanism and precise prediction of the associated crack evolution are essential for the safety and long-term service life of engineered rock structures in cold regions. This paper presents a low temperature thermo-mechanical (TM) coupling modeling framework, implemented into the combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM), to simulate the frost crack evolution in rock masses, considering the heat transfer, water–ice phase transition, and the induced frost heaving pressure. Existing benchmark tests were used to calibrate and verify the proposed modeling framework. Moreover, experimental and numerical results from freezing experiments conducted on samples containing pre-existing cracks have been successfully reproduced the complex mechanisms that lead to crack initiation and propagation in jointed rock formations where cracks driven by the water–ice phase transition initiate and propagate from the pre-existing cracks and deviate under the influence of confining stress and multi-crack interactions (i.e., stress shadow effect). This novel numerical framework presents a potentially useful tool to further understand frost cracking mechanisms and frost crack evolution of engineering projects in cold environments.

An analysis of the shadow effect for the short-offset transient electromagnetic method

The electromagnetic methods based on long-wire sources, whether in the time or frequency domain, are mainly detected in the far-source zone. Because the observation array is far away from the transmitting source, the amplitude and bandwidth of the signal have a large loss, which limits the detection depth and accuracy of these methods. In the near-source zone, the loss of signal amplitude and bandwidth is relatively small, conducive to improving the detection performance. However, the complex excitation field in the near-source zone makes the observation seriously affected by the source effect. This paper mainly researched the influence of the shadow effect (one of the source effects) on the observation of the short-offset transient electromagnetic method (SOTEM), which is a near-source time-domain method. The results show that the shadow effect has relatively limited influence only on the specific observation channels of the time series of observation data. Based on this, the research on eliminating shadow effects under single / multi-source, multi location and multi polarization excitation modes is carried out. The results show that using a single excitation source with multiple polarization directions or using excitation sources with different polarization directions can improve the detection accuracy of underground targets. All of these lays a foundation for further development of the SOTEM method.

The Feasibility of Shadowed Image Restoration Using the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique

The phenomenon of acoustic shadowing on ultrasonography is characterized by an echo signal void behind structures that strongly absorb or reflect ultrasonic energy. In medical ultrasonography, once the ultrasound energy is shielded, acoustic shadowing makes it difficult to create an image, leading to misinterpretations and obscure diagnoses. Hence, instead of dealing with the defocused problem encountered in an ultrasound scan (US), this current research focuses on revealing the existence of an acoustically shadowed target (or a potential lesion) using a well-known restoration algorithm, i.e., the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT). To demonstrate the effects of an acoustic shadow on an ultrasound scan (US), a forward model study is carried out. In laboratory manipulations, a purposely designed physical model is created and then scanned using B-mode and pitch/catch arrangements to carry out shadowed and shadow-free scans in a water tank. Thereafter, making use of a delay-and-sum (DAS) operation, the echo signals are processed by the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) to perform image restoration. The results of the restoration process show that the SAFT algorithm performs well with respect to directional shadowing. Once the target or lesion is positioned in a total anechoic zone, or even in a multi-channel scan, it will fail.

Wind–wave characterization and modeling in the Azores Archipelago

Wind–wave characterization and modeling around a group of islands can have significant challenges due to strong diffraction, shoaling, and reflection. In this work, the wind–wave climate of the Azores archipelago (North Atlantic Ocean) is characterized based on wave buoy measurements recorded between 2012 and 2021 at five different locations with water depth ranging from 80 to 110 m. Moreover, wave measurements during four storms of extratropical origin and two storms of tropical origin are analyzed in detail. Due to identified island shadow effects, the average significant wave height (Hs) ranged between 1.50 m (S. Miguel island) and 1.86 m (Graciosa island) in the south and north of the archipelago, respectively. Under storm conditions, shadow effects can lead to differences up to approximately 7 m in Hs between the north and south of the archipelago. The ability to simulate the local wave conditions by an unstructured WAVEWATCH III model covering the north Atlantic with high resolution around the Azores Archipelago is analyzed. In addition, the model performance and scalability on two different High Performance Computing environments are analyzed considering different numerical schemes and parallelization algorithms.

Finite element analysis of damage mechanisms of composite wind turbine blade by considering fluid/solid interaction. Part I: Full-scale structure

This paper is the first one of two that studies damage mechanisms of composite wind turbine blade using numerical analysis. An important highlight is to consider fully complex failure modes of the skin and web as well as the adhesive failure between them. The main work is divided into three parts: (1) the damage model for composite laminates developed by our research group is applied to the skin and web, and the bilinear cohesive model is used to predict the adhesive failure; (2) finite element model is established by considering fluid/solid interaction to study damage mechanisms of a 59.5 m long blade; (3) the wind velocity model including the normal and extreme wind shear effects as well as the tower shadow effect is considered for fluid elements as boundary conditions. By performing fluid/solid coupling analysis using ABAQUS software, distributions of the stress, displacement and damage for the skin, web and adhesive layer as well as the fluid field information under different wind velocity are explored. In addition, numerical results are also compared with those using the blade element momentum (BEM) theory and other existing work. Some conclusions for predicting damage mechanisms and suggestions for improving damage tolerance and load-bearing ability of the blade are given.

Spatial Deflection of Parallel Hydraulic Fractures and Induced Shear Stress Disturbance Under Different Perforation Cluster Spacing Considering Thermal Effects

Reliable estimation of fracture network length and morphology in hydrofracturing is crucial for controlling and optimizing fracturing effects. Hydraulic fracture propagation will be affected by a variety of factors to produce deflection, resulting in different fracture network morphology. To study the spatial deflection behaviours of multiple parallel hydraulic fractures, three-dimensional engineering-scale numerical model for multistage fracturing is established to study the induced shear stress disturbance and unstable spatial propagation behavior of hydraulic fractures under different perforation cluster spacing. In the model, the thermal diffusion, fluid flow and deformation of rock between the rock matrix and fluid in pores and fractures are considered to describe the thermal-hydro-mechanical coupling. In this study, the results show that the thermal effect between fracturing fluid and rock matrix is an important factor affecting fracture propagation, and thermal effects can increase induced shear stress area and promote fracture propagation. The induced shear stress disturbance caused by fracture propagation is superimposed in multiple fractures, resulting in stress shadow effect and spatial deflection of parallel fractures. The stress shadow areas and the spatial deflection of parallel hydraulic fractures will increase with the decrease of multiple perforation cluster spacing.

Andean rain shadow effect drives phenotypic variation in a widely distributed Austral rodent

AbstractAimMountains cover approximately 22% of the planet's terrestrial surface and have dramatic effects on climate and biodiversity. The rain shadow effect is a common feature on mountain ranges worldwide and its effects on ecology and evolution of species, particularly morphology, are incompletely known. Our aim is to identify the correlates that best describe morphological variation along a pronounced rain shadow gradient.LocationPatagonia and Tierra del Fuego (southern South America), including Valdivian and Magellanic forests and steppes.TaxaShaggy soft‐haired mouse Abrothrix hirta (Order Rodentia, Family Cricetidae).MethodsWe measured 450 skulls of A. hirta from 67 localities between 35°S and 54°S, from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. We analysed geographic differences in skull morphology using 17 linear skull measurements. Discriminant function analysis revealed clear evidence for sexual dimorphism; thus, analyses were conducted for the entire dataset, and separately by sex. We implemented regression tree analysis to test the environmental correlates that best describe morphological variation along this gradient.ResultsSkull size variation in shaggy soft‐haired mice does not follow Bergmann's rule; however, latitude was the second node for PC1 of all samples. Regression tree analyses showed that the variables that best explained size for the various datasets were longitude, precipitation of the coldest quarter and temperature seasonality. Longitude appeared in eight of the nine regression tree analyses. We find that organisms attain greater sizes in the western Andes where there is no rain shadow effect, below 500 m of elevation.Main ConclusionsMorphological variation and size of A. hirta is highly structured along a longitudinal gradient, which mirrors patterns of primary productivity and the Andean rain shadow effect in this region, best described by the “resource rule”. Mountains are a formidable land feature that clearly affects the morphology of species distributed at both sides of them.

Solar photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking controller optimization using Grey Wolf Optimizer: A performance comparison between bio-inspired and traditional algorithms

Solar photovoltaic systems are widely used; however, their performance is bound to weather conditions, depending on irradiation, temperature, and the effect of shadows. Maximum Power Point Tracking techniques have been developed to solve this issue. Standard methods use mainly-two algorithms: Perturb and Observe and Incremental Conductance. However, such algorithms perform differently when the Solar photovoltaic system works under sudden solar irradiation changes, temperature, and load changes. This research proposes an optimized Maximum Power Point Tracking controller based on the Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm using the MATLAB/Simulink software as an alternative to the traditional techniques. Global efficiency and Root Mean Square Error evaluate the controller's performance. The response time is analyzed using the Grey Wolf Optimizer algorithm, Wolf Optimizer Algorithm, Simulated Annealing, and Particle Swarm Optimization. These four metaheuristic algorithms are compared to the Perturb and Observe, and Incremental Conductance algorithms. The models are analyzed for the transient state and full-day operation scenarios for constant and variable irradiations, temperatures, and loads. The comparative results show that the Maximum Power Point Tracking controller optimized by the Grey Wolf Optimizer algorithm has superior performance, giving an average 6% output power higher than the other controllers under the test scenarios evaluated. The efficiency of the proposed model was, on average, 3% higher than the Incremental Conductance and Perturb & Observe controllers. For the MPPT controller tunning stage, the Grey Wolf Optimizer Algorithm had the best performance with an RMSE of 255.3549 with a compute time of 27.3 min; the worst performing was the Particle Swarm Optimization with an RMSE of 332.4075 and 27.8 min computation time. The proposed GWO optimized MPPT controller had the faster settling time for each irradiation level compared, with an average of 0.175 s. Also, results showed an improvement of the system response throughout the Maximum Power Point Tracking controller optimized by the Grey Wolf Optimizer algorithm since a lower curling effect is obtained at power converter outputs.

A combined potential flow–BEM model to study the tower shadow effect in wind turbines

This paper aims to improve the understanding of the wind turbine tower shadow effect by developing a model that combines potential flow and blade-element momentum theory. The change in the flow field due to the presence of the tower is discussed in detail, together with the resulting variations in the aerodynamic forces acting on the rotating blades, as well as the effect on the output power and the blade root bending moment. The tower shadow effect is not only due to the change in wind speed but also to the change in angle of attack. A one-dimensional description of the flow field is therefore bound to be inadequate. The impact of the tower diameter and blade-tower clearance on the rotor power and blade root bending moment can be expressed as a quadratic function of a non-dimensional parameter. Apart from a mild Reynolds-number effect, the results presented are independent of turbine size.

Performance analysis of downlink multipath multi-user NOMA-VLC system

In the present paper, we have investigated performance of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access based downlink multipath multi-user Visible Light Communication System. The Bit Error Rate (BER), sum rate and outage probability have been simulated using Line-Of-Sight (LOS) and LOS plus first reflection (L-R1) signal for two-user and three-user system. The simulation has been carried out for different values of semi-angle \({\mathrm{\varphi }}_{1/2}\) of the LED i.e. \(30^\circ , 50^\circ\) and 70\(^\circ\). In the two-user system, the LOS simulation result shows that the error probability is 7.49 × 10−3, 4.88 × 10−3 and 1.03 × 10−1 when \({\mathrm{\varphi }}_{1/2}\) equals to70\(^\circ\), 50° and \(30^\circ\) respectively for user-1. And for user-2, the BER is found to be 4.89 × 10−2, 5.84 × 10−2 and 3.73 × 10−1 using \({\mathrm{\varphi }}_{1/2}\) equals to70\(^\circ\), \(50^\circ\) and \(30^\circ\). Thus, the optimal semi-angle \({\mathrm{\varphi }}_{1/2}\) for user-1 and user-2 using LOS signal is \(50^\circ\), 70\(^\circ\) respectively. However, for the three-user system, the error probability increases when compared to two-user system and the optimal values of semi-angle for user-1 changes to \(30^\circ\) and for user-2 & user-3, it is 70\(^\circ\). Moreover, in two-user system with L-R1 signal, the optimal value is 70\(^\circ\) for both user-1 and user-2. The SIC method fails to decode the user’s signal when number of users increases to three in L-R1 signal case. Further, with the far user power allocation coefficient equal to 0.8, the average BER is found to be minimum for two-user system. The sum rate vs. normalized offset has been simulated for different values of semi-angle of the LED. The investigation shows that the maximum sum rate of 278.84 Mbps is achieved at \({\mathrm{\varphi }}_{1/2}\) equals to \(50^\circ\) for the two-user system using LOS signal. We have also examined the effect of shadowing (blocked LOS signal) and found that sum rate is almost zero for small values of \({\varphi }_{1/2}\) i.e. \(20^\circ\) and \(30^\circ\). Finally, for the semi-angle value of \(30^\circ\) the outage probability (for target rate beyond 3bps/Hz) reaches to 100 percent for both users.

The scene as a space for artistic searches of the director-author. Part 2. M. Forman, A. Hitchcock: the theater as a hobby

The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of creativity of directors who have realized their artistic potential both in auteur cinema and in the space of the stage and to determine scientific guidelines that will contribute to a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of the filmmaker in the performing arts. Research methodology. Methods of scientific analysis, comparison, generalization, self-analysis of the artist were used in elaboration of the theme. In addition, analytical and systematic methods were applied in their unity, which is necessary to study the art aspect of the problem. The scientific novelty of the study is to determine the universality of directing as a specific kind of artistic and aesthetic activity; in clarifying the interaction of performing and screen arts in the use of expressive means; in determining the features of the filmmaker's activity in the stage space through the adaptation of screen means in theatrical productions, which first became the subject of a special study; in the coverage, the activities of directors-authors who resorted to reforming the language of language and the language of stage production; in identifying the original principles of filmmaking and specific means of cinematic expression, which not only found a direct embodiment in films and contributed to the emergence of outstanding authorial films, but also had a significant impact on the author's theatrical direction, which sought to visualize stage images. Conclusions. It is proved that the stage work of filmmakers-authors calls into question the theoretical postulates about the perniciousness of the intrusion of theater culture into screen works. It has been found that pictorial and expressive means that provide a chronology of image creation (long shots, in-frame editing, acoustic, light and shadow effects), the use of which in cinema is considered a high degree of skill, have their origins in the performing arts. Keywords: director-author, stage space, directing means, theater, screen.

The Dynamic Sea Clutter Simulation of Shore-Based Radar Based on Stokes Waves

The sea clutter model based on the physical sea surface can simulate radar echo at different times and positions and is more suitable for describing dynamic sea clutter than the traditional models based on statistical significance. However, when applying the physical surface model to shore-based radar, the effects of wave nonlinearity, breaking wave, shadow, and radar footprint size must be considered. In this paper, a dynamic sea clutter simulation scheme based on a nonlinear wave is proposed that uses random Stokes waves instead of linear superposition waves to simulate the nonlinear dynamic sea surface and then calculates echo in the form of scattering cells. In this process, the relationship between wind speed and the nonlinear factor of the Stokes wave is derived, a simple model of shadow modulation is provided, and a method for appending the sea clutter spikes formed by breaking waves is developed. The experimental results show that the simulated sea clutter and the real measured clutter have good consistency in intensity, amplitude statistical distribution, Doppler spectrum, and spatiotemporal correlation. The proposed scheme is suitable for the sea clutter simulation of shore-based radar and can also adjust the relevant parameters to extend to other types of sea clutter simulation.

Influence of Urban Road Green Belts on Pedestrian-Level Wind in Height-Asymmetric Street Canyons

This study was conducted to examine the effect on airflow of the shape of an urban road green belt in an asymmetrical street canyon. In this paper, the airflow field at pedestrian height in an asymmetrical street with different building height ratios (ASF) on both sides of the street is modeled and simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, ANSYS FLUENT, and the flow rate characteristic distribution index and the average airflow intensity index are used to evaluate and analyze the airflow at the pedestrian level. The study shows that: (1) in an empty street scheme with different building ratios, the static wind area is located on the roof of the downstream building; the closer to the ground in a street with an ASF = 1/3, the lower the airflow rate. However, the situation is the opposite of that in other streets (2/3, 3/1, and 3/2). (2) The position of the green belt makes the windward side flow rate in the step-up street higher than that of the leeward side, and the flow rate of the leeward side in the step-down street is higher than that of the windward side. (3) Compared with other green belt forms, the use of two plates and three belts in the incremental street can increase the circumferential sinking at the roofs of the windward side of the street, thereby improving the wind environment in the entire street. The use of one plate, two-belt and three-plate, four-belt scenarios in the step-down street allows the two ends of the corner vortex to carry more airflow into the interior of the street and reduces both the “wind shadow effect” area in the middle of the street and the “air outlet effect” at both ends.

Binaural Integration of Spectrally Degraded Speech in Adult Cochlear Implant Recipients with Single-Sided Deafness

Introduction: Our purpose was to investigate binaural integration for spectrally degraded speech in normal-hearing (NH) subjects, single-sided deafness (SSD) cochlear implant (CI) recipients, and bilateral deaf bilateral CI recipients. Methods: We tested ten adult subjects in each group with a modified version of the binaural fusion test according to Matzker. Speech recognition was assessed for monotic listening with the better-hearing ear or CI, monotic listening with the poorer-hearing ear or CI, and dichotic listening. We employed two presentation modes: (1) low pass (LP)-filtered speech to the better ear or CI and high pass (HP)-filtered speech to the poorer ear or CI, and (2) LP-filtered speech to the poorer ear or CI and HP-filtered speech to the better ear or CI. Five magnitudes of LP and HP filtering, i.e., spectral degradation, for each presentation mode were applied yielding two spectrally overlapping and three nonoverlapping presentation conditions. Sentences from the Oldenburg Children’s sentence test were applied to assess speech recognition. Results: NH subjects, SSD CI recipients, and bilateral CI recipients were able to understand spectrally degraded speech under both monotic and dichotic listening conditions for both the presentation modes. Speech performance decreased with the increasing loss of spectral information in all the three subject groups. In the NH subjects, speech recognition scores significantly improved for dichotic compared with each monotic listening type under two spectrally nonoverlapping conditions. The SSD CI subjects showed a significant improvement in speech scores for dichotic listening compared with monotic listening with the NH ear under one nonoverlapping condition, i.e., a dichotic benefit in speech recognition with CI. We saw a dichotic benefit in the bilateral CI recipients who achieved significantly better speech scores for dichotic compared with monotic listening with the better CI in three nonoverlapping conditions. Conclusions: All the three groups (NH subjects, SSD CI recipients, and BiCI recipients) showed binaural integration for the side-separated presentation of spectrally degraded speech. Use of strictly side-separated dichotic stimulus presentation avoided the possible occurrence of physical effects such as the head shadow effect and therefore, confirmed the binaural benefit attributable to central binaural processing.

A flexible multiplexing method of FBG sensors based on OFDR

A flexible multiplexing method of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors based on optical frequency domain reflectometer (OFDR) is proposed in this paper to reduce the influence of spectral shadow effect on measurement and improve the reliability and measurement flexibility of FBG sensing network. In this method, the interrogation principle of FBG position and wavelength shift based on OFDR is analyzed, and as a guide, the flexible multiplexing FBG array is designed, in which multi-channel identical weak reflection FBGs are interrogated using a photoelectric detector. Meanwhile, the crosstalk beat noise generated by the flexible multiplexing FBG array is avoided so as to improve the performance of the measurement. The experiment results show that the method presented in this paper can achieve the flexible multiplexing of multi-channel FBGs with a single acquisition channel, while the measurement accuracy can be guaranteed.

A Straw in The Wind: Media Opinion on the Family and Analyst Responses During Family Firm Succession

This study explores how business media opinion on family members affect analyst stock recommendations during family firms’ intergenerational successions. Through field interviews and data analyses on a sample of Chinese publicly listed family firms, we find evidence suggesting that analysts tend to view the process from a system perspective and employ contextually embedded and relational specific cognitive schemas when understanding the performance implications of family dynamics. Our results show that positive media opinion on successors can increase analyst recommendations, but such effects may be attenuated by favorable media opinion about founders. This founders’ shadow effect is less pronounced among father-daughter and founder-nonblood heirs than it is for father-son dyads. Moreover, favorable media opinion about successors siblings may increase analysts’ worry about sibling rivalry and thus leads to lower recommendations. We discussed the theoretical and practical implications of our study to the institutional logics, securities analysts, and family firm literature.

Parametric effects on fracture geometries from multi-fracture propagation emanating from neighbouring wellbores in quasi-brittle rocks

An integrated approach is presented using field data input from measured geological information into numerical simulation for understanding effects of induced stress on geometries of multiple fracture propagation. We establish a benchmark study based on comparison of field result with numerical computations. The comparison then acts as reference measures for studying effects of changing in-situ stress, fracturing fluid viscosity and fracture spacing on propagation and geometries of multiple fractures between neighbouring wellbores in an undisclosed gas field. This leverages understanding of more complexities associated with inter-well multiple fracture growth that are idealized as straight from certain perspectives. Although some studies focus on stress interference from pre-existing fractures, actual fracture propagation geometries may be far from the idealized scenarios. Therefore, the stress shadow effects between growing multiple hydraulic fractures, if not taken into account, can lead to unrealistic estimation of hydraulic fracture trajectories. Consequently, more attention should be paid to the actual propagation of hydraulic fractures. Actual field geologic information is provided through well-logging and field mapping data. Very short fractures were propagated in these wells before the operation was terminated due to technical problems. The reservoir depth in the area is about 2170 m. At such depth, quasi-brittleness of shale should be accounted for by using relevant methods that capture rock ductility such as traction separation law. Abaqus commercial software is used to conduct the numerical computation using extended finite element method based on cohesive zone modeling. Application of this technique is further validated using Kristianovich-Geertsma-de Klerk analytical solution. This study is important in field implementation of infill drilling with well-informed mechanism of fracture interference in the inter-well region.